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Capstone > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

research objectives

A

describes what researchers expect to achieve through a project

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2
Q

research hypothesis

A

a statement or explanation that is suggested by knowledge or observation but has not yet been proved or disproved

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3
Q

deductive reasoning

A

broad reasoning, begins with question and then narrows down

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4
Q

inductive reasoning

A

analyzing data and forming new questions from results

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5
Q

analytic research

A

A research method that provides in-depth evaluation and synthesis of available
information

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6
Q

descriptive research

A

A research method that describes the characteristics of the population or phenomenon
studied

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7
Q

experimental research

A

A research method that provides the strongest evidence for causation due to experimental
manipulation

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8
Q

survey studies

A

a descriptive study where researchers administer questionnaires (or a series of questions) to research
participants who answer the questions themselves

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9
Q

case studies

A

a descriptive study that involves an up-close, in-depth, and detailed examination of a subject or case,
as well as its related contextual conditions

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10
Q

correlational study

A

a descriptive study that determines whether two or more variables are correlated

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11
Q

developmental study

A

a descriptive study that deals with humans’ growth and developmental change over time.
It can use a cross-sectional approach, which makes comparisons at a single point in time or longitudinal approach, which observes and measures a group over time

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12
Q

normative study

A

a descriptive study in which the purpose is to develop performance standards, which can be norm-referenced or criterion-referenced

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13
Q

observational study

A

a descriptive study where the purpose is to observe, record, and analyze certain attributes of people or a program over a period of time

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14
Q

action research study

A

a descriptive study conducted in the natural setting where findings can be directly applied

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15
Q

casual comparative study

A

a descriptive study hat attempts to identify cause-effect relationships between independent and dependent variables by comparing two or more groups of individuals

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16
Q

similarities between causal-comparative and experimental studies

A

Both require at least one categorical variable, both compare group performances to determine causative relationships.

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17
Q

differences between casual-comparative and experimental studies

A

experimental studies involve the independent variable being manipulated, and provide stronger evidence for
causation, and the researcher assigns subjects to
different treatment groups.

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18
Q

randomized control trial

A

an experiment where subjects are randomly allocated in different experimental conditions and often considered the gold standard for a clinical trial

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19
Q

cluster randomized control trial

A

is a type of randomized controlled study in which
groups of subjects (as opposed to individual subjects) are randomized

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20
Q

quasi-experimental study

A

shares similarities with the traditional randomized controlled trial, but they specifically lack the element of random assignment

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21
Q

research design

A

a framework or an overall strategy
created to integrate the different
components of the study in a coherent
and logical way, thereby ensuring
researchers to effectively address the
research problems

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22
Q

variables

A

an attribute or property of an object of study
that can take on different values

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23
Q

independent variable

A

The experimental, or treatment, variable
that can be manipulated; it often serves
as the cause

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24
Q

dependent variable

A

variables being measured to assess the effects of the independent variable

25
Q

categorical variables

A

A kind of independent variable except that it cannot
be manipulated, for example, age, race, or sex

26
Q

extraneous variables

A

An independent variable that can bias the results,
disrupting the effect that the chosen independent variable has on the dependent variable

27
Q

internal validity

A

whether the results of the study can be attributed to the different treatments in the study

28
Q

external validity

A

whether the results of the study can be generalized beyond the study itself or applied to the real world

29
Q

defining threats

A

Influences other than independent variables that might explain the results of the study

30
Q

threats to internal validity

A

History, Maturation, Pre-Testing, Instrumentation, Statistical regression, Differential Selection, Attrition/Experimental mortality

31
Q

threats to external validity

A

Sample representation, Interaction effect of testing, Interaction of selection bias and experimental treatment, Experimenter effect, Reactive effects of experimental setting, Multiple treatment interference, Treatment diffusion

32
Q

epidemiological research

A

the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states and events in specified populations

33
Q

case-control study

A

a type of observational and retrospective study in which two existing groups differing in outcome are identified and compared based on some supposed causal attribute

34
Q

cohort studies

A

a type of longitudinal study used to investigate the
causes of disease and to establish links between risk factors and health outcomes without experimental manipulation

35
Q

prospective cohort study

A

a longitudinal study that follows over time a group of similar individuals (cohorts) who differ with respect to certain factors and to determine how these factors affect the rates of a certain outcome

36
Q

retrospective cohort study

A

a historical/longitudinal study that looks back at events that already have taken place

37
Q

data types

A

defines the meaning of the data and the
operations that can be done on the data

38
Q

Nominal

A

a categorical data that classifies objects in accordance with similarities and differences with respect to some property; no rank order

39
Q

ordinal

A

a categorical data that can rank order based on an underlying continuum and have no common unit of measurement

40
Q

binary

A

Categorical data whose unit can take on only two
possible states

41
Q

discrete

A

numerical data that is limited to only whole units and have no fractional units

42
Q

interval

A

continuous numerical data that has known and equal distances between score units, but having no true zero point

43
Q

ratio

A

continuous numerical data that has the same properties as interval data, but does have a true zero point

44
Q

descriptive statistics

A

presenting, organizing, and summarizing data

45
Q

inferential statistics

A

drawing conclusions about a population based on data observed in a sample

46
Q

measures of central tendency (descriptive statistics)

A

mean, median, mode

47
Q

measures of variability (descriptive statistics)

A

range, standard deviation, variance

48
Q

measures of relationship

A

Pearson product correlation coefficient

49
Q

independent t-test

A

Used to compare two separate sets of scores
from two independent samples

50
Q

dependent t-test

A

Used to compare two sets of scores from the
same sample or two samples that are matched
or paired

51
Q

One-way ANOVA test

A

Used to compare means of multiple groups that are
affected by one independent variable.

52
Q

Two-way ANOVA test

A

Used to compare means of multiple groups that are
affected by two independent variables

53
Q

chi-squared test

A

examines whether two
distributions of categorical or discrete
variables are equal

54
Q

Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test

A

Compares 2 dependent (paired) median, paired t-test

55
Q

Mann-Whitney Test

A

Compares 2 independent median, independent t-test

56
Q

Kruskal-Wallis Test

A

Compares 3 or more medians (1 variable), one way ANOVA

57
Q

Friedman Test

A

Compares 3 or more medians (1 variable), Two-way ANOVA

58
Q

simple regression analysis

A

a statistical procedure that builds an equation
to estimate a dependent variable from an independent variable

59
Q

odds ratio

A

a ratio of the odds that an event occurring in an
exposed group to the odds of an event occurring in an unexposed group

Capstone (1 decks)

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