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Avian & Herp > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

How much of all bird species are at risk of extinction? Due to what?

A

2/3, due to climate change

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2
Q

Bird skin is…

A

Very thin, has no sweat glands

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3
Q

What is the uropygial gland?

A

Secretes oil for cleaning, waterproofing, also a natural anti microbial

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4
Q

What is another name for the uropygial gland?

A

Preen gland

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5
Q

Examples of birds that do NOT have a uropygial gland

A

Pigeons, doves, amazon parrots, woodpeckers, frogmouths

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6
Q

How do birds who do not have a uropygial gland get clean?

A

Water or dust bath

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7
Q

What are some uses for beaks (5)

A

Preen, eat, greet, defense, feed young

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8
Q

Names for beak bone base parts and what is it made of?

A

Maxilla and mandible; keratin

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9
Q

Another name for beak trim

A

Coping

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10
Q

How to go about beak trims, and tools used. What do you need to watch for?

A

Restraint often necessary, or anesthesia; tools: clippers, dremel, file. Watch for blood and nerve endings

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11
Q

Important aspects when considering perching

A
  • must be disposable
  • textured; no smooth perching
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12
Q

What causes bumble foot? (6)

A
  • poor husbandry
  • terrible perching
  • overgrown nails
  • inactivity
  • obesity
  • occasionally nutritional
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13
Q

What can bumble foot lead to? (4)

A
  • secondary bacterial infections
  • necrosis (death of body tissue)
  • tendon exposure
  • euthanasia
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14
Q

What do feathers protect from? (3)

A

Trauma, sunlight, water

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15
Q

What do feathers do for birds? (4)

A

Protection, camouflage, communication, thermoregulation

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16
Q

Metabolism and Temperature

A

Metabolic rate is high, temp is high to maintain high metabolism. Normal temp range is 104-108

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17
Q

Cool heat facts (3)

A
  • feathers provide heat insulation
  • scales on legs regulated heat loss
  • voluntarily constrict blood flow to legs
18
Q

Feather anatomy (5)

A
  • quill
  • rachis (shaft)
  • barb
  • barbule
  • hooklet
19
Q

Types of feathers (6)

A
  • remiges (wing feathers) (asymmetrical)
  • retrices (tail feathers) (symmetrical)
  • contour
  • semiplume
  • down
  • bristles
20
Q

What are blood/pin feathers?

A

A newly growing feather that still has blood supply flowing through it. Can be painful. Looks like a spike/quill.

21
Q

Molting on birds

A
  • vital for healthy feathers
  • species specific patterns
  • requires a huge amount of energy (fat storage and protein)
  • maturation phases
22
Q

What are some problems feathers can have? (5)

A
  • stress bars (lines running across the width of a feather indicating the bird was stressed/unwell/nutrient deficient while feather was growing)
  • mites
  • broken feathers
  • viral diseases
  • feather picking (behavioral)
23
Q

What is a broken blood feather?

A

Broken blood feathers is an open faucet for blood to pour our of the birds body

24
Q

What is imping?

A

Feather mending, repairing broken or damaged feathers

25
Q

2 viral diseases

A
  • budgie fledgling disease
  • psittacine beak and feather disease

Both contagious and fatal

26
Q

5 ways birds reduce weight for flight

A
  • light feathers
  • no teeth
  • hollow bones
  • oviparious
  • no ear flaps
27
Q

Nares, Operculum, Cere

A

Nares: nostrils
Operculum: keeps unwanted substances out
Cere: soft, fleshy, bare patch at the base of the upper beak

28
Q

Avian trachea

A
  • complete (closed) trachea rings
  • mammals have open rings
  • allows for better air flow
  • sturdier restraint
29
Q

Coelomic cavity

A
  • main body cavity to envelop and contain internal organs
30
Q

Air sacs

A
  • usually have 9
  • no gas exchange
  • buoyancy
  • thermoregulation
31
Q

Respiration is complicated

A
  • takes 2 cycles of inspiration and expiration
  • expiration is when air enters the lungs for gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide)
  • unilateral flow
  • a breath of oxygen0rich inhaled air remains in the respiratory system for two complete inhalation and exhalation cycles enforce it is fully spent and exhaled out the body
  • every breath requires two breathing cycles to complete a single breath
32
Q

Avian restraint (do NOT)

A
  • block nares
  • block glottis/trachea
  • restricting movement of chest (hand or towel)
  • overheat the bird via chase or towel
33
Q

About eyes

A
  • large
  • sclerotic ring (bone around eye to stabilize eyes)
  • independent movement
  • limited eye lid
  • flat eyeball
  • binocular vision
  • excellent vision
34
Q

Bones (skull? tailbone?)

A
  • pneumatic: air filled; can push air through their bones (used to cool down)
  • small skull (flight adaptation)
  • short tail bones (weight reduction)
35
Q

Pectoral girdle

A
  • fused clavicle for stability
  • large sternum (large surface area) connected to keel bone
36
Q

How does it help to have a flexible neck?

A
  • keel is center of gravity, shock absorber
  • access to preen gland needed for water birds to distribute oils
  • eat
  • eye movements limited
37
Q

Crop

A
  • dilation and extension of esophagus
  • storage, fermentation
  • crop malfunctions can happen if food doesn’t break down to digest
38
Q

3 “Stomachs”

A
  • crop
  • proventriculus (glandular, digestive enzymes)
  • ventriculus ( gizzard, muscular, grinds food, “pellets”/“casts”)
39
Q

Cloaca

A
  • bottom of intestine
  • only opening for feces, urine, sperm/eggs
  • urates: white part of urine
40
Q

Reproduction

A
  • males and females have their respective parts but they look essentially the same
  • cloaca
  • testies; penis
  • ovaries; vagaina
  • shell gland: part of uterus where egg forms

Avian & Herp (2 decks)

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