Midterm

Question 1

How much of all bird species are at risk of extinction? Due to what?

Answer 1

2/3, due to climate change

Question 2

Bird skin is…

Answer 2

Very thin, has no sweat glands

Question 3

What is the uropygial gland?

Answer 3

Secretes oil for cleaning, waterproofing, also a natural anti microbial

Question 4

What is another name for the uropygial gland?

Answer 4

Preen gland

Question 5

Examples of birds that do NOT have a uropygial gland

Answer 5

Pigeons, doves, amazon parrots, woodpeckers, frogmouths

Question 6

How do birds who do not have a uropygial gland get clean?

Answer 6

Water or dust bath

Question 7

What are some uses for beaks (5)

Answer 7

Preen, eat, greet, defense, feed young

Question 8

Names for beak bone base parts and what is it made of?

Answer 8

Maxilla and mandible; keratin

Question 9

Another name for beak trim

Answer 9

Coping

Question 10

How to go about beak trims, and tools used. What do you need to watch for?

Answer 10

Restraint often necessary, or anesthesia; tools: clippers, dremel, file. Watch for blood and nerve endings

Question 11

Important aspects when considering perching

Answer 11

• must be disposable
• textured; no smooth perching

Question 12

What causes bumble foot? (6)

Answer 12

• poor husbandry
• terrible perching
• overgrown nails
• inactivity
• obesity
• occasionally nutritional

Question 13

What can bumble foot lead to? (4)

Answer 13

• secondary bacterial infections
• necrosis (death of body tissue)
• tendon exposure
• euthanasia

Question 14

What do feathers protect from? (3)

Answer 14

Trauma, sunlight, water

Question 15

What do feathers do for birds? (4)

Answer 15

Protection, camouflage, communication, thermoregulation

Question 16

Metabolism and Temperature

Answer 16

Metabolic rate is high, temp is high to maintain high metabolism. Normal temp range is 104-108

Question 17

Cool heat facts (3)

Answer 17

• feathers provide heat insulation
• scales on legs regulated heat loss
• voluntarily constrict blood flow to legs

Question 18

Feather anatomy (5)

Answer 18

• quill
• rachis (shaft)
• barb
• barbule
• hooklet

Question 19

Types of feathers (6)

Answer 19

• remiges (wing feathers) (asymmetrical)
• retrices (tail feathers) (symmetrical)
• contour
• semiplume
• down
• bristles

Question 20

What are blood/pin feathers?

Answer 20

A newly growing feather that still has blood supply flowing through it. Can be painful. Looks like a spike/quill.

Question 21

Molting on birds

Answer 21

• vital for healthy feathers
• species specific patterns
• requires a huge amount of energy (fat storage and protein)
• maturation phases

Question 22

What are some problems feathers can have? (5)

Answer 22

• stress bars (lines running across the width of a feather indicating the bird was stressed/unwell/nutrient deficient while feather was growing)
• mites
• broken feathers
• viral diseases
• feather picking (behavioral)

Question 23

What is a broken blood feather?

Answer 23

Broken blood feathers is an open faucet for blood to pour our of the birds body

Question 24

What is imping?

Answer 24

Feather mending, repairing broken or damaged feathers

Question 25

2 viral diseases

Answer 25

- budgie fledgling disease - psittacine beak and feather disease Both contagious and fatal

Question 26

5 ways birds reduce weight for flight

Answer 26

- light feathers - no teeth - hollow bones - oviparious - no ear flaps

Question 27

Nares, Operculum, Cere

Answer 27

Nares: nostrils Operculum: keeps unwanted substances out Cere: soft, fleshy, bare patch at the base of the upper beak

Question 28

Avian trachea

Answer 28

- complete (closed) trachea rings - mammals have open rings - allows for better air flow - sturdier restraint

Question 29

Coelomic cavity

Answer 29

- main body cavity to envelop and contain internal organs

Question 30

Air sacs

Answer 30

- usually have 9 - no gas exchange - buoyancy - thermoregulation

Question 31

Respiration is complicated

Answer 31

- takes 2 cycles of inspiration and expiration - expiration is when air enters the lungs for gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide) - unilateral flow - a breath of oxygen0rich inhaled air remains in the respiratory system for two complete inhalation and exhalation cycles enforce it is fully spent and exhaled out the body - every breath requires two breathing cycles to complete a single breath

Question 32

Avian restraint (do NOT)

Answer 32

- block nares - block glottis/trachea - restricting movement of chest (hand or towel) - overheat the bird via chase or towel

Question 33

About eyes

Answer 33

- large - sclerotic ring (bone around eye to stabilize eyes) - independent movement - limited eye lid - flat eyeball - binocular vision - excellent vision

Question 34

Bones (skull? tailbone?)

Answer 34

- pneumatic: air filled; can push air through their bones (used to cool down) - small skull (flight adaptation) - short tail bones (weight reduction)

Question 35

Pectoral girdle

Answer 35

- fused clavicle for stability - large sternum (large surface area) connected to keel bone

Question 36

How does it help to have a flexible neck?

Answer 36

- keel is center of gravity, shock absorber - access to preen gland needed for water birds to distribute oils - eat - eye movements limited

Question 37

Crop

Answer 37

- dilation and extension of esophagus - storage, fermentation - crop malfunctions can happen if food doesn’t break down to digest

Question 38

3 “Stomachs”

Answer 38

- crop - proventriculus (glandular, digestive enzymes) - ventriculus ( gizzard, muscular, grinds food, “pellets”/“casts”)

Question 39

Cloaca

Answer 39

- bottom of intestine - only opening for feces, urine, sperm/eggs - urates: white part of urine

Question 40

Reproduction

Answer 40

- males and females have their respective parts but they look essentially the same - cloaca - testies; penis - ovaries; vagaina - shell gland: part of uterus where egg forms