midterm Flashcards
where should all injections be given?
in front of the shoulder
what route should injections be given?
subcutaneous
a _________ producer maintains cow herds and raises calves from birth to weaning
cow/calf
a ______ operation adds weight to weaned calves prior to entering the feedlot
stocker
at a minimum, a cattle operation needs to have a _______ to handle cattle
headcatch
what are permanent identifications?
tattoos
burn brands
agitated cattle require at least _____ to calm down
30 mins
the best way to make a cow move in an alley way is to use
the flight zone
a CAFO is a
concentrated animal feeding operation that has different regulatory requirements depending upon size.
How to halter a cow
once you catch the cow in a headcatch you put the rope behind the ears first and then around the muzzle. you then tighten the rope by sliding the knot. then you wrap the rope around a metal bar/stable part of the chute to stabilize.
how to cast a cow
first halter the cow and tie it to something solid
you then use a very long rope (over 20 yds) and drape it over the cows back. then you loop it underneath the cow. then you run the rope down the cow’s back and do step 1 again. then you pull backwards to make the cow lay down
in the feedlot cattle are fed a high energy diet. why?
it increases the palatability (juiciness/flavor/tenderness) of the meat and it also causes the fat to turn white.
______ candy is produced from beef cattle
gelatin
can three year old cows grade choice at slaughter?
yes
a lower yield indicated a greater percent of
closely trimmed retail cuts
yield grade is a scale of
1-5
quality grade for young cattle include
prime, choice, select, and standard
the quality grades for C, D and E maturity beef carcasses are
commercial, cutter, canner, and utility.
carcass based marketing is
widely used
also called grid pricing
pays the producer for carcass merit
sale barns advantages
regularly scheduled sales
bonded
serves large and small producers
satellite video actions marketing advantages include
animals stay on farm until sold
bonded
have competitive bidding
what is a dark cutter? what causes it?
piece of meat that is darker than the normal cherry red color. caused by prolonged stress prior to harvest. it does not impact the quality of the beef, but most consumers think it is bad bc of the color
a producer has cattle that she knows produce calves with high carcass quality (80% choice and yield grade 2). she has been selling the calves at weaning. what marketing option should she used to insure she is paid for the high carcass quality of her calves?
retain ownership so she will only sell them for what she knows they are worth
as a consumer you prefer tender steaks. what are 4 things you can do to ensure you have a more tender steak?
- most marbling
- prime quality grade
- cut of steak that is more tender
- cooking temp (145 )
what is a working chute used for?
vaccines, spraying, applying pour on insecticides
only about ____ of carcass is steak
25%
what do you look at to see maturity?
thoracic ossification and marbling.
look between 12 and 13 rib for marbling
what does the USDA yield grade estimate?
how much lean is in the carcass
what are the factors that influence yield grade?
- adjusted fat thickness
- hot carcass weight
- kidney, pelvic, and heart fat
- ribeye area (12th and 13th rib)
what USDA yield grades do we prefer?
2 or 3
how big should ribeye be?
12-14 square inches
where does the bright cherry red color come from?
myoglobin reacting with O2
what is the most limiting nutrient?
energy
protein requirements depend on
- body weight
- milk production
- growth
- pregnancy
what is relative feed value?
ADF and NDF into single measure
widely used for alfalfa
RFQ (relative forage quality)
greater than 140 - premium dairy cow
110-139 - good - lactating beef cow
90-109 - fair - dry cows
less than 90 - utility
what can increase stocking rate by 10-20%?
multispecies grazing
why supplement?
improve animal performance
facilitate handling
what should be available to cattle at all times?
salt blocks/mineral blocks
salt requirement
0.1 lb salt/100 lb body weight
advantages of creep feeding
weaning weight increase
price of calves higher relative to feed costs
useful for calves with skeletal frame and growth potential
less stress at weaning time
useful during drought to reduce calf forage consumption
disadvantages of creep feeding
cost of added weight is usually higher than return
not recommended for replacement heifers because it impairs future milk production
market price may be less for calves which are too fat
what is creep grazing?
calves have access to higher quality forage
what is the goal of stockers?
low cost gain
diets depend on
age, weight, sex
raised vs purchased feeds
relative cost of available feeds
length of feeding time
common roughages
silage, hay, corn cobs
common concentrates
corn
what do implants do?
improve feed efficiency and average daily gain
androgen implants also enhance muscle growth
finishing phase implants reduce
marbling score by 28 points
% grading choice or higher by 10 points
common feed additives (antibiotics)
tylan - prevent liver abscesses
chlotetracycline and oxytetracycline - treat respiratory disease
what does MGA do?
inhibits estrus in heifers
stocker gain goal
1.5lb/day or higher
what is one of the most important nutrient management practices for calves?
adequate colostrum intake
when to supplement protein?
every 5-7 days
what are the different handlings of supplements?
cubes, cakes, pellets, meal
what are the different handlings of supplements?
cubes, cakes, pellets, meals
what needs to be supplemented on fresh green rapidly growing forages to avoid grass tetany?
magnesium
what should be supplemented to enhance reproductive performance?
selenium
how much protein should be in a protein supplement?
no more than 20-25%
low bypass protein
soybean meal
casein
sunflower meal
peanut meal
medium bypass protein
cottonseed meal, dehydrated alfalfa meal, dried brewers grain
high bypass protein
corn gluten meal
feather meal
fish meal
in forages with less than 7% crude protein what is limited?
microbial protein synthesis
in protein, _____ is more important than _____
quantity
quality
bale grazing
winter feeding method
rotational grazing
temporary electric fence to limit access
1-7 days of hay
40-60 feet apart
in a 1000lb roll of bermuda grass hay
23 lbs nitrogen
6 lbs phosphate
25 lbs potash
hay feeding losses
hay ring - 4-6% loss
trailer or cradle - 11-14% loss
ground - 45% loss
storages losses
if it gets too wet it initiates heating process which makes mold
outside storage can only be done with round bales only
when to supplement?
depends on forage nutrient availability
pasture nutrient supply is less than nutrient requirements.
what is highly recommended to be used for grazing ofr livestock?
PlantMaxQ
what zone are we?
B
mycotoxins
not a problem with roughages
modly grain commonly
how to find ADF
boil in acidic solution and what is left over is the ADF
NDF is higher, intake is
lower
nitrate tests roughages in
risk situations
what is a good indicator of vit A?
color
phosphorus is ____ in roughages and _____ in grains
low
high
calcium is _____ in roughages and _____ in grains
high
low
fat soluble vitamins
ADEK
water soluble vitamins
B vitamins
what minerals are rarely deficient?
iron and manganese
what is low in lush pastures, especially cool season annuals?
magnesium
what is low in winter pastures and crop residues?
phosphorus
tends to be adequate in roughages
calcium
types of protein
crude protein
degradable intake protein
undegradable intake protein
what serves as the main source of energy?
concentrates and roughages
advantages to ruminants
forage utilization
non protein nitrogen utilization
vitamin synthesis
disadvantages to ruminants
excess gas production
inefficient nitrogen utilization
digestive problems
heat of fermentation
Roughages are low in
Phosphorus
Roughages are sufficient in
Calcium
ADF is _______ related to fiber content of a feed
Directly
Diets high in green leafy forages are often low in
Protein
Coccidostat additives
Rumensin
Deccox
Lasalocid
Partitioning agent additives
Optaflexx
Suppress estrous additives
MGA
Systems commonly used to estimate the energy content of feed for beef cattle include
TDN
Net energy
Rotational grazing can _____ stocking rates and improve _____ distributions
Increase
Nutrient
Cows will have higher energy requirements due to continued growth until they are
4 years old
Lush, spring pasture is sometimes low in
Magenesium
Feeding high levels of grain can ______ forage digestibility
Decrease
What are an advantage to using growth promoting implants? What are potential disadvantages?
Advantage - having a higher growth which can be sold for high profit
Disadvantage - decreased marbling
