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beef systems > midterm > Flashcards

midterm Flashcards

1
Q

where should all injections be given?

A

in front of the shoulder

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2
Q

what route should injections be given?

A

subcutaneous

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3
Q

a _________ producer maintains cow herds and raises calves from birth to weaning

A

cow/calf

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4
Q

a ______ operation adds weight to weaned calves prior to entering the feedlot

A

stocker

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5
Q

at a minimum, a cattle operation needs to have a _______ to handle cattle

A

headcatch

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6
Q

what are permanent identifications?

A

tattoos
burn brands

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7
Q

agitated cattle require at least _____ to calm down

A

30 mins

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8
Q

the best way to make a cow move in an alley way is to use

A

the flight zone

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9
Q

a CAFO is a

A

concentrated animal feeding operation that has different regulatory requirements depending upon size.

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10
Q

How to halter a cow

A

once you catch the cow in a headcatch you put the rope behind the ears first and then around the muzzle. you then tighten the rope by sliding the knot. then you wrap the rope around a metal bar/stable part of the chute to stabilize.

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11
Q

how to cast a cow

A

first halter the cow and tie it to something solid
you then use a very long rope (over 20 yds) and drape it over the cows back. then you loop it underneath the cow. then you run the rope down the cow’s back and do step 1 again. then you pull backwards to make the cow lay down

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12
Q

in the feedlot cattle are fed a high energy diet. why?

A

it increases the palatability (juiciness/flavor/tenderness) of the meat and it also causes the fat to turn white.

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13
Q

______ candy is produced from beef cattle

A

gelatin

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14
Q

can three year old cows grade choice at slaughter?

A

yes

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15
Q

a lower yield indicated a greater percent of

A

closely trimmed retail cuts

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16
Q

yield grade is a scale of

A

1-5

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17
Q

quality grade for young cattle include

A

prime, choice, select, and standard

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18
Q

the quality grades for C, D and E maturity beef carcasses are

A

commercial, cutter, canner, and utility.

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19
Q

carcass based marketing is

A

widely used
also called grid pricing
pays the producer for carcass merit

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20
Q

sale barns advantages

A

regularly scheduled sales
bonded
serves large and small producers

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21
Q

satellite video actions marketing advantages include

A

animals stay on farm until sold
bonded
have competitive bidding

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22
Q

what is a dark cutter? what causes it?

A

piece of meat that is darker than the normal cherry red color. caused by prolonged stress prior to harvest. it does not impact the quality of the beef, but most consumers think it is bad bc of the color

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23
Q

a producer has cattle that she knows produce calves with high carcass quality (80% choice and yield grade 2). she has been selling the calves at weaning. what marketing option should she used to insure she is paid for the high carcass quality of her calves?

A

retain ownership so she will only sell them for what she knows they are worth

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24
Q

as a consumer you prefer tender steaks. what are 4 things you can do to ensure you have a more tender steak?

A
  1. most marbling
  2. prime quality grade
  3. cut of steak that is more tender
  4. cooking temp (145 )
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25
Q

what is a working chute used for?

A

vaccines, spraying, applying pour on insecticides

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26
Q

only about ____ of carcass is steak

A

25%

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27
Q

what do you look at to see maturity?

A

thoracic ossification and marbling.
look between 12 and 13 rib for marbling

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28
Q

what does the USDA yield grade estimate?

A

how much lean is in the carcass

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29
Q

what are the factors that influence yield grade?

A
  • adjusted fat thickness
  • hot carcass weight
  • kidney, pelvic, and heart fat
  • ribeye area (12th and 13th rib)
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30
Q

what USDA yield grades do we prefer?

A

2 or 3

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31
Q

how big should ribeye be?

A

12-14 square inches

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32
Q

where does the bright cherry red color come from?

A

myoglobin reacting with O2

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33
Q

what is the most limiting nutrient?

A

energy

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34
Q

protein requirements depend on

A
  • body weight
  • milk production
  • growth
  • pregnancy
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35
Q

what is relative feed value?

A

ADF and NDF into single measure
widely used for alfalfa

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36
Q

RFQ (relative forage quality)

A

greater than 140 - premium dairy cow
110-139 - good - lactating beef cow
90-109 - fair - dry cows
less than 90 - utility

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37
Q

what can increase stocking rate by 10-20%?

A

multispecies grazing

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38
Q

why supplement?

A

improve animal performance
facilitate handling

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39
Q

what should be available to cattle at all times?

A

salt blocks/mineral blocks

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40
Q

salt requirement

A

0.1 lb salt/100 lb body weight

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41
Q

advantages of creep feeding

A

weaning weight increase
price of calves higher relative to feed costs
useful for calves with skeletal frame and growth potential
less stress at weaning time
useful during drought to reduce calf forage consumption

42
Q

disadvantages of creep feeding

A

cost of added weight is usually higher than return
not recommended for replacement heifers because it impairs future milk production
market price may be less for calves which are too fat

43
Q

what is creep grazing?

A

calves have access to higher quality forage

44
Q

what is the goal of stockers?

A

low cost gain

45
Q

diets depend on

A

age, weight, sex
raised vs purchased feeds
relative cost of available feeds
length of feeding time

46
Q

common roughages

A

silage, hay, corn cobs

47
Q

common concentrates

A

corn

48
Q

what do implants do?

A

improve feed efficiency and average daily gain
androgen implants also enhance muscle growth

49
Q

finishing phase implants reduce

A

marbling score by 28 points
% grading choice or higher by 10 points

50
Q

common feed additives (antibiotics)

A

tylan - prevent liver abscesses
chlotetracycline and oxytetracycline - treat respiratory disease

51
Q

what does MGA do?

A

inhibits estrus in heifers

52
Q

stocker gain goal

A

1.5lb/day or higher

53
Q

what is one of the most important nutrient management practices for calves?

A

adequate colostrum intake

54
Q

when to supplement protein?

A

every 5-7 days

55
Q

what are the different handlings of supplements?

A

cubes, cakes, pellets, meal

56
Q

what are the different handlings of supplements?

A

cubes, cakes, pellets, meals

57
Q

what needs to be supplemented on fresh green rapidly growing forages to avoid grass tetany?

A

magnesium

58
Q

what should be supplemented to enhance reproductive performance?

A

selenium

59
Q

how much protein should be in a protein supplement?

A

no more than 20-25%

60
Q

low bypass protein

A

soybean meal
casein
sunflower meal
peanut meal

61
Q

medium bypass protein

A

cottonseed meal, dehydrated alfalfa meal, dried brewers grain

62
Q

high bypass protein

A

corn gluten meal
feather meal
fish meal

63
Q

in forages with less than 7% crude protein what is limited?

A

microbial protein synthesis

64
Q

in protein, _____ is more important than _____

A

quantity
quality

65
Q

bale grazing

A

winter feeding method
rotational grazing
temporary electric fence to limit access
1-7 days of hay
40-60 feet apart

66
Q

in a 1000lb roll of bermuda grass hay

A

23 lbs nitrogen
6 lbs phosphate
25 lbs potash

67
Q

hay feeding losses

A

hay ring - 4-6% loss
trailer or cradle - 11-14% loss
ground - 45% loss

68
Q

storages losses

A

if it gets too wet it initiates heating process which makes mold
outside storage can only be done with round bales only

69
Q

when to supplement?

A

depends on forage nutrient availability
pasture nutrient supply is less than nutrient requirements.

70
Q

what is highly recommended to be used for grazing ofr livestock?

A

PlantMaxQ

71
Q

what zone are we?

A

B

72
Q

mycotoxins

A

not a problem with roughages
modly grain commonly

73
Q

how to find ADF

A

boil in acidic solution and what is left over is the ADF

74
Q

NDF is higher, intake is

A

lower

75
Q

nitrate tests roughages in

A

risk situations

76
Q

what is a good indicator of vit A?

A

color

77
Q

phosphorus is ____ in roughages and _____ in grains

A

low
high

78
Q

calcium is _____ in roughages and _____ in grains

A

high
low

79
Q

fat soluble vitamins

A

ADEK

80
Q

water soluble vitamins

A

B vitamins

81
Q

what minerals are rarely deficient?

A

iron and manganese

82
Q

what is low in lush pastures, especially cool season annuals?

A

magnesium

83
Q

what is low in winter pastures and crop residues?

A

phosphorus

84
Q

tends to be adequate in roughages

A

calcium

85
Q

types of protein

A

crude protein
degradable intake protein
undegradable intake protein

86
Q

what serves as the main source of energy?

A

concentrates and roughages

87
Q

advantages to ruminants

A

forage utilization
non protein nitrogen utilization
vitamin synthesis

88
Q

disadvantages to ruminants

A

excess gas production
inefficient nitrogen utilization
digestive problems
heat of fermentation

89
Q

Roughages are low in

A

Phosphorus

90
Q

Roughages are sufficient in

A

Calcium

91
Q

ADF is _______ related to fiber content of a feed

A

Directly

92
Q

Diets high in green leafy forages are often low in

A

Protein

93
Q

Coccidostat additives

A

Rumensin
Deccox
Lasalocid

94
Q

Partitioning agent additives

A

Optaflexx

95
Q

Suppress estrous additives

A

MGA

96
Q

Systems commonly used to estimate the energy content of feed for beef cattle include

A

TDN
Net energy

97
Q

Rotational grazing can _____ stocking rates and improve _____ distributions

A

Increase
Nutrient

98
Q

Cows will have higher energy requirements due to continued growth until they are

A

4 years old

99
Q

Lush, spring pasture is sometimes low in

A

Magenesium

100
Q

Feeding high levels of grain can ______ forage digestibility

A

Decrease

101
Q

What are an advantage to using growth promoting implants? What are potential disadvantages?

A

Advantage - having a higher growth which can be sold for high profit
Disadvantage - decreased marbling

beef systems (1 decks)

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