Midterm Flashcards
Colonization
Series of actions undertaken as part of a settlement process which imposed cultural, religious, and political values that favoured settlers.
Decolonization
Process of deconstructing colonial ideologies of the superiority and privilege of western thought and approaches
Indigenization
Addition of indigenous elements going beyond tokenism. Based on inclusionary practices and structures that promote ongoing decolonization
5 Hallmarks of Civilization
- Governance
- Economics
- Socialization
- Education
- Health
First indigenous studies department
1960s Minnesota
Vine Deloria, Leroy Little Bear, and David Bogm
Early indigenous scholars who brought western and indigenous knowledge together
Indigenous Ways of Knowing
Everything is in motion
Everything is living
Strong relationships are maintained through renewal
Indigenous Codes of Conduct
Non-interference
Emotional restraint
Sharing
Right time rather than specific time
Learning by doing or teaching through encouraging observations and participation versus direction
First Nations
The “Status Indians” as defined by the Indian Act (excludes metis and Inuit)
Settler Colonialism
Deliberate physical occupation of land as a method of asserting ownership over land and its resources
Fur Trade Timeline
Started with French in 1600s
Hudson’s Bay Company removes French monopoly 1670
Rupert’s Land 1670
Fall of New France 1760
NWC formed 1770s
HBC and NWC merge 1821
Canada officially a country 1867
Conflicts with Indigenous Participation
French Indian (7 Year) War 1756-1763
American Rev. 1775-1783
War of 1812
First and Second World Wars
Treaty Timeline/ Types
Robinson Treaty 1850- first major treaty. Gave land in Lakes Huron and Superior
Numbered Treaties 1871-1921
Economic Treaty and Peace/ Friendship Treaty
Royal Proclamation of 1763
Did some dirty shit to only allow euros to own land
Perspectives on Treaty (Indigenous)
Needed for the changing world around them
Worldview on ownership is different
Almost saw it as the Indigenous people would be half adopting euros
Perspectives on Treaty (Euro)
The most economical way of obtaining land
Understood indigenous war proficiency and didn’t want to deal
Treaties allowed a systematic way of controlling indigenous people and thus revolutions
Indian Act 1876
Defined and allowed the government to always control 6 major sections framed as benefits.
Status Guidelines
Band Governance
Education
Taxes
Use of Alcohol
Use and Surrender of Land
Enfranchisement
The removal of “Indian” status upon completing a degree, participating in military service, and a few other events.
Egalitarian Society
Emphasizes equality and equal treatment across gender, religion, economic status, political beliefs, ect.
Complementarity Society
Different categories depend upon one another for their distinctiveness in order to create a balance and produce the greatest well being for the whole group
Indigenous gender terms
Winkte (MtF)
Berdache (no no word MtF)
Double Woman (FtM)
Two Spirit (NB)
Residential Schools
Started 1600s as domestic training centres.
Bad shit started 1880s
150,000 kids attended, 6000 min died
Poor nutrition, abuse, testing, ect
1996 was the final school
TRC
Truth and Reconciliation Commission
2008 was founded
Pressured gov and church to release docs around Residential Schools and 60s scoop
2015 main report with 94 calls to action
60s Scoop
Late 50s to early 80s
Mfs stealing Indigenous kids after Residential Schools slow down
Made it next to impossible for mom to get custody
Forced sterilizations common as well
White paper
General term for government proposed policy changes. More specifically for changing the idea of status (citizens minus)
Red paper
Direct response to the White Paper. Proposes status should not be abolished but rather give citizens plus
Treaty
Living agreements that have not been upheld and should be updated. Oral promises not respected and cultural values biased the agreements and understandings.
Inuit
Sovereignty claims denied
Guides as whaling operations are set up
Decline in resources as seal and whale pop declines
No resources results in HBC Debt
