midterm? Flashcards
1 nutrient for animals
air
features of enviro that influences animal biology
air, sanitation/hygiene, nutrition, space and social setting, equipment, noise
4 movements that you need to know when designing a facility *
animal, people, nutritional, manure movement
stressors
climatic, enviro, nutritional, pathological
heat balance equation
maintaining constant body temp depends on M+G=L
Heat balance equation meaning of M
M = metabolic heat production from body
heat balance equation G
heat Gained from enviro - radiation and convection
heat balance equation L
heat Lost to environment - radiation, evaporation, conduction, convection
convection heating types
free convection - hot air rises
forced convection - pushing air
humidity impact on environment
impacts evaporation, higher humidity impacts bacteria
animal thermal insulation layers
body core, body shell, cover layer, boundary layer
animal body core
visceral organs, can change with nutrition, increased energy density of food
animal body shell
muscles, blood vessels, fat and skin
animal cover layer
hair or feathers - pelage or plumage
animal boundary layer
air - ventilation dependent
how much of thermoregulation is behavioural
80%
elixirs of life
air, water and light
light and water consumption relationship
more light = more water
functions of ventilation
- uniformly distribute fresh air without drafts
- maintain species specific building temp
- exhaust respired moisture
- remove all air contaminants
ventilation related problems
air quality
temp fluctuations
micro-climates
inlet management
negative v positive fan ventilation
positive - air in, negative pushing out
dew point
when internal is lower than air temp - 60% humidity - barn sweats
management for air pollutants
ventilation/climate
elevated floors - not slats
animal/human activity
protein retention in diets according to vern
18-40%
what is all involves in an animals environment
physical, chemical, biological and behavioural elements around the animal
what does the environment influence in animals
growth, metabolism, reproduction, lactation, disease and behaviour
animal features that influence enviro requirements
temp requirements, locomotion patterns, social organizations, feeding and drinking patterns, parental behaviour, maintenance behaviour
how genetics affect adaptability to diff environments
tolerance to heat and cold, coat colour, disease resistance, disease resistance, geology and parasite resistance
impacts of stage of production
feeding level/system, space allocation and social management, breeding animals may need exposure to opposite sex, some animals may need to be isolated
features of the environment that influence animal biology - thermal
temp, humidity, air, group v individual, flooring/bedding, constant v fluctuating temps
features of the environment that influence animal biology - lighting
type (incandescent, fluorescent, natural)
intensity/brightness
schedule (chronobiology)
features of the environment that influence animal biology - air quality
dust, gasses, pathogens, impacted by:
- ventilation rates/patterns
-flooring/bedding/manure management
- activity patterns of the animals
features of the environment that influence animal biology - sanitation/disease hygiene
maure management, group v individual, indoor v outdoor
features of the environment that influence animal biology - nutrition and enviro interactions
energy balance, thermal environment, activity levels, vet/mineral requirements, access to soil and substrate
features of the environment that influence animal biology - space and social setting
density - space allowance, group size
group composition
size variation
features of the environment that influence animal biology - equipment
flooring, crate design, feeders and drinkers - all impact:
- feed and water intake
- movement patterns
- injury and lameness
features of the environment that influence animal biology - noise
from equipment and caretakers - impacts inter animal communication, fear, stress and physical damage to auditory system
developmental plasticity
genetically based program can be modified in response to changing environmental conditions to shape unique characteristics of each individual
9 foundations of a healthy building
air quality, thermal health, moisture, dust and pests, safety, water quality, noise
lighting, ventilation
features of the environment that influence animal biology
thermal environment
lighting
air quality
sanitation/hygiene/disease transfer
nutrition-environmental interactions
space and social setting
equipment
noise
is an animal ever independent of the environment?
no
5 freedoms
freedom from hunger and thirst
freedom from discomfort
freedom from pain, injury or disease
freedom to express normal behaviour
freedom from fear and distress
responses to adverse enviroments
adaptation, acclimatization, habituation
stressors
climatic, environmental, nutritional, physiological, physical, social, psychological, pathological
what is the most potent in releasing a stress response
psychological - CRH - initial step in HPA activation - also involved in emotional/behavioural runs to a stressor
4 main factors that contribute to accurate sound localization
- preadator or prey
type of habitat
nocturnal or diurnal
visual capacity
