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PSYCH 2AA3 > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

An extra chromosome causing mild to severe intellectual disabilities

A

Down Syndrome

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2
Q

(XXY) Causing physical abnormalities

A

Klinefelter Syndrome

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3
Q

(XO) Missing X chromosome in females causing sexual underdevelopment and intellectual disability.

A

Turner Syndrome

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4
Q

XXY Syndrome causes?

A

Above-average height

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5
Q

Glandular dysfunction interfering with mucus production

A

Cystic fibrosis

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6
Q

Delayed blood clotting causing internal + external bleeding

A

Hemophilia

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7
Q

Deterioration of the CNS causing problems in muscle coordination

A

Huntington’s disease

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8
Q

Deceleration of mental and physical development- accumulation of lipids in the nervous system

A

Tay-Sachs disease

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9
Q

Mitosis

A

The cell’s nucleus duplicates itself and the cell divides. 2 new cells are formed, each containing the same DNA as original cell

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10
Q

Passive effects

A

Biological parents providing a rearing environment for the child

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11
Q

A child’s genetically influenced characteristics elicit certain types of environments.

A

Evocative effets

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12
Q

When children seek out environments that they find compatible and stimulating

A

Active effects

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13
Q

The Epigenetic View (Gilbert Gottleib)

A

Development is the result of an ongoing bidirectional interchange between heredity and the environment

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14
Q

Blastocysts

A

Inner mass of cells that later develop into the embryo

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15
Q

Trophoblasts

A

Outer layer that provides nutrition and support for the embryo

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16
Q

Organogenesis

A

The process of organ formation during the first 2 months of prenatal development

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17
Q

The first 2 weeks after conception

A

Germinal period

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18
Q

2-8 weeks after conception

A

Embryonic period

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19
Q

Period that lasts 7 months, with growth and development continuing rapidly

A

Fetal period

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20
Q

Lobe that is responsible for voluntary movement, thinking, personality, purpose

A

Frontal lobe

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21
Q

Lobe responsible for vision

A

Occipital lobe

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22
Q

Lobe that helps to register spatial location, direct attention, and maintain motor control

A

Parietal lobe

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23
Q

Lobe responsible for hearing, language processing, and memory

A

Temporal lobe

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24
Q

What substage of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage is characterized by repeating pleasurable actions.

A

Secondary circular reactions

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25
Q

Infants making the mistake of selecting the familiar hiding place to locate an object rather than looking in the new hiding place

A

A not B error

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26
Q

The Core Knowledge Approach

A

Infants are born with domain-specific innate knowledge systems

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27
Q

Actions or mental representations that organize knowledge

A

Schemes

28
Q

Assimilation

A

When children incorporate new info into existing schemes

29
Q

What Piagetian stage of development is characterized by the ability to reason in more abstract, idealistic, and logical ways

A

Formal operational

30
Q

The intuitive thought substage of the pre operational stage of development is characterized by a child’s lack of ___

A

Conservation

31
Q

The symbolic function substage of the pre operational stage of development is characterized by what two characteristics?

A

Egocentrism and animism

32
Q

Thalen’s Dynamic Systems

A

Explore how people assemble motor behaviours for perceiving and acting

33
Q

What approach is interested in how perception guides action?

A

The Gibson’s ecological approach

34
Q

The Rooting Reflex

A

When an infant turns their head, opens their mouth and starts sucking when their cheek is stroked or side of their mouth is touched

35
Q

The Collaborative Gene

A

Rather than being a group of independent genes, the human genome consists of many genes that collaborate with one another and with no genetic factors inside and outside of the body.

36
Q

What type of theory views development as primarily unconscious and heavily coloured by emotion?

A

Psychoanalytic theories

37
Q

What theory of development states that the primary motivation for human behaviour is social and reflects the desire to affiliate with other people?

A

Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory

38
Q

What type of developmental theory places an emphasis on conscious thought?

A

Cognitive Theories

39
Q

What are Piaget’s stages of development IN ORDER?

A

Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

40
Q

What are Freud’s stages of psychosexual development IN ORDER?

A

Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital

41
Q

What developmental period lasts from the end of infancy to about 5 or 6 years old?

A

Early childhood

42
Q

What are cohort effects?

A

A group of people who are born at a similar point in history and share similar experiences as a result

43
Q

What is the continuity-discontinuity issue?

A

This focuses on the extent to which development involves gradual, cumulative change or distinct changes

44
Q

What is the early-later experience issue?

A

Focuses on the degree to which early experiences or later experiences are the key determinants of the child’s development

44
Q

What is the early-later experience issue?

A

Focuses on the degree to which early experiences or later experiences are the key determinants of the child’s development

45
Q

What is ethology?

A

Ethology stresses that behaviour I strongly influenced by biology, tied to evolution, and characterized by critical or sensitive periods.

46
Q

What are some criticisms of the ethnological theory?

A

Too much emphasis on the biological foundations and critical period concepts are too rigid.

47
Q

What is the information processing theory?

A

This theory emphasizes that individuals manipulate information, monitor it, and strategize about it.

48
Q

Which theory of development states that knowledge is situated and collaborative and that children actively construct their knowledge.

A

Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory

49
Q

Which theory of development places emphasis on the interactions between behaviour, environment, and cognition?

A

Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory

50
Q

Brofenbrenner’s Ecological Theory

A

Development reflects the influence of several environmental systems

51
Q

What is an Ecelectic Theoretical Approach?

A

An approach that does not follow any one theoretical approach but rather selects the best features from each.

52
Q

Where do psychoanalytic theorists lie on the nature-nurture debate?

A

Freud- biological determinism
Erickson- balances bio and cultural

53
Q

Mesosystems

A

Relations between Microsystems and connections between contexts

54
Q

Exosystems

A

Links between a social setting (individuals do not have an active role)

55
Q

Chronosystems

A

Patterning of environmental events / transitions over the life course as well as historical circumstances

56
Q

What are conduct disorders?

A

Children who consistently break rules or violate rights of others

57
Q

High levels of the MAOA gene help prevent which disorder?

A

Conduct disorder

58
Q

Why do babies who were breast fed have higher IQ’s than those who were bottle fed?

A

Because of the fatty acids found in human breast milk

59
Q

The Moro Reflex

A

Startle in response to sudden loss of support consisting of spreading arms out, crying, etc.

60
Q

How and why does nicotine use during pregnancy affect the fetus?

A

Constricting of blood vessels decreases oxygen and nutrient flow to the fetus though the placenta. Results in increased risk of miscarriage, premature birth, and prolonged developmental impacts (impaired cognitive skills, delayed language)

61
Q

Tonic neck reflex

A

Position of infant’s arms and head that resembles a fencing pose

62
Q

How long after conception does the neural tube begin to form?

A

18-24 days after conception

63
Q

How long after conception does neurogenesis begin?

A

10-18 weeks after conception

64
Q

At how many weeks gestation can a developing fetus perceive sounds outside of the womb?

A

16 weeks gestation

65
Q

What is the smallest unit of biochemical instructions in DNA?

A

A gene

66
Q

Chromosome 21 determines what characteristic of an individual?

A

The sex of an individual

PSYCH 2AA3 (1 decks)

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