Midterm Flashcards
F. Brunelleschi, San Lorenzo, Florence, Italy
Built during the Early Renaissance in Florence, using corinthian order columns, simple exterior, interior; long nave and aisle coordination similar to classical and gothic styles, also used integrated system of roman classical models. Features Brunelleschi’s innovative dome with ribs. One of the largest churches in Florence. A lot of new innovative techniques used throughout the renaissance in this church. Used Basilical plan, with nave as long as the transepts. The concept behind this was that the powers of Florence wanted their own individual chapels. Contained to sacristy’s the new and the old with the old being filled with works from brunelleschi and the new from michaelangelo.
M. Bartalameo, Palazzo Medici, Florence, 1444
Made use of classical roman elements such as symmetry, mathematical proportions, and inclusion of classical elements. Was made to look modest as to not cause envy through rustication. The tall nature of the palazzo caused its interior to be cool and quiet. Included 10 foot cornice, first such cornice since roman times, with egg and dart moldings, and modillions. Used stone blocks with deeply recessed chamfered joints. used typical romanesque windows with circular heads. Does not contain continuous corridors but rather a type of circulation from the courtyard.
L.B. Alberti, Santa Maria Novella, Florence, Italy, 1456-70
First Renaissance church with finished facade, geometrical designs with green and white marbling. contained gothic aspects such a central rose window in facade and pointed arches of the lower levels. Facade became an archetype for renaissance church facades, two central bays capped by a pedimented temple form conceal, gable roofed nave of basilican cross section. Flanking scrolls mask the shed roofs over the aisles. Triangular pediment, used square as a unit.
L.B. Alberti, Sant’ Andrea, Mantua, Italy, 1472-94
Entrance is portico (porch leading to entrance) based, tall corinthian pilasters sitting on pedestals. Uses a triumphal-arch form for the entrance and decoration between the pilasters. Uses Transveral Barrel vaults. Is of the same plan of the basilica of constantine, with bearing walls and barrel vaults of the chapels resist the lateral thrust of the longitudinal barrel vault of the nave. No side aisles or internal collumns. Three internal chapels on each side, supporting the weight of the roof. The basilica contained what was believed to be drops of the blood of jesus christ, given by pilgrims. Had a feeling of calm and serenity.
C. da Caprarola, Santa Maria della Consolazione, Todi, Italy, 1509
Centralized church, based on the form of a cube with 3 polygonal apses surrounding it and one semicircular apse and a dome supported by a drum and pendentives. Semi domes atop the apses. Housed the painting of Madonna which was said to cure a mans blindness. Design might have come from Leonardo da Vinci’s innovative drawing styles. Centralized churches became a fascination in the world of the renaissance.
Donate Bramante, Tempietto, Rome, Italy, 1502
After being exiled to rome he began to study roman architecture first hand and was given the opportunity to act on it by the king and queen of spain. wanted to create a cerebral synthesis of human worldliness and christian piety. Circular cloister, hermetic environment, and the insertion of a circular temple. Site was chosen for the place where St. Peter was martyred. wanted to embody platonic preference for ideal form and christian reverence for tradition. two story cylinder with hemispherical dome, surrounded by one story doric order with entablature and balustrade (railing). Frieze had several panels displaying the current authority of the pope to antiquity, with chalices, keys, tabernacle, paton and incense boat.
D. Bramante, plan for St. peter’s, Rome, Italy, 1502
The plan for St. Peter’s was made as a tomb for Pope Julius II, originally to be added to the St. Maria delve Grazie however, Julius II decided they wanted their own church. In the shape of a Greek Cross, designed to be to the scale of the Baths of Diocletian and a dome to that of the Pantheons, a flaw in this design is that it was delicate and could not support the weight and grandeur of the proposed dome. Wanted to have the dome and drum supported by pendentives and semicircular arches. Centralized church was in the favor in the time of the High Renaissance. Most likely wanted a centralized church because circles in Ancient rome symbolized that of life, never ending, no beginning or end. In his drawings there were plans for a surrounding garden and colonnade. Also changed the relation between space and mass, as space wasn’t just emptiness but was important for the portrayal of the space. Supposed to be massive to commemorate and be a burial site Pope Julius II (first pope) as it was for Saint Peter.
Michaelangelo, Laurentian Library ( Ricetto ), Florence, Italy, 1524
Expressed as a restless place with a stressful undertone, such as columns solely for design, and indented and windows w/ frames without glass (blind tabernacle), the stairs fill up the room like lava/liquid, outer stairs don’t have rails. This is a place of passing as it leads to the place of reading and studying from the library so michaelangelo purposely designed it to be uncomfortable so that people would pass through it quickly.
A. Palladio, Il Redentore, Venice, Italy, 1570-90
Used corinthian order pulling from several places and architectural styles, facing body of water, purpose is to basically thank god for the passing of the bubonic plague in venice, locational purpose was to allow a bridge to be placed on the water so that the pope could “walk on water” when approaching the church for the events. the building repeats the triangle shape 5 times throughout the facade. no distinct cross shape in plan, with no side isles. creates a fake ending of the church with a row of columns.
Borromini, San Carlo allie Quattro Fontane, Rome, Italy ,1634
Icon of Baroque Architecture, with extremely stylistic facade, undulating oval shaped, swelling curved walls, long axis leading to the main altar, ‘stretched greek cross plan’. Statue in middle in St Charles Borromeo, his hands upwards in prayer, in vertical motion eventuating the columns and even the oval plaque. inside of the dome features a multitude of shapes including octagons and hexagons and greek crosses that all diminish as they reach the top exaggerating the heigh of the dome. The facade much mirrors the interior as it concave and convex. Dedicated to the freeing of christian slaves. interior and exterior created movement and played with the light as the baroque introduced new shapes and ways of thinking. Everything was about movement, suprisingly based on geometrical designs with triangles and circles.
Versailles, Palace and Grounds
Made to display the power of the monarch of france
Palace: Extravagant facades and interior, hallway of mirror plays with light and enlarges the room with space by reflecting the people and the outside. Bedroom was not private but rather a place of viewing, where people could watch Louis XIV rise and set (like the sun), filled with mirrors throughout the palace as mirrors were extremely expensive, filled with iconography as Louis as Apollo. Almost every surface was covered with something to keep the walls busy.
Grounds: Was very organized and controlled “Will over Nature”, Parterre is a garden keeping based on embroidery, and Topiary which is dense plants and foliage that can be sculpted. Axial boulevards so that Louis XIV could keep tabs on his new city, surveillance architecture. Manipulated the nature to display power, and was all very well kept.
Italian Renaissance Humanism
Celebrated Rationality, individuality and mankind’s ability to make and act upon empirical observations of the physical world. Renaissance humanism became something that aspired to create a world rivaling that of the ancients and to create and name and individuality for yourself to become discernible from the rest.
Architecture and linear perspective
Geometrical linear perspective.
Central vs Basilical
Central is a plan that focuses on a centrality such as the greek cross where the focus is the center, symmetrical to a certain point, radial. Where as basilical has a long nave with side aisles, an apses at the end and/or at either end of the transept of the church. Basilica churches were either built for or by the current Pope at the time or religious or economic leader. The basilica featured two floors where the ceiling for the main nave was higher than the ceiling of the side aisles.
Vernacular architecture
architecture that is based on the local needs, availability of construction materials and reflecting local traditions, does not necessarily formally schooled architects but did rely on design skills and traditions of local builders. Building without academic tradition and without professional training. Sustainable because it was made from readily available materials and what was most needed by the community, people building these usually did not get any recognition.
