MIDTERM

Question 1

Week 1: What theory is Feuerback responsible for?

Answer 1

he was an atheist who argued that god was not theological but anthropological
- he says when people talk about god they are referring to themselves
- people give god human attributes
- believes religion is a social good

Question 2

Week 1: What theory is E.B Taylor responsible for?

Answer 2

studies how humans act religiously.
argues that it is a worldview used to explain experiences
- maintains that animism is foundation of most religions
- insists religion is a childish fear of the unknown and that religious belief would fade

Question 3

Week 1: what is animism

Answer 3

belief that spirits inhabit all things, living and non living

Question 4

Week 1: What theory is karl marx responsible for

Answer 4

• he hated religion - he beleived that the state should replace religion

Question 5

Week 1: What theory is Emile Durkheim responsible for?

Answer 5

• he was concerned with how religion shaped individuals and communities
• believed religion made people feel secure in an uncertain world
• community and security are functions in religion

Question 6

Week 1: What theory is william james responsible for?

Answer 6

• argued religion as a mental state is not theistic
• says you do not need to believe in a higher power to be religious most people believe in an unseen order
• something in us aspires to something outside of ourselves
• whether they are true they play a significant role in psychological adjustment to life

Question 7

Week 1: What theory was sigmund freud responsible for

Answer 7

• believes religion was based on guilt and fear
• maintained that religion is primitive and something to outgrow
• no need to depend on some source outside of oneself

Question 8

Week 1: what theory was Justin barret responsible for

Answer 8

brains are primed for a belief in a higher power
- humans have a god gene
- humans are constantly seeking explanations

Question 9

Week 1: What theory is ara norenzayan responsible for

Answer 9

religions with a strong moral center and a god who watched over the world to last

Question 10

Week 1: What is fundamentalism

Answer 10

religious movement
- someone who believes in traditional forms of religion or what is written in a holy book

Question 11

Week 1: what is secularization

Answer 11

declining importance of religion in society

Question 12

Week 1 theories:

Answer 12

Ludwig Feuerbach (1804 - 1812)
Atheists who argued that god Is not theological, but anthropological
He says when people talk about god they are talking about themselves
People give god human attributes
Believes religion IS a social good: Glue that binds communities together

E.B. Tylor (1832-1917)
* Founder of the anthropology of religion that studies how humans act religiously
.
Arques that it Is a worldview used to explain experiences etc
Maintains that animism is the foundation of most religions
* Insists religion is the childish fear of the unknown + religious beleif would fade animism: beleif that spirits inhabit all things, living + non-living

Karl Marx (1818-1833)
Hated Rellgion
He was founder of communism that beleived the state Should replace religion in non- communist societies people are not fully compensated for their work + turn to religion for comfort. Rellaron promises a reward. This makes Reaple content. win their brace in the world + incentive ruling class because i further their Interest
Religion.
= Opium of the masses

Emile Durkheim (1858-1917)
«Functionalism”
*Concerned with how religion Shapes individuals and communities
Religion allows people to feel Secure in an uncertain world
Reduces radical individualism tenancies Solidarity
* Community + Security are functions of religion

William James

James argued that religion as a mental state is not theistic
You don’t need to believe in a higher power to be religious + most people believe in an unseen Order (world run Dy physical laws, some purpose, we are part of a . greater whole)
James maintains that Something in us aspires to something outside of ourselves, something bigger than ourselves that reduces our ego + gives Whether religious beliefs are true or not they play an important role in our Positive psychological adjustment to life
Theistic: Believing in the existence of God /Gods

‘Sigmund Freud : Origin of Rellgion
In the distant past there was a tribe. The women of the tribe were the wives of the leader. The leaders sons were jealous and Killed him. The sons felt guity and feared their father would haunt them
This is how religion starts. and sacrifice
is primitive + something to outgrow
No need to depend on some source outside of ourselves

Justin Barret: Nevroscience
Barrel argues that human brains are primed for belief in a higher power
He says Humans have a god gene.
He maintains that humans are narrative
making creatures and we constantly seek explanations

Ara Norenzayan
* Explores why some relations vanish.
Says you need a religion with a Strong
moral center, with a god who watches over the world
People who think they are being watched are nicer people

Question 13

Week 1: what is the secularization theory

Answer 13

modernization leads to decline in religion

Question 14

Week 2: did buddhism have a founder

Answer 14

no

Question 15

Week 2: where did the buddhism term come from

Answer 15

it came from muslim invaders. they needed something to distinguish the different types of people
it means those who lived around Indus valley

Question 16

In the Hawley Reading how did the term hindu and hinduism develop

Answer 16

developed over time through various historical and cultural factors. The term “Hindu” originally referred to people living on the other side of the river Indus (which is located in present-day Pakistan), as the region was known as “Sindhu” in ancient Sanskrit texts. Over time, the Persian and Arab conquerors who entered the region mispronounced the word “Sindhu” as “Hindu,” and the term came to be associated with the people of the Indian subcontinent.

The term “Hinduism” emerged in the 19th century, when European scholars and missionaries began studying the religion and culture of India. These scholars sought to categorize and define the various religious traditions of India, and they began using the term “Hinduism” to refer to the diverse religious practices and beliefs of the people of India. This term was also influenced by the colonial context of the time, as the British East India Company sought to understand and govern the diverse population of India.

Question 17

In Sengupta reading how is hinduism defined

Answer 17

of beliefs or practices. Sengupta suggests that Hinduism encompasses a wide range of philosophical and theological perspectives, including monism, dualism, and polytheism.

According to Sengupta, Hinduism is not a religion in the traditional sense, but rather a way of life that encompasses many different beliefs and practices. He notes that Hinduism includes a wide range of cultural and social practices, including food, music, dance, and art, and that these practices are often intertwined with religious beliefs and practices.

Sengupta also highlights the importance of the concept of dharma, which refers to one’s personal duty or responsibility in life, in shaping Hindu beliefs and practices. He suggests that Hinduism is a religion that is constantly evolving and adapting to changing social and cultural contexts, and that it remains an important part of Indian culture and identity.

Question 18

Why is the caste system significant in hinduisn?

Answer 18

The caste system is an integral part of Hinduism and has been for thousands of years. The caste system is based on the idea that each person is born into a specific social and occupational group, known as a caste, based on their past actions, or karma, in previous lives. The caste system divides society into four main castes, with the Brahmins at the top, followed by the Kshatriyas, the Vaishyas, and the Shudras at the bottom.
Each caste has its own set of duties and responsibilities, as well as social and economic roles.
The caste system is relevant to Hinduism because it reflects the Hindu belief in karma and dharma. According to Hinduism, a person’s actions in previous lives determine their caste and their responsibilities in this life. Each caste has its own set of duties and responsibilities, and fulfilling these duties is seen as a way of achieving spiritual progress and ultimately liberation from the cycle of birth and death.

Question 19

What texts are important to hindus

Answer 19

The Vedas - The Vedas are a collection of ancient Hindu texts that are considered the oldest and most authoritative of all Hindu scriptures. They are divided into four main texts: the Rigveda, Yajurveda, Samaveda, and Atharvaveda. The Vedas contain hymns, prayers, and rituals that are still used in Hindu worship today.

The Upanishads - The Upanishads are a collection of philosophical texts that form the basis of Hindu metaphysics and spirituality. They explore the nature of reality, the self, and the ultimate goal of human life.

The Bhagavad Gita - The Bhagavad Gita is a 700-verse Hindu scripture that is part of the epic Mahabharata. It is a dialogue between the warrior Arjuna and his charioteer Krishna, and it explores the nature of duty, morality, and spiritual liberation.

The Puranas - The Puranas are a collection of texts that contain stories and legends about the Hindu gods and goddesses, as well as the history of the universe and the cycles of creation and destruction.

The Ramayana - The Ramayana is an epic poem that tells the story of the prince Rama and his quest to rescue his wife Sita from the demon king Ravana. It is a popular text that is still widely read and recited in Hindu households and temples.

Question 20

Hindu Goddesses

Answer 20

Durga - Durga is a powerful goddess who is often depicted as a fierce warrior with multiple arms, riding on a lion or tiger. She is associated with strength, protection, and victory over evil.

Kali - Kali is another powerful goddess who is often depicted with multiple arms and a necklace of skulls. She is associated with death, destruction, and transformation, as well as fertility and motherhood.

Lakshmi - Lakshmi is the goddess of wealth, prosperity, and abundance. She is often depicted with four arms, holding lotus flowers and gold coins, and is worshipped by those seeking financial success and material well-being.

Saraswati - Saraswati is the goddess of knowledge, learning, and the arts. She is often depicted playing a veena, a musical instrument, and is worshipped by students and scholars.

Parvati - Parvati is a goddess who is associated with love, fertility, and motherhood. She is often depicted as a nurturing mother figure and is worshipped by those seeking marital happiness and domestic harmony.

Question 21

Week 2: What is a caste system?

Answer 21

caste system ensures harmony, keeps the universe balances, and belonging to a group provides economic, occupational, sexual, and emotional security.

caste determines social relations (who u eat with, who u marry)

• cant interact w other caste
• cant change caste

Question 22

Week 2: What is the order of the caste?

Answer 22

Brahim
Kshatriya
Vaisya
Shudra
Dalits

Question 23

Week 2: What is the brhamin caste

Answer 23

priestly caste that know the ritual details of the veda

Question 24

Week 2: What are the veda

Answer 24

sacred texts

Question 25

Week 2: Define Kshatriya caste

Answer 25

warrior leader caste

Question 26

Week 2: Define Vaisya caste

Answer 26

middle/merchant caste

Question 27

Week 2: define Shudra caste

Answer 27

servant caste
- not twice born

Question 28

Week 2: define Dalits

Answer 28

caste-less/ untouchables
- face terrible oppression
- forbidden to go to temples or live near other castes because of ritual polllution

Question 29

Week 2: What are twice born caste

Answer 29

men in the first three caste go through a ritual called upanayana.
first birth is physical
second is based on ceremony upanayana

Question 30

Week 2: what is upanayana

Answer 30

spiritual ceremony occurring at age 8 or marriage
- makes one eligible to hear or read vedas

Question 31

Jainism

Answer 31

• Emerged in India .
Been considered a branch of Hinauism
  Rejected Vedas as sacred. But have their own scriptures called lames
  Atheist: Believe there are no gods
  They beleive in supernatural beings “ has (enligntened warriors / bergs)
  use caste system + swastika (used to signify different groups)
  They practice Ansma: Non-violence. No Physical / cognitive thought
  of violence
• Some monks walk with a broom in front of them to avold stepping on bugs
No violence leads to Moksha
  No founder, Du+ Mahavira who lived at Same time as Budna rediscovered
  a forgotten path
  Tirthankara human teacher that has reached Moksha
  Two groups of Monks

svetambara wear White robes as a symbol of punty + beleive
Mahavira was human

Digambara purpose Mahavira was divine. Almost introducing theism
Have zero possessions
Nuns wear clothes but they are not considered as spiritually elevated as monks. They Should also wish to be born as men

Readino : BEING HINDU
Sengupta, Hindol
* What IS the Knowledge that binas hindu’s over centuries
Hinduism survives because it sets peopre free
Christianty + (siam follow revelation to get better; Bible / Quaran
In Hinduism, there is no truth outside of oneself
Truth is hidden by may - iIlsion by materal worid, sensory pisepton


Readino: Naming HINDU
Hawley , John StraHon
* Branmanism.
Century
+ Hinducem not recognized by natives till early 20th
- Hindu wasn’t adopted Until People living near river used to distinguish
themselves from muslim invaders
Made by Europeans
1947 independence. Word became common
Describe themselves
W/ Caste or see instead of identify W “hindu”
* Once vedas were published Branmansm was seen

Question 32

Unit 02 readings

Answer 32

Nine Lives: In Search of the Sacred in Modern India. Chapter: 8. The Lady Twilight
Dalrymple, W.

“The Lady Twilight,” he tells the story of a devadasi named Mohini, who is a temple dancer dedicated to the goddess Yellamma.

Mohini’s story highlights the challenges faced by devadasis, who were once respected members of society but are now often stigmatized and marginalized. Dalrymple describes how Mohini was dedicated to the goddess Yellamma at a young age and trained in classical dance, but was later forced into prostitution by her family.

Despite these challenges, Mohini remains devoted to Yellamma and continues to perform her temple dances. Dalrymple explores the complex relationship between temple dancing and prostitution in India, as well as the role of the devadasis in traditional society.

Hindu goddesses visions of the divine feminine in the Hindu religious tradition. Parvati
Kinsley, D.

ocuses on the consort of the god Shiva and one of the most popular and widely worshipped goddesses in the Hindu tradition.

Kinsley describes Parvati as a complex and multifaceted figure, with many different aspects and roles. She is associated with fertility, love, and devotion, as well as with power, destruction, and transformation. Kinsley also explores the relationship between Parvati and Shiva, which is often characterized by tension and conflict, as well as love and devotion.

Kinsley also examines the symbolism and iconography associated with Parvati, including her associations with the lotus flower, the moon, and the tiger. He also explores the many different forms and manifestations of Parvati, including Durga, Kali, and other goddesses.

Question 33

Week 2: what is dharma

Answer 33

iron physical law
social duties that have cosmic consequences
power above even the gods

Question 34

Week 3: Define karma

Answer 34

a consequence of performing or not performing dharma

Question 35

Week 3: define atman

Answer 35

individuals soul

Question 36

Week 3: define brahman

Answer 36

universal soul/power/divinity that we seek to be a part of
- brahman is everything, anything els is an illusion

Question 37

Week 3: define moksha

Answer 37

the ultimate goal of hinduism
- liberation from bonds of birth and rebirth

Question 38

Week 3: define samsara

Answer 38

reincarnation: atman has lived before

Question 39

Week 3: What are the ways you can acheive moksha

Answer 39

you must eliminate karma.

1. yoga and meditation
2. commitment to dharma
3. bhakti : most accessible path ; intense devotion to god

Question 40

Week 3: What are the jainism view on vedas

Answer 40

They rejected vedas as sacred but they have their own scriptures called Agamas

Question 41

Week 3: What are agamas

Answer 41

Jainism holy scriptures

Question 42

Week 3: What you can share about jainism

Answer 42

Jainism reject vedas - but have their own agamas
they are atheist and beleive there are no gods
but they beleive in supernatural beings called jinas ( they are enlightened warriors/beings)
they use the caste system and swastika
the produce Ahisma: non violence. no physical or cognitive violent thought
no violence leads to Moksha

there are two kinds of monks:
svetambara: wear white robes as a symbol of purity and beleive mahavira was human

digambara: purpose mahavira was divine. almost introducing theism
- nude
- no possessions

Question 43

Week 3: who discovered jainism

Answer 43

mahavira

Question 44

Who is Siddhartha Gautama? Why is his story important?

Answer 44

Siddhartha Gautama, also known as the Buddha, was a spiritual teacher who lived in ancient India and is the founder of Buddhism. He left his life of luxury to find the meaning of life and end suffering. After years of seeking enlightenment, he meditated under a Bodhi tree and achieved a state of understanding. He became the Buddha and began teaching the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path, forming the core of Buddhist philosophy. His teachings have had a profound impact on religious and cultural traditions worldwide, influencing philosophy, art, and culture. Siddhartha Gautama’s story is a powerful example of spiritual transformation and the search for meaning in life, inspiring many throughout history.

Question 45

What are the 4 Noble Truths?

Answer 45

The truth of suffering (dukkha): Life is characterized by suffering, pain, and dissatisfaction, which are inherent to the human experience.

The truth of the cause of suffering (samudaya): The cause of suffering is craving, desire, and attachment, which lead to suffering and dissatisfaction.

The truth of the cessation of suffering (nirodha): It is possible to end suffering by letting go of craving, desire, and attachment.

The truth of the path leading to the cessation of suffering (magga): The Eightfold Path, consisting of right understanding, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right concentration, is the path that leads to the cessation of suffering.

Question 46

How does Rahula describe the 4 Noble Truths?

Answer 46

Rahula describes the Four Noble Truths as the central teachings of Buddhism that explain the nature of suffering, its causes, its cessation, and the path to achieve its cessation.

He explains that the first noble truth is the truth of suffering, which means that suffering is a universal experience and is inherent in life. The second noble truth is the truth of the cause of suffering, which is craving, attachment, and ignorance. Rahula argues that it is these desires and attachments that create suffering, and that by overcoming them, suffering can be eliminated.

The third noble truth is the truth of the cessation of suffering, which is the ultimate goal of Buddhism. Rahula explains that through the elimination of craving and attachment, one can achieve a state of complete freedom from suffering.

The fourth noble truth is the truth of the path to the cessation of suffering, which is the Eightfold Path. This path includes right understanding, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right concentration. Rahula explains that by following this path, one can eliminate craving and attachment, and achieve the ultimate goal of Buddhism, which is the cessation of suffering.

Question 47

What are the differences between Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism?

Answer 47

Theravada and Mahayana are two major branches of Buddhism, each with distinct beliefs and practices.

Theravada Buddhism, also known as the “Doctrine of the Elders,” is the more traditional and conservative branch of Buddhism. It is prevalent in Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, and Laos. Theravada Buddhists focus on the original teachings of the Buddha and emphasize the importance of personal enlightenment through the practice of meditation and the study of Buddhist scripture. They believe that Nirvana is an individual achievement, and that each person is responsible for their own liberation from suffering.

Mahayana Buddhism, also known as the “Great Vehicle,” is the more liberal and expansive branch of Buddhism. It is prevalent in China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, and Tibet. Mahayana Buddhists believe in the existence of Bodhisattvas, enlightened beings who postpone their own Nirvana in order to help others achieve enlightenment. They also believe that enlightenment is achievable by everyone, not just by monks or ascetics. Mahayana emphasizes compassion, altruism, and the practice of various spiritual disciplines, such as chanting, prayer, and devotional practices.

The differences between Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism include their views on the nature of the Buddha, the role of meditation, the importance of ritual and devotion, and the concept of enlightenment. While both branches share many core beliefs, they have distinct practices and cultural traditions that reflect their unique histories and contexts.

Question 48

What does Ohnuma say is the reason women were allowed into the monastic order

Answer 48

establishment of the Buddhist nuns order was in part a response to the social and economic conditions faced by women in ancient India. Ohnuma contends that women who became nuns were often from impoverished families or were widowed, and lacked financial support and social status. By joining the monastic order, these women gained access to basic necessities such as food and shelter, and were able to achieve a degree of independence and respectability that they might not have otherwise attained. Moreover, by following the Buddha’s teachings and leading an ascetic life, these women were seen as embodying the ideal of renunciation and spiritual purity. Ohnuma suggests that the Buddha’s decision to allow women into the monastic order was motivated by compassion and a desire to alleviate the suffering of marginalized and oppressed groups, including women.

Question 49

define dharma (*different than Hinduism), nirvana, anatman, skandha, bodhisattva, upaya

Answer 49

Dharma: In Buddhism, dharma refers to the teachings of the Buddha and the universal principles that govern the nature of existence. It is considered to be the ultimate truth of reality and the path to enlightenment.
Nirvana: Nirvana is the ultimate goal of Buddhism, which is the state of enlightenment or liberation from the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth. It is a state of complete freedom from suffering and the delusions that cause suffering.
Anatman: Anatman is a core concept in Buddhism that refers to the absence of a permanent and unchanging self or soul. It is the idea that there is no independent, autonomous self, but rather a constantly changing combination of physical and mental processes that make up a person.
Skandha: Skandha refers to the five aggregates that make up an individual’s existence: form, sensation, perception, mental formations, and consciousness. These aggregates are constantly changing and are considered to be the source of suffering and the basis for the illusion of a permanent self.
Bodhisattva: A bodhisattva is an enlightened being who has chosen to delay their own entry into Nirvana in order to help others achieve enlightenment. They are dedicated to the welfare and liberation of all beings and vow to work tirelessly to relieve the suffering of others.
Upaya: Upaya is a term in Buddhism that refers to skillful means or methods for achieving enlightenment. It is the idea that different teachings and practices may be necessary for different individuals to progress on the path to enlightenment. Upaya includes the use of expedient means and skillful means, such as adapting the teaching to the level of the listener or using metaphorical language to convey a difficult concept.

Question 50

Uni 03 reading summary

Answer 50

Foundations of Buddhism. Four Truths: The Disease, the Cause, the Cure, the Medicine by Gethin discusses the Four Noble Truths, which form the foundation of Buddhist thought. He explains each truth and its implications in detail, highlighting the idea that the cause of suffering is craving or desire, and that the path to freedom from suffering is through the Noble Eightfold Path.

Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices by Harvey explores early Buddhist teachings through the lens of the Four Noble Truths, emphasizing their relevance to contemporary issues. The Four True Realities for the Spiritually Ennobled are described as essential to the path of Buddhist practice, and Harvey delves into each one in depth.

What the Buddha Taught. Four Noble Truths by Rahula provides an overview of the Four Noble Truths as they are understood and practiced in Buddhism. He explains the concepts of suffering, the cause of suffering, the cessation of suffering, and the path to the cessation of suffering. Rahula emphasizes the practical nature of the Four Noble Truths as a means of achieving spiritual liberation.

Paths of the Soul by Yang provides an introduction to Buddhism and explores the different paths one can take in order to achieve enlightenment. The book describes the nature of the mind and consciousness, and how one can use meditation to cultivate inner peace and wisdom.

Journal of the American Academy of Religion. Debt to the Mother: A Neglected Aspect of the Founding of the Buddhist Nuns Order by Ohnuma examines the history of the establishment of the order of Buddhist nuns. Ohnuma argues that this history has been neglected, and that the establishment of the nuns’ order was in fact an important development in the history of Buddhism. She emphasizes the role of the Buddha’s foster mother, Mahaprajapati, in leading the effort to establish a separate order of nuns, and explores the various social and political factors that played a role in this process.

Question 51

Unit 04
Is Sikhism a blend of Hinduism and Islam?
Who founded Sikhism? Why is his story important?
What is a guru?
What is Sikhism’s sacred text?
What are the 5 Ks?
Why is the langar important?
Do Sikhs accept the caste system?

Answer 51

No, Sikhism is not a blend of Hinduism and Islam. It is a distinct religion that emerged in the 16th century in the Punjab region of South Asia. Sikhism was founded by Guru Nanak, who is considered the first of ten Sikh gurus. His story is important because he taught a new path of spiritual realization that rejected the rituals and superstitions of both Hinduism and Islam, emphasizing the oneness of God and the importance of living a morally upright life.

A guru is a spiritual teacher or guide. In Sikhism, the ten gurus are considered the earthly embodiment of the divine light, and their teachings and writings form the basis of Sikh theology.

The sacred text of Sikhism is the Guru Granth Sahib, a compilation of hymns and writings by the Sikh gurus and other saints and mystics.

The five Ks are the five articles of faith worn by devout Sikhs: kesh (uncut hair), kanga (comb), kirpan (sword), kara (steel bracelet), and kachera (shorts).

Langar is the communal kitchen and meal service that is an important part of Sikh practice. It reinforces the Sikh belief in equality and service, and anyone, regardless of caste, gender, or social status, is welcome to partake.

Sikhs reject the caste system and emphasize the importance of equality and social justice.

Sikhism : A Guide for the Perplexed. Guru Nanak and his early successors
Singh Mandair, Arvind-Pal

focuses on the teachings of Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism, and his early successors. The book traces the life and teachings of Guru Nanak, who was born in the 15th century in present-day Pakistan, and his contributions to Sikhism. It discusses the concept of oneness and equality of all humans, the importance of the community, and the three key elements of Sikhism: Naam Japna, Kirat Karni, and Vand Chhakna. The book also explores the development of the Sikh community and the ten Gurus who succeeded Guru Nanak, including the martyrdom of Guru Arjan and the military campaigns of Guru Hargobind. The author highlights the importance of the Guru Granth Sahib, the sacred scripture of Sikhism, and the role of the Khalsa, the community of initiated Sikhs.

Question 52

Week 4: what is bodhgaya

Answer 52

holiest site
- this is where siddhartha became a perfectly enlightened buddha

Question 53

Week 4: What can you share about buddhism

Answer 53

reject Hinduism caste and gods

Question 54

Week 4: when/ what created the term ‘buddhism’

Answer 54

it was created by western scholars in 18/19 century

Question 55

Week 4: define nirvana

Answer 55

enlightenment/liberation
- becomes buddha (awakened one)

Question 56

Week 4: define sangha

Answer 56

monastic community

Question 57

Week 4: Define dharma

Answer 57

buddhas teachings
- follow to achieve nirvana to end cycle of birth and rebirth

Question 58

Week 4: What are the four noble truths?

Answer 58

1. Life is suffering
2. Suffering is caused by desire
3. if you end your cravings, you will end your suffering
4. you end suffering by following the eight fold path

Question 59

Week 4: What is the eight fold path

Answer 59

right understanding
right intention
right speech
right action
right work
right effort
right meditation
right contemplation

Question 60

Week 4: Define dukkha

Answer 60

life is suffering and pain
- dukkah is everything impermanent
- dukkha as ordinary suffering, dukkha produced by change, dukkha as conditioned states

Question 61

Week 4: what are the five aggregates of Dukkha

Answer 61

1. matter
2. sensations
3. perceptions
4. mental formations
5. consciousness

under the six faculties: eye, ear, nose, tongue, body, mind

Question 62

Week 4: what constitutes ‘I’

Answer 62

the combination of the five aggregates

Question 63

Week 4: What is at the heart of Buddhist thought?

Answer 63

concern about suffering, why it happens, and how to end it

Question 64

Week 4: Early Buddhist teachings reading
define jhana

Answer 64

state of profound meditative calm

Question 65

Week 4: Early Buddhist teachings reading
define arriya-saca

Answer 65

noble truth

Question 66

Week 4: Early Buddhist teachings reading
define sacca

Answer 66

truth, but also reality

Question 67

Week 4: Early Buddhist teachings reading
define satya

Answer 67

universal self

Question 68

Week 4: Early Buddhist teachings reading
define ariya

Answer 68

noble one (top three of castes)

Question 69

Week 5: What did Buddhism reject and replace with

Answer 69

rejected atman and replaced it with anatman

Question 70

Week 5: define anatman

Answer 70

no self

Question 71

Week 5: define skandas

Answer 71

According to buddah it is the five elements that humans are made up of

Question 72

Week 5: how many disciples spread dharma

Answer 72

5

Question 73

Week 5: why werent nuns ordained

Answer 73

house wife tasks would distract them from path of liberation and they should wish to be reborn as a man

Question 74

Week 5: what rules did nuns follow

Answer 74

vinaya

Question 75

Week 5: define vinaya

Answer 75

rules that nuns were subjected to follow
- also seen as servants to monks

Question 76

Week 5: define theravada

Answer 76

path of the elders

Question 77

Week 5: define mahayana

Answer 77

great vehicle

Question 78

Week 5: what is an arhat

Answer 78

one who followed dharma and will not rebirth

Question 79

Week 5: define theravada

Answer 79

• a most popular form of Buddhism
• claim to maintain buddhist authentic message
• follows noble truth
• ## teachings passed down from disciples never written

Question 80

Week 5: define mahayana

Answer 80

• second popular
• rejects arahat believe its selfish
• replaces arahat with bodhisattiva
• bodhisattva focuses on compassion + helping others
• bodhisattva mix of human and divine
• believe in theism and presence of god
• upaya bodhisattva teaches that dharma can be taught in several wayas
• ## pure land allows people to practice dharma w no sin/temptations

Question 81

Week 5: what argument did Reika Ohnuma Debt to the mother

Answer 81

five years after the buddha attained enlightenment his aunt/ foster mother asked to be allowed to go forth from home to home life.
- he refused three times until ananda intervened
- the article explores the arguments made to ordain women as nuns: 1. spiritual capabilities, 2. debt to the mother

Question 82

Week 5: what argument did rupert gethon in four truths

Answer 82

exploring the dukkha

Question 83

Unit 05:
What are oracle bones and how are they used?
What is the rope of descent?
What is the mandate of Heaven?
What is “popular religion” according to Clart?

Answer 83

Oracle bones are inscribed animal bones or turtle shells used for divination in ancient China. During the Shang Dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BCE), diviners would carve questions into the bones and shells and then apply heat, causing the material to crack. The diviner would interpret the cracks to provide answers to the question asked.

The rope of descent, also known as the rope of heaven, is a concept in Chinese mythology that describes the connection between the human world and the divine world. According to the myth, a rope descends from the heavens to the human world, allowing humans to ascend to the divine realm.

The mandate of Heaven is a concept in Chinese political philosophy that claims the right to rule is granted by the gods, and can be taken away if the ruler fails to govern justly and wisely. This concept was used to justify the overthrow of a dynasty if it was believed to have lost the mandate of Heaven.

According to Clart, “popular religion” in China refers to the everyday religious practices of the common people, which include ancestor veneration, local gods and goddesses, and divination. It is a diverse and dynamic form of religion that is distinct from the more institutionalized forms of religion found in China, such as Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism.

Chinese religions. Ancestral Cult and Divination: The Dawn of Ancient Religion
Ching, J.

(L1802 .C45 1997)
Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Chinese Religions. Chapter 10: Chinese Popular Religion
Clart, P.

the two readings provide an overview of Chinese religion from ancient times to the present day. Ching’s article focuses on the importance of ancestral cult and divination in ancient Chinese religion. The use of oracle bones to communicate with ancestors and divine the future is discussed in detail, as is the role of ancestral temples and offerings. The article concludes with a discussion of the relationship between the rise of the bureaucratic state and the decline of the importance of ancestral cult in Chinese religion.

Clart’s chapter provides an introduction to popular religion in China, focusing on the diverse practices and beliefs of the common people. He argues that popular religion is not a single monolithic entity but rather a complex tapestry of local practices, deities, and beliefs. Clart discusses the role of temples, festivals, and divination in popular religion, as well as the importance of religious specialists such as spirit mediums and geomancers. The chapter also examines the impact of modernization and globalization on popular religion in China.

Question 84

Unit 06

Who is Confucius and what time period did he live in?

What is the role of the individual according to Confucius?

How do we understand Confucian ethics?

What are the 5 Relationships?

How does ancestor worship fit in with Confucianism?

Who are Mencius and Xunzi and why are they important?

What does modern Confucianism look like?
Keywords: Ren, junzi, li, xiao

Answer 84

Confucius was a Chinese philosopher who lived from 551 to 479 BCE during the Warring States period.

According to Confucius, the role of the individual is to cultivate oneself through moral self-cultivation, education, and by fulfilling one’s duties and responsibilities to society.

Confucian ethics are based on the principles of Ren (benevolence or human-heartedness), Li (propriety or ritual), and Xiao (filial piety or respect for elders).

The Five Relationships of Confucianism are ruler and subject, father and son, elder brother and younger brother, husband and wife, and friend and friend.

Ancestor worship is an important part of Confucianism because it emphasizes the importance of respecting one’s elders and ancestors.

Mencius and Xunzi were both important Confucian philosophers who contributed to the development of Confucianism. Mencius emphasized the goodness of human nature, while Xunzi believed that humans were inherently selfish and needed to be taught ethical behavior.

Modern Confucianism emphasizes the importance of social harmony, the preservation of traditional culture and values, and the cultivation of the self.

Ren, junzi, li, and xiao are all key terms in Confucianism, referring to benevolence, the ideal person, propriety or ritual, and filial piety, respectively.

Short history of Chinese philosophy. Confucius, the First Teacher
Fung, Y-L.

Confucianism: A Very Short Introduction. Government in Confucian teachings, chapter 3
Gardner, D.

In “Short History of Chinese Philosophy: Confucius, the First Teacher,” Fung explores the life and teachings of Confucius, an influential Chinese philosopher who lived in the 6th century BCE. Confucius emphasized the importance of education and the cultivation of personal morality, including the virtue of ren or humaneness. He also developed the concept of the junzi, a virtuous person who embodies the values of Confucianism. Fung discusses the key Confucian texts, including the Analects, and explores the impact of Confucianism on Chinese culture and society throughout history.

In “Confucianism: A Very Short Introduction: Government in Confucian Teachings,” Gardner discusses the role of government in Confucianism. He explains that Confucianism emphasizes the importance of good governance and leadership and that the ruler must embody Confucian virtues to govern effectively. Gardner also explores the concept of the “Mandate of Heaven,” which asserts that the ruler is divinely appointed and must rule justly and benevolently. Gardner discusses how Confucianism has influenced Chinese governance throughout history, including the role of the civil service examination system. He also explores the relationship between Confucianism and democracy, and the challenges of applying Confucian principles to modern governance.

Question 85

Unit 07
Who is Lao Tzu and what book is attributed to him?

Who is Zhuangzi? What is he known for?

What is the Dao? How is it used?

What is wu-wei?

How is physically immortality connected to Daoism?

What does Miller tell us about the Axial Age as a way to understand religion in China?

Keywords: Dao, wu-wei, immortality

Answer 85

Lao Tzu is a legendary figure in Chinese philosophy, and the authorship of the text Tao Te Ching is attributed to him. The text is a fundamental work in Taoism, which explores the nature of the universe, human behavior, and the meaning of life.

Zhuangzi was a philosopher and one of the most important figures in Daoism. He is known for his book titled Zhuangzi, which is a collection of stories, fables, and anecdotes that emphasize the importance of living in harmony with nature and the Dao.

The Dao is the central concept in Daoism, which refers to the natural way of the universe. It is used as a guiding principle to live in harmony with nature and the world around us. The Dao is considered to be the source of all existence and the ultimate truth that cannot be expressed in words.

Wu-wei is a key concept in Daoism that refers to the idea of action through non-action. It is the principle of effortless action and is achieved by aligning oneself with the natural flow of the universe.

Physical immortality is connected to Daoism through the belief in the possibility of attaining eternal life through various practices such as meditation, alchemy, and breath control exercises. It is believed that one can transcend the limitations of the physical body and achieve spiritual immortality.

Miller suggests that the Axial Age, a period of major transformation in human history, can be used as a framework to understand the development of religion in China. This period was marked by the emergence of new religious and philosophical ideas that sought to address questions about the nature of the self, the universe, and the meaning of life.

Dao is the natural way of the universe and the central concept in Daoism. Wu-wei refers to the principle of effortless action, and immortality is the belief in eternal life through spiritual practices.

Readings:
Daoism : a short introduction. Way
Miller, J.
(BL1920 .M55x 2003)
Souls of China: The return of religion after Mao. Ch 3: Shanxi: First Night
Johnson, Ian
(BL1803 .J645 )
Souls of China: The return of religion after Mao. Ch 29: Shanzi: Ghost burial
Johnson, Ian
(BL1803 .J645 )

In “Daoism: A Short Introduction,” James Miller introduces Daoism as a philosophy that emphasizes the “way” of nature and the flow of life. Miller explores the history of Daoism and its main concepts such as the Dao, wu-wei, and immortality. He explains that Daoism has had a significant impact on Chinese culture and society, particularly in the areas of art, literature, medicine, and martial arts.

In “Souls of China: The Return of Religion After Mao,” Ian Johnson chronicles the revival of religious practices in China after the end of Mao’s Cultural Revolution. In Chapter 3, “Shanxi: First Night,” Johnson describes his experience attending a Daoist ritual in Shanxi, China. The ritual involves the worship of the god Zhenwu and the performance of various spiritual practices, such as divination and exorcism. In Chapter 29, “Shanzi: Ghost Burial,” Johnson explores the practice of ghost burial, which involves burying the bodies of deceased loved ones in order to provide them with comfort and companionship in the afterlife. Johnson’s writing provides insight into the complex and diverse religious landscape of contemporary China.

Question 86

Unit 09:
Why is religion in Japan considered syncretic?
What are kami?
What does Hardacre observe about kami (as described in your unit notes)?
How are purity and pollution important to the Shinto religion?
Keywords: kami, jinja

Answer 86

Why is religion in Japan considered syncretic?
Religion in Japan is considered syncretic because of the intermingling of different religious beliefs and practices. This blending of various religious traditions is not viewed as contradictory, but rather as a natural way of creating a diverse religious culture.

What are kami?
Kami is a term in Shintoism that refers to a divine being or spirit that can be found in natural phenomena such as trees, rocks, rivers, and mountains. These spirits can also be ancestors, historical figures, or other entities that have significant meaning or power.

What does Hardacre observe about kami (as described in your unit notes)?
Hardacre observes that kami are both transcendent and immanent, meaning that they can be found in both the natural world and the realm of the divine. They are also considered to be amoral, neither good nor evil, and can exhibit both positive and negative traits.

How are purity and pollution important to the Shinto religion?
Purity and pollution are important concepts in Shintoism. Purity is associated with the presence of kami, and impurity or pollution is viewed as something that can separate individuals from the divine. Rituals and practices are often used to cleanse or purify oneself, objects, or spaces that have become polluted.

Define Keywords: kami, jinja
Kami refers to a divine being or spirit in Shintoism that can be found in natural phenomena and other entities that have significant meaning or power.
Jinja is a Shinto shrine or place of worship where kami are enshrined and worshipped.

Shinto : a history. Chapter 2: The Kami in Myth
Hardacre, Helen

Helen Hardacre’s “Shinto: A History” focuses on the origins of Shinto religion, which are rooted in Japan’s ancient mythological tradition. The book delves into the ancient myths that form the basis of Shintoism and the important role of kami (divine beings) in the religion. Hardacre observes that Shinto is often considered syncretic due to its incorporation of Buddhist and Confucian elements into its practices, as well as the blending of kami with other divine beings such as Hindu deities. The concept of purity and pollution is also central to the Shinto religion, which involves various purification rituals to maintain harmony with the kami and the natural world. Hardacre’s work provides a comprehensive understanding of the mythological origins and syncretic nature of Shintoism, as well as the importance of purity and pollution in its practices.

Question 87

Review what Matthew’s shares about the development of Buddhism in Canada, beginning with Chinese and Japanese immigrants.

Answer 87

In “Buddhism in Canada,” Bruce Matthews discusses the history and development of Buddhism in Canada, with a particular focus on the experiences of Chinese and Japanese immigrants. He explains how these immigrant communities brought their own distinct traditions of Buddhism to Canada and established temples and organizations that have continued to play an important role in the country’s religious landscape.

Matthews also explores how Buddhism has evolved and adapted to Canadian society over time, highlighting the emergence of new forms of Buddhist practice that have arisen in response to the country’s unique cultural and social context. He discusses the impact of social and political changes on Buddhism in Canada, as well as the challenges faced by the religion as it continues to expand and adapt to new circumstances.

Course content:
The final unit of the course examines the intersection of religion and politics in India and China, as well as the influence of Asian religious traditions on North America. In India, the majority of the population is Hindu, and the ruling political party, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), emphasizes Hinduvta, which creates a bond between India and Hinduism. However, this has led to conflicts with religious minorities, which could have political implications in the future. In China, there has been a remarkable revival of traditional and new religions, but the government restricts public religious demonstrations, forbids missionaries, and limits the publishing of religious literature. The government wants religion to support its policies, but religion can also be subversive, and thus the government monitors all non-governmental activity very closely. Lastly, Asian religious traditions have made significant contributions to North America, especially yoga and meditation. Many North Americans de-emphasize the supernatural elements of Hinduism and Buddhism, focusing instead on practices that promote tranquility and peace. However, this can result in oversimplification and a lack of understanding of the diversity of these religions.