Midterm Flashcards
In the late 1300s to 1600s, ideas were promoted that someone with mental health issues had:
an evil spirit in them or were possessed
In the late 1300s-1600s, abnormal behavior was equated to:
evil
in the late 1300s-1600s what were treatments for mental health issues?
exorcism, being held over snake pits, pseudosurgeries
Early Biological Tradition tells us that Hippocrates equated the brain with this
source of emotions and intelligence
Early Biological Tradition equates abnormal behavior with:
disease, trauma, or imbalances of bodily fluids (bile)
What were the treatments for mental illness in Early Biological Tradition
forced vomiting and blood letting
in the 1870s, pasteur’s germ theory of disease discovered that bacteria causes:
syphilis
in the 1870s, Pasteur’s Germ Theory of Disease was the first proof of this being the cause for psychological symptoms.
biological
How did Pasteur’s Germ Theory of Disease change ideas about treatment?
allowed real treatments to start for psychological problems
In the early 1900s, what was a popular treatment for mental health issues?
lobotomies
in the 1950s, the introduction of this allowed people with mental health issues to start being able to function
psychotropic medications
in the 1800s, “Moral Therapy” brought about the idea that:
people should be treated humanely
In the 1800s, “Moral Therapy” lead to the creation of:
psychiatric units
In Early Psychological Tradition, abnormal behavior was thought of in this context
social context
In the 1800s, Early Psychological Tradition treatments were:
positive social interaction
In the Early Psychological Tradition, the “mental hygiene movement” went against:
bad practices
in the 1900s Early Psychological Tradition, this was created, which is very similar to therapy today
talk therapy
Why are many severe mental health problems like schizophrenia and bipolar disorder first seen in college years?
people are going through development, stress, and environmental change
The current biological approach is that these account for 50% of personality traits and less than 50% of psychological disorders
genes and neurotransmitters
The current psychological approach is that these equal behavioral patterns
thoughts and emotions
What is the Diathesis Stress Model?
States that mental health problems are because of genes are environment
What is diathesis?
a person inherits a predisposition for developing a trait or behavior (vulnerability)
What kind of stressors activate development of traits and disorders?
brain injuries, injuries, major life events, sleep deprivation, unstructured lifestyle, unstable relationships, substance abuse, trauma
Genes seem to be turned on or __ ___ influenced by the environment
turned off
What were the results of the Johnson and Ivarsson (2011) study?
high anxiety, high life stress, low mistrust, and use of negative coping correlated with injury
In Johnson and Ivarsson (2011) what percentage of variance in injury occurrence did the variables predict?
23%
What were the results of Ivarsson et al. (2013)
trait anxiety, negative life stress, and daily hassles predicted injury
According to Ivarsson et al (2013), injury risk goes up with:
high levels of risk taking, trait anxiety, and life stress
According to Ivarsson et al. (2013), you are 2-5x more likely to get injured if:
you have low social support with few coping skills, high pessimism and depression, and low self-esteem
How does stress contribute to injury?
muscle tension leads to coordination interference, and disrupts the athlete’s attention
Chronic stress affects the immune system and may:
slow healing
Tripp et al (2007) proposed two possible pathways:
Avoidance and Confrontation
In Tripp et al (2007) what happens in the avoidance pathway?
catastrophizing, fear of re-injury, avoiding rehab
In Tripp et al (2007) what happens in the confrontation pathway?
see injury as temporary, see that you can learn from injury
What were the results of the Tripp et al (2007) study?
confidence was negatively correlated with negative affect, and fear of re-injury is negatively correlated with return to sport
According to Ardern et al (2007), fear of re-injury is the number one reason for:
a post-op reduction or cessation of sports participation
What was found in the Forsdyke et al (2022) study?
social support influences peoples’ reinjury anxiety, and more social support means less reinjury anxiety means more ready to return to sport
What is the grief response process in athletes found by Hardy and Crace (1990)?
Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance/Reorganization
What are some concerning behavioral responses to being injured?
overdoing rehab, substance abuse, sleep hygiene, eating disorders, excessive exercise
How can you grow as a result of injury?
realize personal strength, increased motivation and passion, appreciation of health and body, better care for body, relating to others, approach other situations with a better mindset
What is the cognitive model made by Beck (1995)?
Thoughts > Emotions > Behaviors
What makes Post Traumatic Growth/Stress Related Growth more likely?
Education, satisfying the three SDT needs in rehab: autonomy, relatedness, competence
What does imagery training significantly improve in regards to ACL recovery?
knee laxity and lowered stress hormones
What were the results of the Ivarsson et al (2015) Mindfulness and Prevention study?
Attentional focus was changed after practicing mindfulness
What is the current mental health approach in sport?
Cognitive behavioral with a client centered style
What were the results of the Into et al study?
significant difference between climate groups in burnout empowering group = lower burnout than less empowering
In the Into et al study, what were the percentages for each variable?
Empowering climate (24%), Intermediate (42%), Disempowering (27%), Extremely Disempowering (7%)
In the Into et al study, which groups of athletes were found to be more likely to have a disempowering coach?
male athletes and team sport athletes
What are the four stages of the Cognitive Affective Model of Burnout?
Stage 1: High demands/Pressure (overtraining)
Stage 2: Perceived overload and perceived lack of accomplishments, helplessness
Stage 3: Tension, Depression, Fatigue
Stage 4: Burnout decreased performance withdrawal
What was found in the Goodger literature review?
Perceived stress positively correlated with burnout, trait anxiety and perfectionism positively correlated with burnout
What was found in the Grainger et al (2018) study?
Athletes perfectionism and perceived stress explain 46% variance in burnout, multisport athletes had lower stress
What is the Uni-Dimensional Identity Model found by Coakley (1992)?
Highly competitive sport leads to a one-dimensional “athlete identity” which can cause let downs with failure, injury, etc. Young athletes have low levels of control over decisions.
What is the first stop along the path to burnout?
Negative Overtraining
What are symptoms of Negative Overtraining?
Increased resting heart rate, irritability, headaches, sleep disturbances, weight loss
Athletes with this can handle less volume of training:
high life stress
What is the second stop along the path to burnout?
Staleness
What is Staleness?
overtraining symptoms plus failure to cope psychologically with chronic stress
What are two symptoms of staleness?
Reduced self-confidence, reduced motivation
What are the three core symptoms of burnout?
Exhaustion (physical and emotional), lower feelings of accomplishment (efficacy), sport devaluation (depersonalization, reduced caring)
Why does burnout not always lead to dropout?
Could be due to a contract or feelings of obligation
What are some warning signs of Burnout?
Fear of competition, depression, anxiety, worry
What are some concerns about Burnout?
Decreases in well-being, correlated with negative behaviors, increased injury, increased drop-out, lower performance
According to the Self Determination Theory, Burnout increases if these three needs are not met:
Autonomy, Relatedness, Competence
Research findings suggest that satisfaction of needs is ___ correlated with burnout scores
Negatively
What is the Investment/Entrapment Theory?
Athletes feel “entrapped”, they feel they have spent too much time on the sport to stop, they may lose benefits if they stop, they also could feel lost without their sport
In the Strachan et al (2009) study, it was found that specializers had significantly ___ exhaustion scores on ABQ
Higher
What are the ideas from Krochus and Defreese (2017) on how to prevent burnout?
Their ideas addressed mainly the exhaustion aspect of burnout. Coaches could also help by asking athletes how they’re feeling outside of sports.
What is a Psychological Disorder?
Breakdown/Impairment in functioning, personal distress, behavior/reaction not culturally explained
Mental health is on a ___ from Abnormal to Normal
Continuum
What were the findings of the Drews & Matthews (2018) study?
45% of participants had symptoms outside of “normal”, athletes are not at a decreased risk for mental health problems
In the Drews & Matthews (2018) study, they say athletes should be given a ___ mental health checkup
Opt out, the optional part of these screenings is the choice not to come
According to the Diathesis Stress Model, genes account for this percentage of Major Depressive Disorder
20-40%
Identical twins are this many more times likely than fraternal twins to have mood disorders if one twin has it.
2-3x more likely
Is the hippocampus bigger or smaller in those with MDD?
smaller, could be smaller because of genes, or because of MDD
What are some sport specific stressors correlated to depression?
competition pressure, poor performance, fear of failure, overtraining, travel demands, academic and sport balance, injuries, pain, job insecurity, lack of free time and autonomy
The learned helplessness study with Seligman & Maier (1967) did what with dogs?
Classically conditioned fear in dogs with shocks
What is a sport example of Depressive “Attributional Style”?
I’m not good enough and I can’t do anything to change it
What are “Cognitive Distortions”? (Beck, 1965)
Irrational conclusions, not based on facts
In the Temple - Wisconsin study (Alloy et al, 2000), the high group had this percentage of MDD, and the low group had this percentage:
high group: 39%
low group: 17%
What was the main result of the Martignetti et al (2020) study?
Strong positive correlation between Burnout and Depression (16% of participants had mild to moderate depression)
In the Martignetti et al (2020) study, was the relationship between burnout and depression stronger for women or men?
women
In the Martignetti et al (2020) study, sport devaluation scores predicted depression in which athletes?
Individual sport athletes
In the Martignetti et al (2020) study, reduced accomplishment scores predicted depression in which athletes?
Team sport athletes
In the Martignetti et al (2020) study, what percentage of athletes who said they were burned out reported 5+ symptoms of MDD?
47%
During the Acute-Illness phase of an injured athlete, what should a CMPC or Sport Psychologist do?
Build rapport, reframe self-talk, relaxation training
During the Rehab-Recovery phase of an injured athlete, what should a CMPC or a Sport Psychologist do?
Increase social support, goal setting, imagery
During the Return to full activity phase of an injured athlete, what should a CMPC or a Sport Psychologist do?
Imagery, self-talk
Who can work with athletes/performers on mental health concerns?
Licensed psychologists, licensed mental health counselors (or social workers), Clinical sport psychologists (CSP)
What are considered “Mood Disorders”?
Depressive disorders, bipolar disorders
What is considered a Major Depressive Episode?
5 or more symptoms for a 2 week period, 1 symptom must be either: depressed mood or anhedonia
To treat depression in athletes, what steps must you take?
- Refer them to a mental health care provider
- Address sport-specific stressors
- Address Unidimensional identity
- Reduce sense of conditional worth
- Use Cognitive Therapy
- Change attributes of failures and setbacks
In the Ballestros et al study, what percentage of athletes of color had a mental health need?
78%
In the Ballestros et al study, what percentage of athletes of color reported using mental health services in the last year?
11%
