Midterm

Question 1

what is drug abuse

Answer 1

The inappropriate or harmful use of psychoactive substances. Harmful effects outweigh the beneficial effects

Question 2

what are types of drug abuse

Answer 2

over prescribing or inappropriate prescribing of drugs
misuse of muscle and performance enhancing drugs
overuse of OTC drugs
inappropriate or harmful use of psychoactive substances

Question 3

what do psychoactive drugs do

Answer 3

affect the mind or mental processes, significant effects on CNS. can change mood, consciousness, and perception

Question 4

what areas do psychactive drugs directly or indirectly affect

Answer 4

neuronal receptors and or ion channels

Question 5

how can psychoactive drugs be categorized

Answer 5

by chemical structure, therapeutic effects, legal designation, harmfulness, molecular mechanisms, CNS effects

Question 6

what are brain areas affected most by psychoactive drugs

Answer 6

the brain stem, limbic system, cerebral cortex

Question 7

what does the brain stem govern

Answer 7

sensory input, wakefulness, movement, breathing and other autonomic functions

Question 8

what does the limbic system control

Answer 8

Emotional responses, reward and motivations

Question 9

what is the cerebral cortex responsible for

Answer 9

higher functions- problem solving and decision making

Question 10

do any drugs produce completely identical effects

Answer 10

no

Question 11

what are some examples of CNS depressants

Answer 11

alcohol, cannabis, sedative-hypnotics, anxiolytics, opioid analgesics, volatile organic solvents

Question 12

what is a key feature of cannabinoid drugs and opioids

Answer 12

mimic effects of endogenous NT

Question 13

what kind of effects do many depressants like ethanol produce

Answer 13

allosteric effects

Question 14

what is an example of a receptor that is involved in an allosteric effect produced by depressants

Answer 14

GABAA receptor

Question 15

what are some characteristics of CNS stimulants

Answer 15

increase alertness, highly addictive

Question 16

are physical withdrawal symptoms usually serious for CNS stimulants

Answer 16

no

Question 17

what are some main receptors affected by CNS stimulants

Answer 17

catecholamine receptors, adenosine receptors, nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

Question 18

what are some examples of perception altering drugs

Answer 18

hallucinogens, cannabis, euphorics, entactogens, dissociative drugs, deliriants

Question 19

what are some characteristics of perception altering drugs

Answer 19

enhance sensory experiences, trigger visual or aural sensations

Question 20

what are the 3 types of factors that influence drug effects in the CNS

Answer 20

biological factors, drug-related factors, behavioural and social factors

Question 21

what are some examples of biological factors that affect drug effects in the CNS

Answer 21

genetics, epigenetics, gender, size

Question 22

what are some drug related factors that affect drug effects in the CNS

Answer 22

purity/contaminants, chemical structure, dose

Question 23

What are some behavioural and social factors that affect drug effects in the CNS

Answer 23

personality, expectations, environment

Question 24

what are some historical uses of psychoactive drugs

Answer 24

opium used over 3000 years ago, cannabis has been used in Asia for a long time, chewing of areca nuts in SE Asia, coffee originated in Eastern Africa, tobacco.

Question 25

what are some reasons that people take drugs

Answer 25

relieve an unwanted condition, fit in socially, curiosity, imitation, habit

Question 26

what are the temporal patterns of drug usage

Answer 26

occasional social or solitary use, intermittent drug taking, regular usage, compulsive/addictive consumption

Question 27

what drug is the most harmful to others

Answer 27

alcohol

Question 28

how is substance use disorder classified

Answer 28

2 or 3 symptoms- mild substance use 4 or 5 symptoms- moderate over 6 symptoms- severe substance use

Question 29

what is the condition that increases the likelihood that a given response will recur in a situation

Answer 29

reinforcement

Question 30

what is the need for greater doses over time to produce the same effects

Answer 30

tolerance

Question 31

what is an increased response to a drug after repeated exposure

Answer 31

sensitization

Question 32

what is the physical illness/psychological stress that occurs after stopping a drug

Answer 32

withdrawal

Question 33

what is habituation

Answer 33

becoming used to any behaviour or condition

Question 34

what are some drugs that act as reinforcers

Answer 34

stimulants, CNS depressants, dissociative anesthetics

Question 35

what drugs act as negative reinforcers

Answer 35

LSD, antipsychotics, opioid receptor antagonists

Question 36

what drugs appear to be neutral in animal tests

Answer 36

TCA, ASA, cannabis

Question 37

what are the key processes in pharmacokinetics

Answer 37

absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination

Question 38

what is the difference between enteral and parenteral route of administration

Answer 38

enteral occurs within the GI tract while parenteral occurs outside the tract

Question 39

why is drug absorption minimal in the stomach

Answer 39

small surface area, incomplete dissolution of drug, acidic environment(most psychoactive drugs are weak bases)

Question 40

what is the key difference between SC/IM and IV injection

Answer 40

IV injection puts the drug directly into the systemic circulation(most rapid effect) while SC and IM enter the bloodstream from where they are injected and are not completely absorbed

Question 41

why are the lungs a good site for absorption

Answer 41

large absorptive surface area, thin absorptive mucosal membrane, ample blood supply

Question 42

do drugs that enter through the lungs or nasal cavity experience 1st pass effect

Answer 42

no

Question 43

what kind of drugs are well absorbed by the nasal cavity

Answer 43

lipophillic and low mw hydrophillic (less than 1000)

Question 44

where does the metabolism of ethanol occur

Answer 44

liver, brain, stomach and pancreas

Question 45

what are the main processes in ethanol metabolism

Answer 45

ethanol is metabolized by alcohol dehydrogenases to acetaldehyde and aldehyde dehydrogenase converts acetaldehyde to acetate

Question 46

what is the highly active variants of ALDH

Answer 46

ALDH1B*2 and*3

Question 47

what is the deficient variant of ALDH

Answer 47

ALDH2*2

Question 48

what type of individuals are less likely to be addicted to alchohol

Answer 48

Those who have higher levels of acetaldehyde

Question 49

what are some NT released due to acetaldehyde

Answer 49

histamine, BK, NA and adrenaline

Question 50

what drug is used to treat alcoholism and why

Answer 50

disulfiram (antabuse) because it blocks ALDH

Question 51

what are some non renal route of excretion

Answer 51

significant- bile/feces, lungs, milk others- saliva, sweat, tears

Question 52

what are endogenous signaling molecules and drugs that mimic their receptor-activating effects

Answer 52

agonists

Question 53

how do drug responses appear on linear coordinates

Answer 53

rectangular hyperbolic

Question 54

how do drug responses look when plotted on semi log coordinates

Answer 54

s shaped or sigmoidal

Question 55

what is molecular efficacy

Answer 55

the tendency of a bound ligand to promote receptor activation

Question 56

what is the relationship between molecular efficacy and isomerization

Answer 56

molecular efficacy is determined by the degree to which a drug is able to bias isomerization towards R*

Question 57

what do allosteric modulators do

Answer 57

increase or decrease the binding and or signalling of orthosteric ligands

Question 58

what is stimulus trafficking

Answer 58

the ability of different agonists to promote different receptor functions

Question 59

what does biased agonism imply

Answer 59

that receptors can have different active conformations

Question 60

what are some types of drug-drug interactions

Answer 60

metabolic/transport and excretory effects binding to plasma proteins overlapping effects (drugs have similar effects)

Question 61

what is an example of overlapping effects

Answer 61

alcohol can increase the sedative effects of sedative-hypnotics, opioids, antidepressants oppers with sildenafil can cause severe hypotension

Question 62

why are there interactions between tobacco and other drugs

Answer 62

nicotine upregulates CYP1A2 and can then decrease the effects of caffeine, benzos, beta blockers, opioids- they are metabolized by cyp1a2