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Drugs of Abuse > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

what is drug abuse

A

The inappropriate or harmful use of psychoactive substances. Harmful effects outweigh the beneficial effects

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2
Q

what are types of drug abuse

A

over prescribing or inappropriate prescribing of drugs
misuse of muscle and performance enhancing drugs
overuse of OTC drugs
inappropriate or harmful use of psychoactive substances

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3
Q

what do psychoactive drugs do

A

affect the mind or mental processes, significant effects on CNS. can change mood, consciousness, and perception

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4
Q

what areas do psychactive drugs directly or indirectly affect

A

neuronal receptors and or ion channels

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5
Q

how can psychoactive drugs be categorized

A

by chemical structure, therapeutic effects, legal designation, harmfulness, molecular mechanisms, CNS effects

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6
Q

what are brain areas affected most by psychoactive drugs

A

the brain stem, limbic system, cerebral cortex

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7
Q

what does the brain stem govern

A

sensory input, wakefulness, movement, breathing and other autonomic functions

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8
Q

what does the limbic system control

A

Emotional responses, reward and motivations

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9
Q

what is the cerebral cortex responsible for

A

higher functions- problem solving and decision making

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10
Q

do any drugs produce completely identical effects

A

no

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11
Q

what are some examples of CNS depressants

A

alcohol, cannabis, sedative-hypnotics, anxiolytics, opioid analgesics, volatile organic solvents

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12
Q

what is a key feature of cannabinoid drugs and opioids

A

mimic effects of endogenous NT

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13
Q

what kind of effects do many depressants like ethanol produce

A

allosteric effects

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14
Q

what is an example of a receptor that is involved in an allosteric effect produced by depressants

A

GABAA receptor

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15
Q

what are some characteristics of CNS stimulants

A

increase alertness, highly addictive

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16
Q

are physical withdrawal symptoms usually serious for CNS stimulants

A

no

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17
Q

what are some main receptors affected by CNS stimulants

A

catecholamine receptors, adenosine receptors, nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

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18
Q

what are some examples of perception altering drugs

A

hallucinogens, cannabis, euphorics, entactogens, dissociative drugs, deliriants

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19
Q

what are some characteristics of perception altering drugs

A

enhance sensory experiences, trigger visual or aural sensations

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20
Q

what are the 3 types of factors that influence drug effects in the CNS

A

biological factors, drug-related factors, behavioural and social factors

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21
Q

what are some examples of biological factors that affect drug effects in the CNS

A

genetics, epigenetics, gender, size

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22
Q

what are some drug related factors that affect drug effects in the CNS

A

purity/contaminants, chemical structure, dose

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23
Q

What are some behavioural and social factors that affect drug effects in the CNS

A

personality, expectations, environment

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24
Q

what are some historical uses of psychoactive drugs

A

opium used over 3000 years ago, cannabis has been used in Asia for a long time, chewing of areca nuts in SE Asia, coffee originated in Eastern Africa, tobacco.

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25
Q

what are some reasons that people take drugs

A

relieve an unwanted condition, fit in socially, curiosity, imitation, habit

26
Q

what are the temporal patterns of drug usage

A

occasional social or solitary use, intermittent drug taking, regular usage, compulsive/addictive consumption

27
Q

what drug is the most harmful to others

A

alcohol

28
Q

how is substance use disorder classified

A

2 or 3 symptoms- mild substance use
4 or 5 symptoms- moderate
over 6 symptoms- severe substance use

29
Q

what is the condition that increases the likelihood that a given response will recur in a situation

A

reinforcement

30
Q

what is the need for greater doses over time to produce the same effects

A

tolerance

31
Q

what is an increased response to a drug after repeated exposure

A

sensitization

32
Q

what is the physical illness/psychological stress that occurs after stopping a drug

A

withdrawal

33
Q

what is habituation

A

becoming used to any behaviour or condition

34
Q

what are some drugs that act as reinforcers

A

stimulants, CNS depressants, dissociative anesthetics

35
Q

what drugs act as negative reinforcers

A

LSD, antipsychotics, opioid receptor antagonists

36
Q

what drugs appear to be neutral in animal tests

A

TCA, ASA, cannabis

37
Q

what are the key processes in pharmacokinetics

A

absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination

38
Q

what is the difference between enteral and parenteral route of administration

A

enteral occurs within the GI tract while parenteral occurs outside the tract

39
Q

why is drug absorption minimal in the stomach

A

small surface area, incomplete dissolution of drug, acidic environment(most psychoactive drugs are weak bases)

40
Q

what is the key difference between SC/IM and IV injection

A

IV injection puts the drug directly into the systemic circulation(most rapid effect) while SC and IM enter the bloodstream from where they are injected and are not completely absorbed

41
Q

why are the lungs a good site for absorption

A

large absorptive surface area, thin absorptive mucosal membrane, ample blood supply

42
Q

do drugs that enter through the lungs or nasal cavity experience 1st pass effect

A

no

43
Q

what kind of drugs are well absorbed by the nasal cavity

A

lipophillic and low mw hydrophillic (less than 1000)

44
Q

where does the metabolism of ethanol occur

A

liver, brain, stomach and pancreas

45
Q

what are the main processes in ethanol metabolism

A

ethanol is metabolized by alcohol dehydrogenases to acetaldehyde and aldehyde dehydrogenase converts acetaldehyde to acetate

46
Q

what is the highly active variants of ALDH

A

ALDH1B2 and3

47
Q

what is the deficient variant of ALDH

A

ALDH2*2

48
Q

what type of individuals are less likely to be addicted to alchohol

A

Those who have higher levels of acetaldehyde

49
Q

what are some NT released due to acetaldehyde

A

histamine, BK, NA and adrenaline

50
Q

what drug is used to treat alcoholism and why

A

disulfiram (antabuse) because it blocks ALDH

51
Q

what are some non renal route of excretion

A

significant- bile/feces, lungs, milk
others- saliva, sweat, tears

52
Q

what are endogenous signaling molecules and drugs that mimic their receptor-activating effects

A

agonists

53
Q

how do drug responses appear on linear coordinates

A

rectangular hyperbolic

54
Q

how do drug responses look when plotted on semi log coordinates

A

s shaped or sigmoidal

55
Q

what is molecular efficacy

A

the tendency of a bound ligand to promote receptor activation

56
Q

what is the relationship between molecular efficacy and isomerization

A

molecular efficacy is determined by the degree to which a drug is able to bias isomerization towards R*

57
Q

what do allosteric modulators do

A

increase or decrease the binding and or signalling of orthosteric ligands

58
Q

what is stimulus trafficking

A

the ability of different agonists to promote different receptor functions

59
Q

what does biased agonism imply

A

that receptors can have different active conformations

60
Q

what are some types of drug-drug interactions

A

metabolic/transport and excretory effects
binding to plasma proteins
overlapping effects (drugs have similar effects)

61
Q

what is an example of overlapping effects

A

alcohol can increase the sedative effects of sedative-hypnotics, opioids, antidepressants
oppers with sildenafil can cause severe hypotension

62
Q

why are there interactions between tobacco and other drugs

A

nicotine upregulates CYP1A2 and can then decrease the effects of caffeine, benzos, beta blockers, opioids- they are metabolized by cyp1a2

Drugs of Abuse (1 decks)

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