Midterm Flashcards
1
Q
Ethical theories are …
A
the rules and principles that determine right and wrong for any given situation
2
Q
Normative ethical theories …
A
propose to prescribe the morally correct way of acting
3
Q
Descriptive ethical theories …
A
seek to describe how ethical decisions are actually made in the business.
4
Q
Hedonism
A
Ethical or evaluative hedonism claims that only pleasure has worth or value and only pain or displeasure has disvalue or the opposite of worth
5
Q
Asceticism
A
the practice of the denial of physical or psychological desires in order to attain a spiritual ideal or goal.
6
Q
What Is Utilitarianism?
A
Utilitarianism is a theory of morality that advocates actions that foster happiness or pleasure and opposes actions that cause unhappiness or harm. When directed toward making social, economic, or political decisions, a utilitarian philosophy would aim for the betterment of society as a whole.
7
Q
Contractarianism
A
The moral theory of contractarianism claims that moral norms derive their normative force from the idea of contract or mutual agreement. Contractarians are skeptical of the possibility of grounding morality or political authority in either divine will or some perfectionist ideal of the nature of humanity.
Paaiškinimas normaliems:
Idėja tokia. Tai yra laisvos sąžiningos visuomenės susitarimas. Kai VISIŠKAI LAISVI IR TIKRAI PROTINGI TARPUSAVYJE LYGŪS žmonės susitartų dėl tarpusavio sąžiningo elgesio taisyklių. Bet tokiai pasakai reiktų, kad IŠVIS VISI laikytųsi tų taisyklkų. O tai nebus.
Taigi, tai tobula etinė sistema, kurią sukurtų lygūs, sąžiningi ir išmintingi žmonės
8
Q
Negative utilitarianism
A
is a form of negative consequentialism that can be described as the view that people should minimize the total amount of aggregate suffering, or that they should minimize suffering and then, secondarily, maximize the total amount of happiness.
9
Q
Kantianism
A
In business contexts, Kantianism implies an obligation for businesses (and businesspeople) to treat all persons with respect.
10
Q
Virtue Ethics
A
Virtue ethics is arguably the oldest ethical theory in the world, with origins in Ancient Greece. It defines good actions as ones that display embody virtuous character traits, like courage, loyalty, or wisdom. A virtue itself is a disposition to act, think and feel in certain ways.
11
Q
Normative ethical theories …
A
propose to prescribe the morally correct way of acting
12
Q
Descriptive ethical theories …
A
seek to describe how ethics decisions are actually made in business
13
Q
Ethical pluralism
A
between ethical absolutism and relativism
14
Q
Cognitivism
A
Claim to know “right from wrong”.
Objective moral truths which can be known
15
Q
Non-cognitivism
A
Objective assessment of moral belief is not possible, as
everything is subjective.
Social nature of morality relevance of group
attitudes.
Cultural moral relativism
16
Q
What theory of ethics does NOT believe in cost-benefit analysis to determine moral decisions?
A
Kantianism
17
Q
Who can be regarded as a non-consequentialist?
A
Immanuel Kant
18
Q
If a company breaks principle of “never paying bribes” decides to make an exception, this action:
A
19
Q
Thomas Donaldson’s recommendations can be mainly associated to:
A
Ethical pluralism
20
Q
Which of the following is NOT a limitation of utilitarianism:
A
Emphasis on overall good
21
Q
Sentence which best characterizes Jeremy Bentham’s moral theory?
A
It is a version of utilitarianism
22
Q
What is a general approach to address ethical issues in public sector organizations?
A
Formal, bureaucratic policies
23
Q
John Stuart Mill is known to be one of the main representatives of:
A
Ethics of welfare
24
Q
Does not express recommendations made by Thomas Donaldson?
A
Put western values above local traditions
25
John Rawls's theory of justice:
Inequalities are OK if they benefit all
26
What does virtue ethics propose?
Integrity of person determines morality
27
triple bottom line:
economic, social and enviroment
28
Non-consequentalism (deontological ethics)
Having rules or principles which are applies to decide how to act in any given situation (principles are what counts, no matter the consequences).
29
Consequentialism
Assessing moral right or wrong in terms of the consequences of actions (consequences are what counts, no matter the principles).
30
Acquired traits that define a virtuous character
Intellectual virtues.
Moral virtues.
31
Managerial integrity -->
synonym for virtue ethics in the business world
32
Consequentialism
Assessing moral right or wrong in terms of the consequences of actions (consequences are what counts, no matter the principles)
33
Linksma ir smagu
34
According to utilitarianism
an action is morally right if it results in the greatest amount of good for the greatest amount of people
35
Jeremy Bentham
increase the overall amount of pleasure
36
John Stuart Mill
Believed that happiness, not pleasure, should be the standard of utility.
37
George E. Moore
Suggested that we should strive to maximize ideal values such as freedom, knowledge, justice, and beauty.
38
Kenneth Arrow
Argued that what has intrinsic value is preference satisfaction.
39
Act utilitaniarism …
looks to single actions and bases the moral judgment on the amount of pleasure and the amount of pain this single action causes.
40
Rule utilitaniarism …
looks at classes of actions, and asks whether the underlying principles of action produce more pleasure than pain for society in the long run.
41
Immanuel Kant
Kant emphasized the way in which the moral life is centred on duty (“good will”)
42
“Categorical Imperative” framework
Consistency, (Human Dignity-Respect, Universality
43
44
45
Discourse ethics
aims to solve ethical conflicts by providing a process of norm generation through rational reflection on the real-life experiences of all relevant participants.
46
Ultimate goal of ethical issues in business should be the
peaceful settlement of conflicts.
47
Different parties in a conflict should
sit together and engage in a discourse about the settlement of the conflict, and ultimately provide a situation that is acceptable to all.
48
Which does not believe in cost benefit analysis?
KANTIANISM
49
Who can be regarded as non-consequentialist?
IMMANUEL KANT
50
If a company breaks principle ‘never paying bribes’ decides to make an exception, this action is
CONSEQUENTIALISM
51
Thomas Donaldson’s recommendations can be mainly associated to
ETHICAL PLURALISM
52
What best characterises Jeremy Bentham’s moral theory?
IT IS A VERSION OF UTILITARIANISM
53
Ethical behaviour in EU vs. US vs. Asia -- indicate the
FALSE statement LEGAL FRAMEWORK MORE IMPORTANT IN US VS EUR
54
Which of the following is NOT a limitation of utilitarianism
EMPHASIS ON OVERALL GOOD
55
Egoism proposes
FREE DECISION-MAKING IS MORALLY RIGHT
56
John Stuart Mill is a representative of
ETHICS OF WELFARE
57
What is the general approach to address ethical issues in public sector organisations
FORMAL, BUREAUCRATIC POLICIES
58
What does virtue ethics propose
INTEGRITY OF PERSON DETERMINES MORALITY
59
John Rawls theory of justice
INEQUALITIES ARE OK IF THEY BENEFIT ALL
60
Which of the following sentences does NOT express a recommendation made by Thomas Donaldson
PUT WESTERN VALUES ABOVE LOCAL TRADITION
61
Arguments for Keynesianism:
An unregulated economy creates frequent crises, which will result in a reduction of consumption, production, and eventually job losses.
The state has therefore to counteract (anti-cyclical action) - increase consumption during recessions, and limit consumption during peaks.
Social policy (aid or specific groups) and spatial/regional policy to support specific locations), taxes and welfare (automatic stabilisers).
62
Positive rights
The kind of rights which impose on others a positive duty, a duty to provide or act in a certain way.
If I have a right of this sort, you respect it by complying
Positive rights are also sometimes called ENTITLEMENTS.
63
Negative rights
The kind of rights which impose on others a negative duty, a duty not to do anything, a duty of non-interference
If I have a right oof this sort, all you have to do to respect that right is refrain from blocking me
Negative rights are sometimes called LIBERTIES
64
Triple bottom line
ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
65
NOT related to Max Weber’s ideas?
INEQUALITIES ARE OK IF IT BENEFITS THE POOR (RAWLS’)
66
Which of the following philosophers is considered the father of social Darwinism?
SPENCER
67
Which is the type of capitalism closest to proposals of Adam Smith?
PURE CAPITALISM
68
What do John Rawls and John Locke have in common?
BOTH FOCUS ON ‘RIGHTS AND JUSTICE’
69
Who was a key source of inspiration for US president Obama’s economic policies?
JOHN RAWLS
70
NOT related to Ludwig Erhard’s ideas?
MARKET SOCIALISM
71
Throwing a fat man over a bridge to block a train that runs towards children
CONSEQUENTELISM
72
Put in order from purely liberal to more egalitarianist
SMITH, ERHARD, RAWLS, SEN
73
The right to own private property is more important than social equality according to
NOZICK
74
Ar linksma ir smagu??
yes
75
What do John Rawls and Amartya Sen have in common
THEIR CONCERN FOR SOCIAL INEQUALITIES
76
The ‘capabilities approach’
FOCUSES ON FOSTERING POSITIVE RIGHTS
77
Choose the correct order of philosophers, from more to less egalitarianist
MARX, SEN, RAWLS, NOZICK
78
Breaking the principle of not accepting child labour, can be consistent with
UTILITARIANISM
79
According to the democracy index, among all countries, a ‘full democracy’
IS THE LEAST COMMON TYPE OF REGIME
80
Mediterranean capitalism
LIMITED WELFARE STATE, REGULATED LABOUR MARKET, INCLUDES LITHUANIA
81
The concept of ‘ethics of care’ refers to
FEMINIST ETHICS
82
Libertarianism
SUPPORTS NEGATIVE RIGHTS
83
max weber
The other form of ethics for political leaders is the ethic of responsibility that understands that “one must answer for the consequences of one's actions.” Weber described this kind of ethical action as one of maturity, where a leader considers the possible consequences of their action and takes responsibility for it
84
social Darwinism
Social Darwinists believe in “survival of the fittest”—the idea that certain people become powerful in society because they are innately better
85
Keynesian welfare has different aspects:
86
John Maynard Keynes
the government should use fiscal and monetary policies to aim to mitigate the adverse effects of economic recessions, depressions and booms (counter-cyclical measures).
87
locke
Locke says, of using the powers that we have as human beings in order to act in such a way that we obtain things that are good and useful for us. As he says: ethics is “the seeking out those Rules, and Measures of humane Actions, which lead to Happiness, and the Means to practice them”
88
egalitarianist
Egalitarianism is a philosophical perspective that emphasizes equality and equal treatment across gender, religion, economic status, and political beliefs.
89
sen
Amartya Sen's capability theory approach is a theoretical framework that involves two core normative claims. First, the assumption that freedom to achieve well-being is of primary moral importance. And second, that freedom to achieve well-being must be understood in terms of people with capabilities.
90
Milton Friedman ideas
Close to “Laissez faire“ and libertarianism
Close link between money supply and inflation
91
Corporate social responsibility
encompasses the economic, legal, ethical, and philanthropic expectations placed on organizations by society at a given point in time.
92
encompasses
apima
93
philanthropic expectations
filantropiniai lūkesčiai
94
Carrol’s “CSR pyramid”
95
Types of social responsibilities
96
Economic responsibilities.
Base of the pyramid; understood as the production of goods and services that consumers need
and want. As a compensation for the delivery of these goods and services, the company must obtain an acceptable profit.
97
Legal responsibilities.
Compliance with the law and any type of (public and/or private) regulations, in accordance with the
basic rules by which the business must operate.
98
Ethical responsibilities.
Obligation to do what is right, fair and reasonable, and to avoid - or at least minimize - damage to
the diverse stakeholders to whom the company relates.
99
Philanthropic responsibilities.
Corporate actions that respond to social expectations of good corporate citizenship, including the active involvement of businesses in activities or programmes that promote social welfare and improve the quality of life of the population.
100
CSR is a particularly strong concept in the US, and only
more recently has become so influential in Europe
101
US – “explicit” CSR vs. Europe – “implicit” CSR
different approaches/roles to CSR in US vs. Europe
102
Economic responsibility EU/USA
Europe – Focused on responsibility to stakeholders
US – Focused on responsibility to shareholders
103
Legal responsibility EU/USA
Europe – State accepted as prominent power in enforcing rules of the game rather than as US view of State as interfering in such rules
104
Ethical responsibility EU/USA
Europe – greater mistrust of modern corporations than US
105
Philanthropic responsibility EU/USA
Europe - mostly implemented compulsorily via legal framework
US – mostly implemented via voluntary acts of successful companies
106
Corporate Social Responsivenes –
capacity of a corpotation to respond to social pressures
107
Four “philosophies”/levels/strategies of social responsiveness:
Reaction / Defense / Accommodation / Proaction
108
109
CSR outcomes:
Social policies; Social programmes; Social impacts
110
Social policies
Explicit corporate social policies stating the company’s values, beliefs, and goals with regard to its social environment – often included in mission statements or in other corporate policies (e.g., environmental sustainability goals)
111
Social programmes
Specific social projects or activities, measures and instruments implemented to achieve social policies (e.g., environmental management programmes)
112
Social impacts
Proof of specific changes achieved through social programmes implemented in a given period of time
113
Robert Edward Freeman
The father of Stakeholder Theory
114
Ideas of Robert Edward Freeman
* Observed that traditional models suggest that shareholders are the core stakeholders
* Proposed that other parties must be also involved - such as competitors, employees, customers, suppliers, trade unions, government, civil society, etc.
115
Principle of corporate rights –
the corporation has the obligation not to violate the rights of others
116
Principle of corporate effect –
companies are responsible for the effects of their actions on others
117
Corporate accountability
issue of whether a corporation is answerable in some way for the consequences of its actions – and if so, to whom
118
Firms have begun to become “political actors” – taken up many functions previously undertaken by government, because of:
- Privatizations
- Increasing corporate power & weaker government
- Increasing encouragement of self-regulation (e.g., “codes of good practices”)
119
Problem of democratic accountability
transparency
120
CSP should be made more visible to stakeholders
transparency of CSP policies, programmes & impacts
121
Quality of corporate transparency:
disclosure, clarity, accuracy
122
Corporate citizenship –
Corporate function for governing citizenship rights for individuals
123
Has evolved from (traditional) corporate philanthropy to (current) political activity – corporations as political actors … due to:
- Goverments retreating from catering social needs
- Governments unable or unwilling to address social needs
- Governments can only address social problems within their reach
124
Social rights -
freedoms to participate in society through entitlements towards third parties (positive rights)
125
Civil rights –
freedoms from abuses and interference by third parties – most notably the government (negative rights)
126
Political rights –
freedom to participate in society governance process (e.g., to vote or hold office)
127
Sustainability
Long-term maintenance of systems according to environmental, economic and social considerations.
128
Sustainability “Triple Bottom Line” Model
129
Nine ways to achieve sustainability
* First – Leave everything in the pristine state, or return in to its pristine state
* Second – Develop so as to not overwhelm the carrying capacity of the system
* Third – Sustainability will take care of itself as economic growth proceeds (Simon Kuznet)
* Fourth – Polluter and victim can arrive at an efficient solution by themselves (Coase theorem)
* Fifth – Let the markets take care of it (e.g., carbon-trade)
* Sixth – Internalize the externalities (e.g., taxation, consumer pressure)
* Seventh – Let the national economic accounting system reflect defensive expenditures (e.g., pollution-treatment or fire-fighting expenses increase GDP)
* Eight – Reinvest rents from nonrenewable resources (Hartwick rule) into sustainable projects & policies (e.g., Norway’s approach)
* Ninth – Leave future generations the options of the capacity to be as well off as we are (Robert Solow)
7.3. Nine ways to achieve sustainability
130
Life-cycle sustainability assessment
Evaluation of all environmental, social and economic negative impacts and benefits in decision-making
processes towards more sustainable products throughout their life cycle
131
A product life-cycle approach to sustainability
measures a company’s total environmental impact – from raw materials, to production, distribution, consumer use, and disposal of the product by the consumer
132
A product-life cycle approach to sustainability
133
The GPI is a
metric that has been suggested to replace, or supplement GDP – consistent wth “triple bottom lin”
considerations”
134
Designed to take fuller account of the well-being of a nation,
only a part of which pertains to the size of the nation’s economy, by also incorporating environmental and social factors which are not measured by GDP.
135
For instance, some models of GPI
decrease in value when the poverty rate, pollution, or environmental degradation increases.
136
the GPI is used
in ecological economics, "green" economics, sustainability and more inclusive types of economics.
137
The GPI includes
environmental and carbon footprints that businesses produce or eliminate, including in the forms of
resource depletion, pollution and long-term environmental damage.
138
Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI)
139
HDI
Human Development Index
140
The HDI was created to emphasize that
people and their capabilities should be the ultimate criteria for assessing the development of a country, not economic growth alone.
141
Summary measure of average achievement in key dimensions of human development:
- a long and healthy life (life expectancy at birth)
- being knowledgeable (years of schooling - achieved & expected)
- have a decent standard of living (GNP per capita)
142
Human Development Index (HDI)
143
The IHDI reflects the
level of human development when inequality is accounted for.
144
Under perfect equality, the HDI and IHDI are equal;
the greater the difference between the two, the greater the inequality.
145
the greater the difference between the two, the greater the inequality.
IHDI > HDI
gain in human development
146
In relatively inegalitarian countries:
IHDI < HDI
loss in human development
147
Ecological Footprint
Method promoted by the Global Footprint Network to measure human demand on natural capital (i.e. the quantity of nature it takes to support people or an economy)
148
Ecological Footprint accounts
contrast the biologically productive area people use for their consumption to the biologically productive area available within a region or the world (biocapacity, the productive area that can regenerate what people demand from nature).
149
The Happy Planet Index (HPI)
is an index of human wellbeing and environmental impact that was introduced by the New Economics Foundation in 2006
150
Each country's HPI value is a function of its:
- average subjective life satisfaction (experienced wellbeing)
- life expectancy at birth
- ecological footprint per capita
151
The UN Global Compact is
the world’s largest corporate sustainability initiative
152
UN Global Compact Mission:
* “A call to companies to align strategies and operations with universal principles on human rights, labour, environment and anti-corruption, and take actions that advance societal goals.”
* “The multi-year strategy of the UN Global Compact if to drive business awareness and action in support of achieving the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030”.
153
The term ‘human resource management’ and its implications have been a subject of
intense debate in business ethics
154
Humans treated as important and
costly resource
155
The Gig Economy
Individuals being hired for a specific task, rather than being employed longer term (with the associated benefits) for exactly the same task
156
Modern slavery
* People who are forced to work through threat, owned or controlled by an employer particularly through mental or physical abuses
* People who are de-humanized and treated as a resource, physically constrained or their movement being controlled
157
Rhetoric vs. Reality in current HRM
158
Rights of employeees as stakeholders of the firm
159
Duties of employeees as stakeholders of the firm
160
Four types of employee privacy
Physical privacy
Social privacy
Informational privacy
Psychological privacy
161
Physical privacy –
physical inaccessibility to others and the right to “one’s own space” (e.g., dilemma of surveillance
cameras)
162
Social privacy –
freedom to behave in our private life in whichever way we choose (e.g., dilemma of “immoral”
behaviour in private life)
163
Informational privacy –
determining how, when, and to what extent private data about us are released to others (e.g.,
dilemma of security investigations)
164
Psychological privacy –
not being compelled to share private thoughts and feelings (e.g., dilemma of forcing employees to
look happy and smile to customers)
165
European Union Regulations
Most advanced and sophisticated regulations on privacy at workplace
166
European Convention on Human Rights -
Guarantees every person the
right to private and family life, home and correspondence
167
European Court of Human Rights -
decided that protection of private life includes workplace
168
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)
Companies can be pursued with heavy fines – as much as 4% of annual turnover for global companies – for incidents such as data breaches
169
Data Protection Directive (DPD)
* Right to be forgotten
* Easier access to own personal data
* A right to transfer personal data
* Businesses as to inform individuals about data breaches
* Consent of individuals must be given by a statement or by a clear affirmative action
170
Employee hiring processes must strictly
abide to the law and comply with high ethical standards
171
abide
laikytis
172
Job applicant’s recruitment & application/CV screening
Use standardized criteria & avoid biases
173
Selection - Potential discrimination issues
* Language
* Physical appearance
* Educational requirements
* Gap in employment history
* Tests (cognitive, skills, psychological, physical, drugs…)
* Interviews
174
Promotions – potential discrimination issues
* Seniority
* Inbreeding
* Nepotism
175
Recognition that employees might be more than just human “resources” but should also have a
certain degree of influence on their tasks, job environments, and company goals – right to participation
176
Financial participation –
allows employee share in the ownership or income of the corporation
177
Operational participation
- Information – receiving information about crucial decisions
- Consultation – express views on potential decisions
- Delegation – control over a range of decisions
- Co-determination – full right to determine major decisions
178
Right to association –
to join together for collective defense of worker’s interests (e.g., through trade unions)
179
Right to healthy and safe working conditions
is one of the most important ethical concerns for employees
180
Substantial amount of health, safety and environmental (HSE) regulations
compulsory compliance
181
Main issues –
implementation and enforcement
182
Ethical issues in the context of:
Excessive working hours
“Presenteeism”
Flexible working patterns
183
Excessive working hours
damage of employee’s overall state of physical and mental health
184
“Presenteeism”
being at work when employee should be at home due to illness or because working time is over
185
Flexible working patterns
“non-standard” work relationships:
- part-time work, temporary work, self-employment, remote work
- worse pay & conditions, higher insecurity, exclusion from
benefits & training
186
The right to work in a business context
cannot mean that every individual has a right to be employed
187
The right to work should result in
every individual facing the same equal conditions in exerting this right
188
A healthy working/personal life balance is increasingly difficult to maintain:
* Inreasing importance of flexible working patterns
* Increasing pressure for longer working hours
* High demands of highly qualified work (managers, creativework positions, professional freelancers, etc.)
189
Some proposals for improving work-life balance:
* Sabbatical schemes
* Higher flexibility in work schedules
* CSR-based family-friendly policies (e.g., childcare support)
* Home-based remote work: personal, family, social, economic & ecological benefits
190
Discrimination in the business context occurs when
employees receive preferential (or less preferential) treatment on grounds that are not directly related to their qualifications and/or job performance
191
Diversity management –
prominent feature of contemporary (HR) management approaches, closely related to fighting discrimination at work
192
Affirmative action, which can include (depending of the specific form of action taken) positive discrimination, reverse discrimination, or employment equity, implies
specific preference given to groups considered by some to be victims of social discrimination.
193
Examples of affirmative actions –
preferential access to education, employment, health care, social welfare
194
Negative rights
strict equality, non-discrimination & literal equality of opportunity, “weak” affitmative action
195
positive rights
equity, positive discrimination & fair/real equality of opportunity, “strong” affirmative action
196
Affirmative action policies
increasingly popular as part of CSR in the HRM domain
197
“Weak” affirmative action
Passive non-discrimination
Pure affirmative action
198
Passive non-discrimination
willingness in hiring, promotion, and pay decisions to treat races, sexes etc. alike.
199
Pure affirmative action
concerted effort to enlarge the pool of applicants so that no one is excluded because of past or
present discrimination.
200
“Strong” affirmative action
Preferential hiring
Positive discrimination
201
Preferential hiring
systematically favouring minorities, women, etc. in decisions of enlarging labour pool.
202
Positive discrimination –
specifying numbers (quotas) or proportions of minority, women, etc. group members that must
be hired.
203
Absolutism in IHRM: Absolutism in IHRM: Absolutism in IHRM: Absolutism in IHRM: Absolutism in IHRM: Absolutism in IHRM: Absolutism in IHRM:
always same ethical principles applicable everywhere
204
Relativism in IHRM:
always different ethical principles, depending on historical, social, cultural etc. context
205
Basic recommendation:
- Universal respect for “Core Human Values” (Human Rights)
- Respect for local traditions & consideration of the context
206
Human characteristics that make people different from one another, including:
- characteristics a person has little or no control over;
- characteristics that can be adopted or modified.
207
Although workforce diversity must be acknowledged, stereotyping (assuming that group averages or
tendencies are true for each and every member of the group)
should be approached with caution
208
Why manage employee diversity?
To survive and prosper in increasingly heterogeneous societies and complex business environments,
organizations must capitalize on employee diversity as a source of competitive advantage
209
Diversity management:
set of activities involved in integrating “non-traditional” employees (e.g., women, minorities, etc.) into the workforce and using their diversity to the firm’s competitive advantage.
210
Diversity management actions & programmes are closely related (or even be part of)
CSR policies
211
Greater creativity,
considering new ways and less obvious alternatives.
212
Better problem solving,
moving from group-thinking to “out-ofthe-box” thinking.
213
Greater system flexibility,
thanks to more openness to new ideas and greater tolerance and acceptance of changes.
214
Better information input and management of knowledge,
due to the broader variety of sources and experiential backgrounds.
215
Potential benefits of diversity management programmes
Greater creativity
Better problem solving
Greater system flexibility
Better information input and management of knowledge
Better marketing strategies
216
Whistleblower -
- An employee or ex-employee of an organization who, ingood faith, discloses information about serious malpractice by that organization.
217
Criteria for whistleblowing
* Information must be released by a stakeholder within the organization, usually an employee or former employee.
* Information that is released must not have already been made public.
* Information that is released must be of substantial importance and be about the misconduct of the company or its members.
* Information must be released to parties that fall outside the whistleblower’s normal chain of command.
* Information must be released voluntarily in an effort to correct wrongdoing, rather than for revenge purposes.
218
Two ethical limitations based on fairness
* Individual transactions will be unfair to certain consumers
* Without consumer sovereignty, the economic system is inefficient
219
Consumer sovereignty assessment
Consumer capability
Information
Choice
220
Consumer capability
degree of freedom from limitations in rational decision-making (e.g., from vulnerability or coercion)
221
Information –
availability and quality of relevant data pertaining to a purchase decision
222
Choice –
extent of the opportunity available to freely switch to another supplier
223
laissez faire
valstybės visiško nesikišimo į ekonominį gyvenimą doktrina
224
Stakeholder Theory
is a view of capitalism that stresses the interconnected relationships between a business and its customers, suppliers, employees, investors, communities and others who have a stake in the organization. The theory argues that a firm should create value for all stakeholders, not just shareholders.
In 1984, R. Edward Freeman originally detailed the Stakeholder Theory of organizational management and business ethics that addresses morals and values in managing an organization. His award-winning book Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach identifies and models the groups which are stakeholders of a corporation, and both describes and recommends methods by which management can give due regard to the interests of those groups.
The theory has become a key consideration in the study of business ethics and has served as a platform for further study and development in the research and published work of many scholars, including those featured on this website.
Since the 1980s, there has been a substantial rise in the theory’s prominence, with scholars around the world continuing to question the sustainability of focusing on shareholders’ wealth as the most fundamental objective of business.
We aim to be the hub of leading stakeholder research and thinking by providing resources to new scholars, students, and business leaders.
225
A shareholder is
a person or institution that has invested money in a corporation in exchange for a “share” of the ownership.
226
Stakeholder means
any people or groups who are positively or negatively impacted by a project, initiative, policy or organisation.
227
CSP
Content Security Policy
228
Corporate citizenship is
how a company exercises its rights, obligations, privileges, and overall corporate responsibility within our local and global environments.
229
viable
gyvibingas
230
bearable
pakenčiamas
231
pristine
nesugadintas
232
GPI
Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI) is an economic tool used to measure the health of a nation's economy. It incorporates environmental and social factors, such as family structure, benefits from higher education, crime, and pollution, not considered in the GDP.
233
pertains
susiję
234
The stakeholder approach to CSR
Freeman
235
Which of the following are NOT social responsibilities according to Carrol's CSR pyramid?
Political responsibilities
236
Which of the following indicators does NOT include income/social inequalities?
HDI
237
Diversity maangement can help
fight work discriminatrions
238
Affirmative action
May include positive discrimination
239
What are the three components of consumer sovereignty assessment?
Consumer capability, information, choice
240
Whistleblowing in the field of business ethics is defined as:
241
Employee diversity
Can be related to CSR policies
242
Affirmative action
May include preferential hiring
243
First
Leave everything in the pristine state, or return in to its pristine state
244
Second
Develop so as to not overwhelm the carrying capacity of the system
245
Third
Sustainability will take care of itself as economic growth proceeds (Simon Kuznet)
246
Fourth
Polluter and victim can arrive at an efficient solution by themselves (Coase theorem)
247
Fifth, 6
Let the markets take care of it (e.g., carbon-trade)
Sixth – Internalize the externalities (e.g., taxation, consumer pressure)
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Seventh
Let the national economic accounting system reflect defensive expenditures (e.g., pollution-treatment or fire-fighting expenses increase GDP)
249
Eight
Reinvest rents from nonrenewable resources (Hartwick rule) into sustainable projects & policies (e.g., Norway’s approach)
250
Ninth
Leave future generations the options of the capacity to be as well off as we are (Robert Solow)
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compulsory compliance
privalomas laikymasis
252
exerting
darantis
