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Business ethics and sustainability > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Ethical theories are …

A

the rules and principles that determine right and wrong for any given situation

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2
Q

Normative ethical theories …

A

propose to prescribe the morally correct way of acting

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3
Q

Descriptive ethical theories …

A

seek to describe how ethical decisions are actually made in the business.

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4
Q

Hedonism

A

Ethical or evaluative hedonism claims that only pleasure has worth or value and only pain or displeasure has disvalue or the opposite of worth

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5
Q

Asceticism

A

the practice of the denial of physical or psychological desires in order to attain a spiritual ideal or goal.

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6
Q

What Is Utilitarianism?

A

Utilitarianism is a theory of morality that advocates actions that foster happiness or pleasure and opposes actions that cause unhappiness or harm. When directed toward making social, economic, or political decisions, a utilitarian philosophy would aim for the betterment of society as a whole.

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7
Q

Contractarianism

A

The moral theory of contractarianism claims that moral norms derive their normative force from the idea of contract or mutual agreement. Contractarians are skeptical of the possibility of grounding morality or political authority in either divine will or some perfectionist ideal of the nature of humanity.

Paaiškinimas normaliems:

Idėja tokia. Tai yra laisvos sąžiningos visuomenės susitarimas. Kai VISIŠKAI LAISVI IR TIKRAI PROTINGI TARPUSAVYJE LYGŪS žmonės susitartų dėl tarpusavio sąžiningo elgesio taisyklių. Bet tokiai pasakai reiktų, kad IŠVIS VISI laikytųsi tų taisyklkų. O tai nebus.

Taigi, tai tobula etinė sistema, kurią sukurtų lygūs, sąžiningi ir išmintingi žmonės

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8
Q

Negative utilitarianism

A

is a form of negative consequentialism that can be described as the view that people should minimize the total amount of aggregate suffering, or that they should minimize suffering and then, secondarily, maximize the total amount of happiness.

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9
Q

Kantianism

A

In business contexts, Kantianism implies an obligation for businesses (and businesspeople) to treat all persons with respect.

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10
Q

Virtue Ethics

A

Virtue ethics is arguably the oldest ethical theory in the world, with origins in Ancient Greece. It defines good actions as ones that display embody virtuous character traits, like courage, loyalty, or wisdom. A virtue itself is a disposition to act, think and feel in certain ways.

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11
Q

Normative ethical theories …

A

propose to prescribe the morally correct way of acting

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12
Q

Descriptive ethical theories …

A

seek to describe how ethics decisions are actually made in business

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13
Q

Ethical pluralism

A

between ethical absolutism and relativism

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14
Q

Cognitivism

A

Claim to know “right from wrong”.
Objective moral truths which can be known

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15
Q

Non-cognitivism

A

Objective assessment of moral belief is not possible, as
everything is subjective.
Social nature of morality  relevance of group
attitudes.
Cultural moral relativism

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16
Q

What theory of ethics does NOT believe in cost-benefit analysis to determine moral decisions?

A

Kantianism

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17
Q

Who can be regarded as a non-consequentialist?

A

Immanuel Kant

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18
Q

If a company breaks principle of “never paying bribes” decides to make an exception, this action:

A
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19
Q

Thomas Donaldson’s recommendations can be mainly associated to:

A

Ethical pluralism

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20
Q

Which of the following is NOT a limitation of utilitarianism:

A

Emphasis on overall good

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21
Q

Sentence which best characterizes Jeremy Bentham’s moral theory?

A

It is a version of utilitarianism

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22
Q

What is a general approach to address ethical issues in public sector organizations?

A

Formal, bureaucratic policies

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23
Q

John Stuart Mill is known to be one of the main representatives of:

A

Ethics of welfare

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24
Q

Does not express recommendations made by Thomas Donaldson?

A

Put western values above local traditions

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25
Q

John Rawls’s theory of justice:

A

Inequalities are OK if they benefit all

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26
Q

What does virtue ethics propose?

A

Integrity of person determines morality

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27
Q

triple bottom line:

A

economic, social and enviroment

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28
Q

Non-consequentalism (deontological ethics)

A

Having rules or principles which are applies to decide how to act in any given situation (principles are what counts, no matter the consequences).

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29
Q

Consequentialism

A

Assessing moral right or wrong in terms of the consequences of actions (consequences are what counts, no matter the principles).

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30
Q

Acquired traits that define a virtuous character

A

Intellectual virtues.
Moral virtues.

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31
Q

Managerial integrity –>

A

synonym for virtue ethics in the business world

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32
Q

Consequentialism

A

Assessing moral right or wrong in terms of the consequences of actions (consequences are what counts, no matter the principles)

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33
Q

Linksma ir smagu

A
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34
Q

According to utilitarianism

A

an action is morally right if it results in the greatest amount of good for the greatest amount of people

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35
Q

Jeremy Bentham

A

increase the overall amount of pleasure

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36
Q

John Stuart Mill

A

Believed that happiness, not pleasure, should be the standard of utility.

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37
Q

George E. Moore

A

Suggested that we should strive to maximize ideal values such as freedom, knowledge, justice, and beauty.

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38
Q

Kenneth Arrow

A

Argued that what has intrinsic value is preference satisfaction.

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39
Q

Act utilitaniarism …

A

looks to single actions and bases the moral judgment on the amount of pleasure and the amount of pain this single action causes.

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40
Q

Rule utilitaniarism …

A

looks at classes of actions, and asks whether the underlying principles of action produce more pleasure than pain for society in the long run.

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41
Q

Immanuel Kant

A

Kant emphasized the way in which the moral life is centred on duty (“good will”)

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42
Q

“Categorical Imperative” framework

A

Consistency, (Human Dignity-Respect, Universality

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43
Q
A
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44
Q
A
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45
Q

Discourse ethics

A

aims to solve ethical conflicts by providing a process of norm generation through rational reflection on the real-life experiences of all relevant participants.

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46
Q

Ultimate goal of ethical issues in business should be the

A

peaceful settlement of conflicts.

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47
Q

Different parties in a conflict should

A

sit together and engage in a discourse about the settlement of the conflict, and ultimately provide a situation that is acceptable to all.

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48
Q

Which does not believe in cost benefit analysis?

A

KANTIANISM

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49
Q

Who can be regarded as non-consequentialist?

A

IMMANUEL KANT

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50
Q

If a company breaks principle ‘never paying bribes’ decides to make an exception, this action is

A

CONSEQUENTIALISM

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51
Q

Thomas Donaldson’s recommendations can be mainly associated to

A

ETHICAL PLURALISM

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52
Q

What best characterises Jeremy Bentham’s moral theory?

A

IT IS A VERSION OF UTILITARIANISM

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53
Q

Ethical behaviour in EU vs. US vs. Asia – indicate the

A

FALSE statement LEGAL FRAMEWORK MORE IMPORTANT IN US VS EUR

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54
Q

Which of the following is NOT a limitation of utilitarianism

A

EMPHASIS ON OVERALL GOOD

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55
Q

Egoism proposes

A

FREE DECISION-MAKING IS MORALLY RIGHT

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56
Q

John Stuart Mill is a representative of

A

ETHICS OF WELFARE

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57
Q

What is the general approach to address ethical issues in public sector organisations

A

FORMAL, BUREAUCRATIC POLICIES

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58
Q

What does virtue ethics propose

A

INTEGRITY OF PERSON DETERMINES MORALITY

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59
Q

John Rawls theory of justice

A

INEQUALITIES ARE OK IF THEY BENEFIT ALL

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60
Q

Which of the following sentences does NOT express a recommendation made by Thomas Donaldson

A

PUT WESTERN VALUES ABOVE LOCAL TRADITION

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61
Q

Arguments for Keynesianism:

A

An unregulated economy creates frequent crises, which will result in a reduction of consumption, production, and eventually job losses.

The state has therefore to counteract (anti-cyclical action) - increase consumption during recessions, and limit consumption during peaks.

Social policy (aid or specific groups) and spatial/regional policy to support specific locations), taxes and welfare (automatic stabilisers).

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62
Q

Positive rights

A

The kind of rights which impose on others a positive duty, a duty to provide or act in a certain way.

If I have a right of this sort, you respect it by complying

Positive rights are also sometimes called ENTITLEMENTS.

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63
Q

Negative rights

A

The kind of rights which impose on others a negative duty, a duty not to do anything, a duty of non-interference

If I have a right oof this sort, all you have to do to respect that right is refrain from blocking me

Negative rights are sometimes called LIBERTIES

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64
Q

Triple bottom line

A

ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

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65
Q

NOT related to Max Weber’s ideas?

A

INEQUALITIES ARE OK IF IT BENEFITS THE POOR (RAWLS’)

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66
Q

Which of the following philosophers is considered the father of social Darwinism?

A

SPENCER

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67
Q

Which is the type of capitalism closest to proposals of Adam Smith?

A

PURE CAPITALISM

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68
Q

What do John Rawls and John Locke have in common?

A

BOTH FOCUS ON ‘RIGHTS AND JUSTICE’

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69
Q

Who was a key source of inspiration for US president Obama’s economic policies?

A

JOHN RAWLS

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70
Q

NOT related to Ludwig Erhard’s ideas?

A

MARKET SOCIALISM

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71
Q

Throwing a fat man over a bridge to block a train that runs towards children

A

CONSEQUENTELISM

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72
Q

Put in order from purely liberal to more egalitarianist

A

SMITH, ERHARD, RAWLS, SEN

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73
Q

The right to own private property is more important than social equality according to

A

NOZICK

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74
Q

Ar linksma ir smagu??

A

yes

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75
Q

What do John Rawls and Amartya Sen have in common

A

THEIR CONCERN FOR SOCIAL INEQUALITIES

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76
Q

The ‘capabilities approach’

A

FOCUSES ON FOSTERING POSITIVE RIGHTS

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77
Q

Choose the correct order of philosophers, from more to less egalitarianist

A

MARX, SEN, RAWLS, NOZICK

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78
Q

Breaking the principle of not accepting child labour, can be consistent with

A

UTILITARIANISM

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79
Q

According to the democracy index, among all countries, a ‘full democracy’

A

IS THE LEAST COMMON TYPE OF REGIME

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80
Q

Mediterranean capitalism

A

LIMITED WELFARE STATE, REGULATED LABOUR MARKET, INCLUDES LITHUANIA

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81
Q

The concept of ‘ethics of care’ refers to

A

FEMINIST ETHICS

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82
Q

Libertarianism

A

SUPPORTS NEGATIVE RIGHTS

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83
Q

max weber

A

The other form of ethics for political leaders is the ethic of responsibility that understands that “one must answer for the consequences of one’s actions.” Weber described this kind of ethical action as one of maturity, where a leader considers the possible consequences of their action and takes responsibility for it

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84
Q

social Darwinism

A

Social Darwinists believe in “survival of the fittest”—the idea that certain people become powerful in society because they are innately better

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85
Q

Keynesian welfare has different aspects:

A
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86
Q

John Maynard Keynes

A

the government should use fiscal and monetary policies to aim to mitigate the adverse effects of economic recessions, depressions and booms (counter-cyclical measures).

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87
Q

locke

A

Locke says, of using the powers that we have as human beings in order to act in such a way that we obtain things that are good and useful for us. As he says: ethics is “the seeking out those Rules, and Measures of humane Actions, which lead to Happiness, and the Means to practice them”

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88
Q

egalitarianist

A

Egalitarianism is a philosophical perspective that emphasizes equality and equal treatment across gender, religion, economic status, and political beliefs.

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89
Q

sen

A

Amartya Sen’s capability theory approach is a theoretical framework that involves two core normative claims. First, the assumption that freedom to achieve well-being is of primary moral importance. And second, that freedom to achieve well-being must be understood in terms of people with capabilities.

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90
Q

Milton Friedman ideas

A

Close to “Laissez faire“ and libertarianism
Close link between money supply and inflation

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91
Q

Corporate social responsibility

A

encompasses the economic, legal, ethical, and philanthropic expectations placed on organizations by society at a given point in time.

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92
Q

encompasses

A

apima

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93
Q

philanthropic expectations

A

filantropiniai lūkesčiai

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94
Q

Carrol’s “CSR pyramid”

A
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95
Q

Types of social responsibilities

A
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96
Q

Economic responsibilities.

A

Base of the pyramid; understood as the production of goods and services that consumers need
and want. As a compensation for the delivery of these goods and services, the company must obtain an acceptable profit.

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97
Q

Legal responsibilities.

A

Compliance with the law and any type of (public and/or private) regulations, in accordance with the
basic rules by which the business must operate.

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98
Q

Ethical responsibilities.

A

Obligation to do what is right, fair and reasonable, and to avoid - or at least minimize - damage to
the diverse stakeholders to whom the company relates.

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99
Q

Philanthropic responsibilities.

A

Corporate actions that respond to social expectations of good corporate citizenship, including the active involvement of businesses in activities or programmes that promote social welfare and improve the quality of life of the population.

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100
Q

CSR is a particularly strong concept in the US, and only

A

more recently has become so influential in Europe

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101
Q

US – “explicit” CSR vs. Europe – “implicit” CSR

A

different approaches/roles to CSR in US vs. Europe

102
Q

Economic responsibility EU/USA

A

Europe – Focused on responsibility to stakeholders
US – Focused on responsibility to shareholders

103
Q

Legal responsibility EU/USA

A

Europe – State accepted as prominent power in enforcing rules of the game rather than as US view of State as interfering in such rules

104
Q

Ethical responsibility EU/USA

A

Europe – greater mistrust of modern corporations than US

105
Q

Philanthropic responsibility EU/USA

A

Europe - mostly implemented compulsorily via legal framework
US – mostly implemented via voluntary acts of successful companies

106
Q

Corporate Social Responsivenes –

A

capacity of a corpotation to respond to social pressures

107
Q

Four “philosophies”/levels/strategies of social responsiveness:

A

Reaction / Defense / Accommodation / Proaction

108
Q
A
109
Q

CSR outcomes:

A

Social policies; Social programmes; Social impacts

110
Q

Social policies

A

Explicit corporate social policies stating the company’s values, beliefs, and goals with regard to its social environment – often included in mission statements or in other corporate policies (e.g., environmental sustainability goals)

111
Q

Social programmes

A

Specific social projects or activities, measures and instruments implemented to achieve social policies (e.g., environmental management programmes)

112
Q

Social impacts

A

Proof of specific changes achieved through social programmes implemented in a given period of time

113
Q

Robert Edward Freeman

A

The father of Stakeholder Theory

114
Q

Ideas of Robert Edward Freeman

A
  • Observed that traditional models suggest that shareholders are the core stakeholders
  • Proposed that other parties must be also involved - such as competitors, employees, customers, suppliers, trade unions, government, civil society, etc.
115
Q

Principle of corporate rights –

A

the corporation has the obligation not to violate the rights of others

116
Q

Principle of corporate effect –

A

companies are responsible for the effects of their actions on others

117
Q

Corporate accountability

A

issue of whether a corporation is answerable in some way for the consequences of its actions – and if so, to whom

118
Q

Firms have begun to become “political actors” – taken up many functions previously undertaken by government, because of:

A
  • Privatizations
  • Increasing corporate power & weaker government
  • Increasing encouragement of self-regulation (e.g., “codes of good practices”)
119
Q

Problem of democratic accountability

A

transparency

120
Q

CSP should be made more visible to stakeholders

A

transparency of CSP policies, programmes & impacts

121
Q

Quality of corporate transparency:

A

disclosure, clarity, accuracy

122
Q

Corporate citizenship –

A

Corporate function for governing citizenship rights for individuals

123
Q

Has evolved from (traditional) corporate philanthropy to (current) political activity – corporations as political actors … due to:

A
  • Goverments retreating from catering social needs
  • Governments unable or unwilling to address social needs
  • Governments can only address social problems within their reach
124
Q

Social rights -

A

freedoms to participate in society through entitlements towards third parties (positive rights)

125
Q

Civil rights –

A

freedoms from abuses and interference by third parties – most notably the government (negative rights)

126
Q

Political rights –

A

freedom to participate in society governance process (e.g., to vote or hold office)

127
Q

Sustainability

A

Long-term maintenance of systems according to environmental, economic and social considerations.

128
Q

Sustainability “Triple Bottom Line” Model

A
129
Q

Nine ways to achieve sustainability

A
  • First – Leave everything in the pristine state, or return in to its pristine state
  • Second – Develop so as to not overwhelm the carrying capacity of the system
  • Third – Sustainability will take care of itself as economic growth proceeds (Simon Kuznet)
  • Fourth – Polluter and victim can arrive at an efficient solution by themselves (Coase theorem)
  • Fifth – Let the markets take care of it (e.g., carbon-trade)
  • Sixth – Internalize the externalities (e.g., taxation, consumer pressure)
  • Seventh – Let the national economic accounting system reflect defensive expenditures (e.g., pollution-treatment or fire-fighting expenses increase GDP)
  • Eight – Reinvest rents from nonrenewable resources (Hartwick rule) into sustainable projects & policies (e.g., Norway’s approach)
  • Ninth – Leave future generations the options of the capacity to be as well off as we are (Robert Solow)
    7.3. Nine ways to achieve sustainability
130
Q

Life-cycle sustainability assessment

A

Evaluation of all environmental, social and economic negative impacts and benefits in decision-making
processes towards more sustainable products throughout their life cycle

131
Q

A product life-cycle approach to sustainability

A

measures a company’s total environmental impact – from raw materials, to production, distribution, consumer use, and disposal of the product by the consumer

132
Q

A product-life cycle approach to sustainability

A
133
Q

The GPI is a

A

metric that has been suggested to replace, or supplement GDP – consistent wth “triple bottom lin”
considerations”

134
Q

Designed to take fuller account of the well-being of a nation,

A

only a part of which pertains to the size of the nation’s economy, by also incorporating environmental and social factors which are not measured by GDP.

135
Q

For instance, some models of GPI

A

decrease in value when the poverty rate, pollution, or environmental degradation increases.

136
Q

the GPI is used

A

in ecological economics, “green” economics, sustainability and more inclusive types of economics.

137
Q

The GPI includes

A

environmental and carbon footprints that businesses produce or eliminate, including in the forms of
resource depletion, pollution and long-term environmental damage.

138
Q

Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI)

A
139
Q

HDI

A

Human Development Index

140
Q

The HDI was created to emphasize that

A

people and their capabilities should be the ultimate criteria for assessing the development of a country, not economic growth alone.

141
Q

Summary measure of average achievement in key dimensions of human development:

A
  • a long and healthy life (life expectancy at birth)
  • being knowledgeable (years of schooling - achieved & expected)
  • have a decent standard of living (GNP per capita)
142
Q

Human Development Index (HDI)

A
143
Q

The IHDI reflects the

A

level of human development when inequality is accounted for.

144
Q

Under perfect equality, the HDI and IHDI are equal;

A

the greater the difference between the two, the greater the inequality.

145
Q

the greater the difference between the two, the greater the inequality.

A

IHDI > HDI
gain in human development

146
Q

In relatively inegalitarian countries:

A

IHDI < HDI
loss in human development

147
Q

Ecological Footprint

A

Method promoted by the Global Footprint Network to measure human demand on natural capital (i.e. the quantity of nature it takes to support people or an economy)

148
Q

Ecological Footprint accounts

A

contrast the biologically productive area people use for their consumption to the biologically productive area available within a region or the world (biocapacity, the productive area that can regenerate what people demand from nature).

149
Q

The Happy Planet Index (HPI)

A

is an index of human wellbeing and environmental impact that was introduced by the New Economics Foundation in 2006

150
Q

Each country’s HPI value is a function of its:

A
  • average subjective life satisfaction (experienced wellbeing)
  • life expectancy at birth
  • ecological footprint per capita
151
Q

The UN Global Compact is

A

the world’s largest corporate sustainability initiative

152
Q

UN Global Compact Mission:

A
  • “A call to companies to align strategies and operations with universal principles on human rights, labour, environment and anti-corruption, and take actions that advance societal goals.”
  • “The multi-year strategy of the UN Global Compact if to drive business awareness and action in support of achieving the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030”.
153
Q

The term ‘human resource management’ and its implications have been a subject of

A

intense debate in business ethics

154
Q

Humans treated as important and

A

costly resource

155
Q

The Gig Economy

A

Individuals being hired for a specific task, rather than being employed longer term (with the associated benefits) for exactly the same task

156
Q

Modern slavery

A
  • People who are forced to work through threat, owned or controlled by an employer particularly through mental or physical abuses
  • People who are de-humanized and treated as a resource, physically constrained or their movement being controlled
157
Q

Rhetoric vs. Reality in current HRM

A
158
Q

Rights of employeees as stakeholders of the firm

A
159
Q

Duties of employeees as stakeholders of the firm

A
160
Q

Four types of employee privacy

A

Physical privacy
Social privacy
Informational privacy
Psychological privacy

161
Q

Physical privacy –

A

physical inaccessibility to others and the right to “one’s own space” (e.g., dilemma of surveillance
cameras)

162
Q

Social privacy –

A

freedom to behave in our private life in whichever way we choose (e.g., dilemma of “immoral”
behaviour in private life)

163
Q

Informational privacy –

A

determining how, when, and to what extent private data about us are released to others (e.g.,
dilemma of security investigations)

164
Q

Psychological privacy –

A

not being compelled to share private thoughts and feelings (e.g., dilemma of forcing employees to
look happy and smile to customers)

165
Q

European Union Regulations

A

Most advanced and sophisticated regulations on privacy at workplace

166
Q

European Convention on Human Rights -

A

Guarantees every person the
right to private and family life, home and correspondence

167
Q

European Court of Human Rights -

A

decided that protection of private life includes workplace

168
Q

General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)

A

Companies can be pursued with heavy fines – as much as 4% of annual turnover for global companies – for incidents such as data breaches

169
Q

Data Protection Directive (DPD)

A
  • Right to be forgotten
  • Easier access to own personal data
  • A right to transfer personal data
  • Businesses as to inform individuals about data breaches
  • Consent of individuals must be given by a statement or by a clear affirmative action
170
Q

Employee hiring processes must strictly

A

abide to the law and comply with high ethical standards

171
Q

abide

A

laikytis

172
Q

Job applicant’s recruitment & application/CV screening

A

Use standardized criteria & avoid biases

173
Q

Selection - Potential discrimination issues

A
  • Language
  • Physical appearance
  • Educational requirements
  • Gap in employment history
  • Tests (cognitive, skills, psychological, physical, drugs…)
  • Interviews
174
Q

Promotions – potential discrimination issues

A
  • Seniority
  • Inbreeding
  • Nepotism
175
Q

Recognition that employees might be more than just human “resources” but should also have a

A

certain degree of influence on their tasks, job environments, and company goals – right to participation

176
Q

Financial participation –

A

allows employee share in the ownership or income of the corporation

177
Q

Operational participation

A
  • Information – receiving information about crucial decisions
  • Consultation – express views on potential decisions
  • Delegation – control over a range of decisions
  • Co-determination – full right to determine major decisions
178
Q

Right to association –

A

to join together for collective defense of worker’s interests (e.g., through trade unions)

179
Q

Right to healthy and safe working conditions

A

is one of the most important ethical concerns for employees

180
Q

Substantial amount of health, safety and environmental (HSE) regulations

A

compulsory compliance

181
Q

Main issues –

A

implementation and enforcement

182
Q

Ethical issues in the context of:

A

Excessive working hours
“Presenteeism”
Flexible working patterns

183
Q

Excessive working hours

A

damage of employee’s overall state of physical and mental health

184
Q

“Presenteeism”

A

being at work when employee should be at home due to illness or because working time is over

185
Q

Flexible working patterns

A

“non-standard” work relationships:
- part-time work, temporary work, self-employment, remote work
- worse pay & conditions, higher insecurity, exclusion from
benefits & training

186
Q

The right to work in a business context

A

cannot mean that every individual has a right to be employed

187
Q

The right to work should result in

A

every individual facing the same equal conditions in exerting this right

188
Q

A healthy working/personal life balance is increasingly difficult to maintain:

A
  • Inreasing importance of flexible working patterns
  • Increasing pressure for longer working hours
  • High demands of highly qualified work (managers, creativework positions, professional freelancers, etc.)
189
Q

Some proposals for improving work-life balance:

A
  • Sabbatical schemes
  • Higher flexibility in work schedules
  • CSR-based family-friendly policies (e.g., childcare support)
  • Home-based remote work: personal, family, social, economic & ecological benefits
190
Q

Discrimination in the business context occurs when

A

employees receive preferential (or less preferential) treatment on grounds that are not directly related to their qualifications and/or job performance

191
Q

Diversity management –

A

prominent feature of contemporary (HR) management approaches, closely related to fighting discrimination at work

192
Q

Affirmative action, which can include (depending of the specific form of action taken) positive discrimination, reverse discrimination, or employment equity, implies

A

specific preference given to groups considered by some to be victims of social discrimination.

193
Q

Examples of affirmative actions –

A

preferential access to education, employment, health care, social welfare

194
Q

Negative rights

A

strict equality, non-discrimination & literal equality of opportunity, “weak” affitmative action

195
Q

positive rights

A

equity, positive discrimination & fair/real equality of opportunity, “strong” affirmative action

196
Q

Affirmative action policies

A

increasingly popular as part of CSR in the HRM domain

197
Q

“Weak” affirmative action

A

Passive non-discrimination
Pure affirmative action

198
Q

Passive non-discrimination

A

willingness in hiring, promotion, and pay decisions to treat races, sexes etc. alike.

199
Q

Pure affirmative action

A

concerted effort to enlarge the pool of applicants so that no one is excluded because of past or
present discrimination.

200
Q

“Strong” affirmative action

A

Preferential hiring
Positive discrimination

201
Q

Preferential hiring

A

systematically favouring minorities, women, etc. in decisions of enlarging labour pool.

202
Q

Positive discrimination –

A

specifying numbers (quotas) or proportions of minority, women, etc. group members that must
be hired.

203
Q

Absolutism in IHRM: Absolutism in IHRM: Absolutism in IHRM: Absolutism in IHRM: Absolutism in IHRM: Absolutism in IHRM: Absolutism in IHRM:

A

always same ethical principles applicable everywhere

204
Q

Relativism in IHRM:

A

always different ethical principles, depending on historical, social, cultural etc. context

205
Q

Basic recommendation:

A
  • Universal respect for “Core Human Values” (Human Rights)
  • Respect for local traditions & consideration of the context
206
Q

Human characteristics that make people different from one another, including:

A
  • characteristics a person has little or no control over;
  • characteristics that can be adopted or modified.
207
Q

Although workforce diversity must be acknowledged, stereotyping (assuming that group averages or
tendencies are true for each and every member of the group)

A

should be approached with caution

208
Q

Why manage employee diversity?

A

To survive and prosper in increasingly heterogeneous societies and complex business environments,
organizations must capitalize on employee diversity as a source of competitive advantage

209
Q

Diversity management:

A

set of activities involved in integrating “non-traditional” employees (e.g., women, minorities, etc.) into the workforce and using their diversity to the firm’s competitive advantage.

210
Q

Diversity management actions & programmes are closely related (or even be part of)

A

CSR policies

211
Q

Greater creativity,

A

considering new ways and less obvious alternatives.

212
Q

Better problem solving,

A

moving from group-thinking to “out-ofthe-box” thinking.

213
Q

Greater system flexibility,

A

thanks to more openness to new ideas and greater tolerance and acceptance of changes.

214
Q

Better information input and management of knowledge,

A

due to the broader variety of sources and experiential backgrounds.

215
Q

Potential benefits of diversity management programmes

A

Greater creativity
Better problem solving
Greater system flexibility
Better information input and management of knowledge
Better marketing strategies

216
Q

Whistleblower -

A
  • An employee or ex-employee of an organization who, ingood faith, discloses information about serious malpractice by that organization.
217
Q

Criteria for whistleblowing

A
  • Information must be released by a stakeholder within the organization, usually an employee or former employee.
  • Information that is released must not have already been made public.
  • Information that is released must be of substantial importance and be about the misconduct of the company or its members.
  • Information must be released to parties that fall outside the whistleblower’s normal chain of command.
  • Information must be released voluntarily in an effort to correct wrongdoing, rather than for revenge purposes.
218
Q

Two ethical limitations based on fairness

A
  • Individual transactions will be unfair to certain consumers
  • Without consumer sovereignty, the economic system is inefficient
219
Q

Consumer sovereignty assessment

A

Consumer capability
Information
Choice

220
Q

Consumer capability

A

degree of freedom from limitations in rational decision-making (e.g., from vulnerability or coercion)

221
Q

Information –

A

availability and quality of relevant data pertaining to a purchase decision

222
Q

Choice –

A

extent of the opportunity available to freely switch to another supplier

223
Q

laissez faire

A

valstybės visiško nesikišimo į ekonominį gyvenimą doktrina

224
Q

Stakeholder Theory

A

is a view of capitalism that stresses the interconnected relationships between a business and its customers, suppliers, employees, investors, communities and others who have a stake in the organization. The theory argues that a firm should create value for all stakeholders, not just shareholders.

In 1984, R. Edward Freeman originally detailed the Stakeholder Theory of organizational management and business ethics that addresses morals and values in managing an organization. His award-winning book Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach identifies and models the groups which are stakeholders of a corporation, and both describes and recommends methods by which management can give due regard to the interests of those groups.

The theory has become a key consideration in the study of business ethics and has served as a platform for further study and development in the research and published work of many scholars, including those featured on this website.

Since the 1980s, there has been a substantial rise in the theory’s prominence, with scholars around the world continuing to question the sustainability of focusing on shareholders’ wealth as the most fundamental objective of business.

We aim to be the hub of leading stakeholder research and thinking by providing resources to new scholars, students, and business leaders.

225
Q

A shareholder is

A

a person or institution that has invested money in a corporation in exchange for a “share” of the ownership.

226
Q

Stakeholder means

A

any people or groups who are positively or negatively impacted by a project, initiative, policy or organisation.

227
Q

CSP

A

Content Security Policy

228
Q

Corporate citizenship is

A

how a company exercises its rights, obligations, privileges, and overall corporate responsibility within our local and global environments.

229
Q

viable

A

gyvibingas

230
Q

bearable

A

pakenčiamas

231
Q

pristine

A

nesugadintas

232
Q

GPI

A

Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI) is an economic tool used to measure the health of a nation’s economy. It incorporates environmental and social factors, such as family structure, benefits from higher education, crime, and pollution, not considered in the GDP.

233
Q

pertains

A

susiję

234
Q

The stakeholder approach to CSR

A

Freeman

235
Q

Which of the following are NOT social responsibilities according to Carrol’s CSR pyramid?

A

Political responsibilities

236
Q

Which of the following indicators does NOT include income/social inequalities?

A

HDI

237
Q

Diversity maangement can help

A

fight work discriminatrions

238
Q

Affirmative action

A

May include positive discrimination

239
Q

What are the three components of consumer sovereignty assessment?

A

Consumer capability, information, choice

240
Q

Whistleblowing in the field of business ethics is defined as:

A
241
Q

Employee diversity

A

Can be related to CSR policies

242
Q

Affirmative action

A

May include preferential hiring

243
Q

First

A

Leave everything in the pristine state, or return in to its pristine state

244
Q

Second

A

Develop so as to not overwhelm the carrying capacity of the system

245
Q

Third

A

Sustainability will take care of itself as economic growth proceeds (Simon Kuznet)

246
Q

Fourth

A

Polluter and victim can arrive at an efficient solution by themselves (Coase theorem)

247
Q

Fifth, 6

A

Let the markets take care of it (e.g., carbon-trade)

Sixth – Internalize the externalities (e.g., taxation, consumer pressure)

248
Q

Seventh

A

Let the national economic accounting system reflect defensive expenditures (e.g., pollution-treatment or fire-fighting expenses increase GDP)

249
Q

Eight

A

Reinvest rents from nonrenewable resources (Hartwick rule) into sustainable projects & policies (e.g., Norway’s approach)

250
Q

Ninth

A

Leave future generations the options of the capacity to be as well off as we are (Robert Solow)

251
Q

compulsory compliance

A

privalomas laikymasis

252
Q

exerting

A

darantis

Business ethics and sustainability (1 decks)

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