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SOSC 2500 - Basic Quantitative Methods > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

What are descriptive statistics?

A

Descriptive statistics are quantitative values used to summarize or describe data. They are based upon samples

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2
Q

Give examples of descriptive statistics

A

Mean, number of participants, maximum, minimum, range

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3
Q

What are inferential statistics?

A

Inferential statistics are statistical tests that are used to make statements or inferences about a population based on sample statistics. They typically provide a value, or range of values, with an associated error rate.

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4
Q

What is a population?

A

The population is the entire set of individuals you are interested in investigating

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5
Q

What is a sample?

A

The sample is a sub-set of the population that you can actually survey/measure/talk to.

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6
Q

Why can’t we just measure sample characteristics?

A

It requires contacting and measuring everyone, it is expensive and may be physically impossible, and it is time consuming, and characteristics may change overtime

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7
Q

What are constants?

A

Constants are data points that do not vary across the group you are interested in studying. They are typically reported in the procedure, but are not always recognized or measured.

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8
Q

What are variables?

A

Variables are things that can vary in value/category across subject and/or time. They can be events, situations, behaviours, or individual characteristics

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9
Q

What are categorical variables?

A

Categorical variables, also known as discrete variables, are attributes that fall into categories - ex. religion, gender, sex, political party, racial identity, etc.

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10
Q

What are continuous variables?

A

Continuous variables are measured and can take a number of values where the magnitude of the value is relevant and meaningful - ex. test scores, height, weight, temperature, duration, etc.

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11
Q

What are dependent variables?

A

DVs are measured in a study/experiment/survey and are expected to be influenced by an independent variable

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12
Q

What are independent variables?

A

IVs are manipulated and controlled by the experiment/study/survey and are expected to influence dependent variables

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13
Q

What is the nominal level of measurement?

A

A variable has a nominal level of measurement when values within the variable are just categories or labels. There is no meaning to values between categories nor any implied. Examples: Male/Female, Liberal/Conservative/NDP

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14
Q

What is the ordinal level of measurement?

A

A variable has an ordinal level of measurement when categories or values of the variable have a logical ordering to them. Examples: Infant/young/old, first/second/third, gold/silver/bronze

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15
Q

What is the interval level of measurement?

A

A variable has an interval level of measurement when there is an equal ‘gap’ between consecutive levels which is meaningful difference but the variable itself does not have a meaningful zero value. Examples: temperature, IQ, test scores, etc.

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16
Q

What is the ratio level of measurement?

A

With a ratio level of measurement, there is a consistent distance between levels, and the zero value is meaningful. Examples: height, weight, distance, pre/post test score differences

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17
Q

What is central tendency?

A

Central tendency is a property of data where the goal is to find the middle or mid-point in the distribution of values.

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18
Q

What is the mode?

A

The mode is the value that occurs most frequently

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19
Q

What is the median?

A

The median is the middle point in a distribution. It seperates the data into the upper and lower 50%

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20
Q

What is the mean?

A

The mean is the average score in a distribution

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21
Q

Measures of dispersion describe the _____ of the data.

A

variability

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22
Q

What is variability?

A

Variability is the calculated extent to which data varies from the mean

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23
Q

What are the three most common measures of dispersion?

A

Range, variance, and standard deviation.

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24
Q

What is range?

A

Range is the span from minimum to maximum values in a set of data

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25
Q

What is variance?

A

Variance is a measure of the extent to which the data varies from its mean.

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26
Q

What is standard deviation?

A

Standard deviation is a standard unit of measure of variance

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27
Q

What are conceptual equations?

A

Conceptual equations show the details of how a statistical concept is computed

28
Q

What is empiricism?

A

Empiricism is the philosophical viewpoint that knowledge comes from sensory experience

29
Q

What is empirical data?

A

Empirical data is data gathered from objects or participants for a research study

30
Q

What are frequencies?

A

A frequency refers to the count of the number of observations at each specific value within a variable

31
Q

What is a frequency distribution?

A

A frequency distribution is a summary of the values of a variable, based upon the frequency counts.

32
Q

What is a relative frequency?

A

A relative frequency is a summary of the frequency distribution relating the frequencies of each value of a variable to the total number of observations. It converts all counts to proportions to clarify the distribution of each value in the sample

33
Q

What is a percentage frequency?

A

A percentage frequency is the relative frequency converted to percentages. Converting raw data to percentage frequencies involves dividing each count by the total number of observations/responses and multiplying by 100

34
Q

What is a cumulative frequency distribution?

A

A cumulative frequency distribution provides the percentage of observations up to and including the specified value. It is the “running sum” of the percentage frequency.

35
Q

What is a histogram?

A

A histogram is a plot or graph of the frequency of interval or ratio data. They are useful ways of graphically representing interval and ratio variables because they are able to show the continuous nature of the data.

36
Q

What is skewness?

A

Skewness is the characteristic of a distribution to be asymmetric with a higher frequency of values towards one end of the distribution

37
Q

A distribution is positively skewed if the bulk of the scores are ___ and few scores are ___.

A

low; high

38
Q

A distribution is negatively skewed if the bulk of the scores are ____ and few scores are ___.

A

high; low

39
Q

What is kurtosis?

A

Kurtosis is a measure of the “peakedness” of a distribution. Peakedness refers to how tall or flat the distribution is

40
Q

What is leptokurtic kurtosis?

A

Leptokurtic refers to the shape of a distribution when scores are clustered around the centre point

41
Q

What is platykurtic kurtosis?

A

Platykurtic refers to the shape of a distribution when scores are fairly spread out across the possible range of values`

42
Q

What is the 1-2-3 Rule?

A

The 1-2-3 Rule indicates how many standard deviations away something is and how much area under the mean is covered. 1 - 68%, 2 - 95%, 3 - 99%.

43
Q

What are Z-Scores?

A

Z-scores are the values along the baseline of a standardized normal curve.

44
Q

What is a raw score?

A

A raw score is a score collected and typically not manipulated. The units are the natural units of the data (marks, ft, lbs, etc)

45
Q

What are standardized scores?

A

Standardized scores are raw scores converted to be represented in terms of the number (whole or fractional) of standard deviations from the mean

46
Q

What is a type I Error?

A

When you reject the null when it is, in fact, true

47
Q

What is a type II error?

A

The failure to reject the null when it is false

48
Q

What is the null hypothesis?

A

The null hypothesis is the conjecture that there is no effect due to manipulation or observation.

49
Q

What is test sensitivity?

A

Test sensitivity is the ability of a test to correctly identify those with the disease/trait under investigation - true positive rate

50
Q

What is test specificity?

A

Test specificity is the ability of the test to correctly identify those without the disease/trait under investigation - true negative rate

51
Q

What is random sampling?

A

Random sampling is the best way to create samples that are most likely representative of the population

52
Q

What is the Central Limit Theorum

A

The Central Limit theory is a concept of statistics that states that if you keep taking samples, and record the means, the distributions of those means will equal the population mean

53
Q

What is the alpha level?

A

The alpha level is chosen by the experimenter as the allowable level of committing a type I error.`

54
Q

What is the critical value?

A

The critical value is the value of the selected statistic corresponding to the chosen alpha level.

55
Q

What are t distributions?

A

t-distributions are the frequency distributions formed from plotting the means of repeated samplings from the population

56
Q

When there are more respondents, t and z distributions are ________.

A

identical

57
Q

What are degrees of freedom?

A

Degrees of freedom merely point you to the correct table of t-values to find the critical value

58
Q

What are related samples?

A

In related samples, there are matches between the samples, where you are making a comparison of the differences between matched pairs. The basic idea of related sample testing is to calculate the difference between the two related elements.

59
Q

What are independent samples?

A

Independent samples are distinct groups, not matches or overlaps

60
Q

What is an independent t-test?

A

An independent t-test is a test in which group 1 and group 2 are not related. They are the simplest tests because you want to compare whether one group scores differently than the other

61
Q

What does it mean to reject the null?

A

When rejecting the null, we’re making a probabilistic estimate of the likelihood that the two observations come from different populations

62
Q

What does it mean to not reject the null?

A

When we don’t reject the null, we are saying that the observed differences between groups are really just randomly different from each other.

63
Q

What is psuedoscience?

A

Pseudoscience is not really reliable, it is not empirical, it is not testable, and it is independent of other sciences

64
Q

What makes an experimental design?

A

Manipulation of the IV, random assignment, control for other variables, and maximum internal validity

65
Q

What makes a non-experimental design?

A

No manipulation of the IV, variables are just measured and compared, and controls are often done statistically

SOSC 2500 - Basic Quantitative Methods (1 decks)

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