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CRCJ 3202 Social Welfare > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

In what 10 ways are social issues in a downward spiral?

A
  1. Housing
  2. Job insecurity
  3. Income inequality
  4. Homelessness
  5. Differences across provinces
  6. Federal policies being shifted into provincial hands
  7. Increased strain on service organizations
  8. Less funding
  9. Trying to get private sector involved
  10. Services contracted out to private sector
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2
Q

What is the problem with non-profit organizations?

A

Funding is based on quantitative outcomes rather than qualitative (would rather serve more poorly than serve fewer in a better way)

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3
Q

What is social welfare? (3)

A

A concept, field or system that is concerned with individual and collective wellbeing, helps people meet their basic social and economic needs, and prevents/reduces/alleviates social problems

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4
Q

How are social issues measured and what is the problem with it?

A

Government loves counting and statistics using indicators (employment, marriage, family) to determine people’s well-being but people and things are often missed when people are counted (i.e. homelessness, intersectionality)

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5
Q

What is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs? What is an example concerning social welfare?

A

States that people will not try and chives high level needs (like self-actualization and self-esteem) if they do not first secure their basic needs (like physiological and safety)

Housing first is a good example, getting people housed before addressing mental health or addiction

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6
Q

Define human capital

A

Having knowledge, skills, characteristics that help people get jobs, cope with difficult situations and not rely on others

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7
Q

Define social capital

A

Social support networks and those you can rely on for emotional and physical supports

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8
Q

What are the two kinds of social welfare in Canada?

A

Income security programs and social services

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9
Q

What are income security programs? Provide 4 examples

A

Providing financial aid to replace or supplement a person’s income during times of unemployment to make sure they meet the social minimum standard of living

  1. Targeted cash transfers to individual such as welfare or disability
  2. Universal cash transfers to everyone regardless of need based on unique characteristics such as the universal childcare benefit
  3. Contributory programs where we contribute to it like old age pension or EI
  4. Tax relief measures where individuals with unique needs are given tax exemptions such as child or disability tax credits
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10
Q

What are social services? What is one problem associated with these?

A

Services are covered or partially covered by the government for people in need like child and elderly care, housing programs, etc.

Unequal access is a problem unless it is a universal program

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11
Q

How do politics impact judgment and bias? Provide 3 examples

A

Informs your values and beliefs

Conservatives want to cut social welfare in favor of economy and business, blames individuals

Liberals try to balance capitalism and social welfare with neoliberalism

Socialism class for heavy regulation and public business ownership through universal social welfare

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12
Q

What does it mean to be a Social Welfare State?

A

Canada will intervene and impose policies and sanctions to battle income inequality

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13
Q

What is a social investment approach? (3)

A

Preventative rather than responsive
Removing barriers to participation
Looking after citizens from youth into adulthood

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14
Q

What are the 6 stages of social welfare policy?

A
  1. Identify the issue
  2. Understand the issue
  3. Consult and review
  4. Formalize policy
  5. Implementation
  6. Evaluation
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15
Q

What is stage 1 of social welfare policy? (3)

A

Identify social issues (concerns that are not currently problematics) and social problems (wide-reaching undesirable conditions that negatively impact people and need to be changed)

Calls for education and advocation

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16
Q

What is stage 2 of social welfare policy?

A

Acquire social knowledge through government reports, academic or government research, think tanks, consultants, surveys, etc. to understand, define and measure the issue at hand

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17
Q

Define wicked problems

A

Issues in society that always change and are unlikely to ever be solved

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18
Q

What is stage 3 of social welfare policy?

A

Consult and review with stakeholders and the policy community to determine desired outcomes, benefits, cons, type of policy, etc.

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19
Q

Define stakeholders

A

Those who have some kind of vested interest in the policy and social issue, such as government officials, policy makers, advocacy groups, those with lived experience, organizations and frontline workers

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20
Q

What is stage 4 of social welfare policy? (3)

A

Formalize what policy to use (direct payments, services, etc.) and authorize it through legislation or mutual agreement

For provincial policies, it must pass through the legislative assembly

For federal policies, it must be introduced as a bill and be approved by senate and HoC

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21
Q

What is stage 5 of social welfare policy? (2)

A

Create, manage and implement the policy by running programs and services

Must be sustainable, inclusive, responsive and accessible

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22
Q

What is stage 6 of social welfare policy?

A

Evaluate the policy through an evaluation process to determine if the policies are being carried out, are successful and determine if it needs amendment or replacement

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23
Q

What are 3 ways to evaluate social policy?

A

Logic model: show you what your inputs are (resources, workers, services) and assumes that with each input there will be a desired outcome

Process model: more so about the process rather than just showing assumptions and what’s included in a policy (use focus groups and surveys)

Study/research through lenses: use a lens like inclusion lens (who is included/excluded and why/how) or life course lens (tracking data over time to see how people transition through life) to evaluate policy

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24
Q

How did New France provide social welfare? (3)

A

Settlers felt the government was responsible for them so education, health and other services were offered

Mainly through charities (shelters, family support, food, etc.)

People were expected to integrate and beggars were banished

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25
Q

What is the Protestant Work Ethic? (4)

A

A British view implemented by the church

Viewed hard work and accumulate wealth as Devine, and lazy/not working as sinful and punishment from god

You had to repent to get out of poverty

Was the basis for EI and workfare

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26
Q

What are the Poor Law Principles? (4)

A

Government intervention only after personal resources have been exhausted (last measure)

Placing people in deserving (elderly, sick) and undeserving categories (able bodied)

Strings often attached (not abandoning your children in exchange for help)

Support was always less than the lowest paid job to deter dependence

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27
Q

What is Outdoor Relief?

A

People receive direct compensation but not enough to live off of, just enough to keep you out of trouble

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28
Q

What is Indoor Relief? (2)

A

Workhouses (live-in sweatshops) and poorhouses (shelters)

Later sold and abandoned due to sanitary issues and poor conditions

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29
Q

What happened to social welfare during confederation? (2)

A

Provinces were to look after social welfare

Industrialization created instability

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30
Q

Define social citizenship

A

A base level of health, wellbeing and equitable access to services for all

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31
Q

How did labor impact social welfare?

A

Workplaces had zero health and safety precautions so unions started pushing for government compensation

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32
Q

How did WWI impact social welfare? (2)

A

Government had to support families and soldiers (widows and children left behind without a breadwinner, veterans coming back harmed)

Job assistance provided to help returning veterans and women left behind

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33
Q

How did the Dirty 30s impact social welfare? (2)

A

Great Depression caused widespread unemployment and poverty which turned social welfare from an individual issue to a societal one

Started giving direct payments, workhouses, unemployment insurance

34
Q

How did WWII impact social welfare? (2)

A

Economy and employment was up so government had funding to invest in social welfare programs

Marsh Report commissioned by the government to determine what was needed for social welfare in Canada

35
Q

What is social minimum? (3)

A

A principle created in the Marsh Report

A minimum of basic conditions for people to be healthy, successful and happy

Social programs were the means to establish a social minimum

36
Q

What was the 1966 Canada Assistance Plan? (2)

A

Provinces received federal funding and created their own social programs based on what their province needed

Aimed at those currently left out of previous programs

37
Q

How did globalization impact social welfare?

A

People were losing jobs, getting paid less and social welfare was becoming expensive

Social spending was reduced and capitalism and neoliberalism took hold

38
Q

What happened when liberals came into power in the 1990s? (3)

A

Focused more on business and less on social welfare to create more jobs

Privatization of services

Funding was seen as too generous and comfortable so it was cut to force people back into the workforce

39
Q

What is the Canada Health and Social Transfer? (3)

A

A chunk of money provided to the provinces by the federal government, giving less money for more services

Distributed unequally between services based on the province

Social programs were eroded and turned towards working for benefits and individualization

40
Q

Describe the financial deficit versus social deficit

A

Financial debt was gone in the late 90s but social programs suffered and poverty increased

41
Q

How did the Conservatives taking power in the 2000s impact social welfare? (3)

A

Major cuts to taxes for corporations to allow for foreign investors (which cut funding for social programs)

Individualizing the problem rather than contributing to the common food

You had to pay taxes to benefit from tax breaks

42
Q

How did the 2008 recession impact social welfare? (4)

A

Unemployment went up and country started running at a deficit

Programs couldn’t keep up with the deman

After, there were more jobs but they were unsatisfactory

Less employment and lower income

43
Q

What are the four service sectors?

A

Public/government, private/commercial, voluntary and social economy

44
Q

What is a mixed economy of welfare?

A

Canada divides provision of social services between public and private sectors

45
Q

What is the public sector?

A

Includes all three levels of government (federal programs, provincial mandated services, and municipal)

Taxes pay for the services that they direct and provide

46
Q

What is the commercial sector?

A

Businesses gain contracts to deliver services for a fee

Services are for the few who can afford them, and some are subsidized by the government

47
Q

What is corporate social responsibility?

A

Actions benefit society AND the company so they do it for their own image and benefit

48
Q

What is the volunteer sector? (2)

A

Charities, non-profits and volunteer agencies that provide social services

Run by volunteers, not government, and are non-profit and self-governing

49
Q

What are some of the shifts from the 1990s? (5)

A

Government concerned with spending

Bureaucracy partially responsible

Needed to reduce deficits while still supplying essential services

Shift from welfare state to a business state

For-profit companies have to bid on service contracts

50
Q

What are some concerns with this shift to privatization? (5)

A

Lack of accountability for companies

Ethics of corporations profiting off of services to the poor

Focus only on servicing those easily accessible

Quantity over quality

Private run services can shut down at any time, leaving people without services

51
Q

How are public and voluntary sectors related? (2)

A

Bulk of services went to voluntary sector but funding was minimal and support was little to none

This has led to voluntary sectors shifting to business focus

52
Q

What is increased administrative bureaucracy?

A

Government control over agency spending meant increased administrative work and left less funding for clients

53
Q

What is advocacy chill?

A

Volunteer agencies discouraged from participating in advocacy and could lose funding if they spoke up about politics or government

54
Q

What is the social economy?

A

Has a people first mentality and encourages citizens to participate in the delivery of social services due to a collective responsibility

Encourages self-sufficiency from government funding and overlaps with the voluntary sector, using social economy enterprises (separate for profit companies) to fund nonprofits

55
Q

What are social agencies? (5)

A

Formally structured

Provide goods, services and financial assistance

Engage local community members

Mobilize resources to attend to community issues

Public and volunteer sectors

56
Q

What are the 6 basic functions of social agencies?

A

Service delivery
Administration (policies and procedures)
Funding (get funding and budget resources)
Accountability (quality and evaluation)
Recruitment (hiring staff and volunteers)
Public relations (connections to the community)

57
Q

What are public social agencies?

A

Government offices, divisions and department such as social assistance or child protection offices

58
Q

What are voluntary social agencies? (2)

A

Non profit organizations such as women’s shelters, family services, etc.

Can be run by religious groups

59
Q

What are community-based social agencies? (4)

A

Use a community based model to deliver programs

Client strength based rather than limitations

Largely collaborative and multi-agency response

Look to strengthen skills and social support networks of clients

60
Q

What are residential centers? (2)

A

Live in centers like homeless shelters, group homes and long-term care facilities

Users are unable to receive care in their home, and specific criteria excludes many to save resources

61
Q

What are non-residential centers? What are multiservice centers?

A

Drop-in, appointment or outreach services

Have numerous services under a single roof

62
Q

What is a community system of care? (4)

A

A coordinated and collaborative approach to care

Can include both residential and non-residential services

Can include community, family, and other social network supports

A more encompassing or holistic approach

63
Q

What is a strategic framework? (2)

A

Agencies organized around priorities and how to achieve goals, mission and vision

Need an understanding of the community and solid direction (mission, value and vision statement, agency goal)

64
Q

What is an operational framework?

A

Agencies organized around an activity plan, including direct and indirect services

65
Q

What are direct services? What are the three kinds?

A

Face to face between clients and frontline workers

Primary prevention promotes good health and practices

Secondary prevention is early intervention before it becomes more serious

Tertiary prevention is treatment and after the fact care

66
Q

What are indirect services? (4)

A

Administration: who has authority and how are decisions made? Includes government and management

Program planning: who, what, how, goals, activities, indicators of success, review

Program evaluation: determines need, efficiency and costs

Policies and procedures: fixed rules that government the operations of an agency

67
Q

What is outcome evaluation? (2)

A

Used to determine if objectives and goals are being met to determine future funding

Expensive and time consuming

68
Q

What is the bureaucratic model of organization? (6)

A

Seen as specialized

Formalized

Departmentalization

Chain of command

Centralization

Pyramid structures

69
Q

What are service silos?

A

Various organizations and ministries working independently of each other, with little contact and communication between them

70
Q

What is red tape?

A

Changes get help up because of complex procedures and issues in lateral communication

71
Q

What are organic models of organization?

A

Allow workers and organizations to quickly adapt to the changing needs of clients and environment

72
Q

What are the 5 factors of organic models of organization?

A

Flat/horizontal hierarchy structure: less levels which makes for quick decision making and with worker involvement and input

Flexibility: workers are multi-skilled and encouraged to developed new skills

Diversity: as diverse as the clients and communities they serve so they can quickly respond to needs of diverse groups

Innovation: developing new ideas to respond to social issues and find new better ways of delivering services

Cooperation: improved communication and collaboration between and within organizations

73
Q

What are intra-agency and inter-agency cooperation?

A

Intra: empower clients, workers and stakeholders where everyone participates in decisions and changes

Inter: several organizations working together to pool money, resources, skills, knowledge and ideas

74
Q

What are the four different kinds of service providers?

A

Professional helpers, agency volunteers, peer helpers and unpaid caregivers

75
Q

What are professional helpers? (3)

A

Those paid to provide healing services and bring a recognized knowledge base, training and relevant experience

Social workers have extensive knowledge requirements and are officially employed to practice social work

Paraprofessionals are formally trained people who are not qualified to practice social work but can be assigned tasks and function involved in social work

76
Q

What are agency volunteers? (2)

A

Non-professional helpers who donate their times and skills to an organization without monetary compensation

They fundraise, mentor, teach, give information, serve food, etc.

77
Q

What are peer helpers? (2)

A

Non-professionals that provide informal but organized assistance or support based on common experiences, situations, problem or strategies

Can be self-help groups or peer counselors

78
Q

What are unpaid caregivers? (3)

A

Adult relatives, spouses, friends, neighbors, or other informal helpers who provide assistance to dependent people without monetary reimbursement

Can result in caregiver strain from caring for another for an extended period of time

Respite services are designed to give them a break by providing temporary care to their dependents

79
Q

What is the micro level? (2)

A

The segment of society made up of the smallest units, such as individuals, families and small groups

Social welfare programs aim to help them develop their capacity of self-sufficiency

80
Q

What is the mezzo level? (2)

A

The segment of society that comprises organizations, social agencies, businesses, clubs, associations and other formal collectives

Organizations take steps to change themselves to increase their capacity for serving clients more effectively

81
Q

What is the macro level? (2)

A

The largest, most complex and established institutions and systems in society, including government, communities, societal norms and values, cultural traditions and customs, and economic processes

Aim to create a greater capacity for meeting local needs

CRCJ 3202 Social Welfare (1 decks)

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