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Animal Behavior > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Proximate Analysis

A

Within a lifetime

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2
Q

Ultimate Analysis

A

Across Generations

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3
Q

4 Levels of Analysis

A

Proximate: Developmental, Mechanism
Ultimate: Evolutionary History, Adaptive Function

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4
Q

Essential for Natural Selection

A

Variation, Heritability, Differential Reproduction

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5
Q

Fitness Benefit / Costs

A

Mobbing in Gulls:
Costs-Time and energy, risk of injury
Benefit-Increased Offspring Survival

Lower predation in center of colony where mobbing is higher, hunting success more likely outside of colony`

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6
Q

Parsimony

A

the principle that, out of all possible explanations for a phenomenon, the simplest of the set is most likely to be correct.

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7
Q

Divergent Evolution

A

Shared ancestry common behavior

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8
Q

Convergent Evolution

A

Distinct ancestry common behavior

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9
Q

Rover vs Sitter Foraging Behavior

A

WT: 70%/30%
Rover ↑ fitness in crowded environment
Sitter ↑ fitness in less crowded

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10
Q

G x E

A

Gene-Environment Interaction (not nature vs nurture but both)

Linked by transcription, translation, influence on sensory systems, neural activity, brain
metabolism and so on

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11
Q

Interactive Theory of Development

A

development requires both genetic information and environmental inputs e.g. with worker bee development, as a bee’s behavioral phenotype changes from nurse to forager during her life, there must be changes in the interplay between genes and some aspect of the individuals environment

genes influence behavior & behavior can influence gene expression

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12
Q

Example of Environment Changing Gene Expression

A

Single Cohort Colonies in honey bees, where they will take on nurse/forager roles regardless of age

Differentiation in Gene expression in humans who identify as lonely and not

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13
Q

Migratory Routes in Black Capped Warbler

A

Strong genetic basis for migratory routes, when crossbred with individuals from different summer sites (

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14
Q

Main Themes of Behavioral Ecology

A
  1. natural selection will favors individuals that maximize their gene
    contribution to future generations
  2. how do trade-offs shape animal behavior
  3. how to resolve & avoid conflict, when to cooperate
  4. importance of ecological resources and conditions
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15
Q

Reproductive Success

A

Leaving copies of your DNA

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16
Q

Adaptive Value

A

Contribution to Fitness

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17
Q

There is no evidence of ______ selection

A

group

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18
Q

Selection occurs at the level of

A

the individual, but, good of the group=good of the species

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19
Q

Optimal Behavior and Trade-Offs

A

Maximizing surviving offspring in great tits, not just number of offspring produced. The more offspring, the lower the average weight of each individual, the greater the weight, the greater the chance of survival 3 months later

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20
Q

Cost Benefit Curve

A
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21
Q

Development

A

Learned through Trail and Error

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22
Q

Mechanism

A
  • Sensory input induces neurons to direct muscles to hold
    wings in this position
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23
Q

Evolutionary history

A
  • Ancestral species fished this way
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24
Q

Adaptive

A
  • Caught more fish and had more offspring
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25
Q

Observational Study

A

used to answer a research question based purely on what the researcher observes

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26
Q

Experimental Approach

A

the use of experimental methods in that study

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27
Q

comparative approach

A

the characteristics or the parts are compared across two or more research situations (like convergent and divergent evolution) (example of using all three approaches

28
Q

Crow Whelk Dropping

A

After about 5 meters, dropping whelks has very little difference in breaking at higher height but it takes much more effort to fly that high

29
Q

Eurasian Oyster Catcher

A

Small bivalves don’t have enough nutrients to offset the energy needed to find and break open bivalves, but they can’t open ones that are too big (30-50 mm is ideal)

30
Q

Costs

A

: ex. energetic, risk, opportunity, time
Changes in environment (including internal state of the animal) will affect the
cost-benefit pay-offs
in variable environments animals prepare for risk

31
Q

Red Queen Hypothesis

A

a species must adapt and evolve not just for reproductive advantage, but also for survival because competing organisms also are evolving.

32
Q

Predation –
adaptations for predators & prey

A
  • searching
  • recognizing
  • catching
  • handling
33
Q

Coevolutionary Arms Race

A

Predators- Selection for improvement in foraging
Prey-selections for improvement in defense
Predators and prey from same time should be most competitive

ex. Predator from Time B vs Prey from Time B
Predator or prey will have advantage when different times meet

ex. Predator from Time B vs Prey from Time C

34
Q

Daphnia!

A
  • Organism with dormant life stages
  • Seeds, eggs, cysts, spores
    preserved in sediments, ice
  • Can date specimens and compare
    across time
  • Daphnia – water flea
  • freshwater invertebrate
  • eggs revived after 500 years!

Pasteuria ramose is their bacterial parasite

Sediment core from pond
* 39 years
* Measured infectivity rate
1. Contemporary (same layer)
2. Past (previous layer)
3. Future (layer above)

35
Q

Crypsis

A

Prey
* Hiding, camouflage
* background matching
* disruptive patterns
* countershading

36
Q

Polymorphism and search image experiment

A

Blue jays were trained to find one morph of underwing moths, moths on cryptic backgrounds were much much harder for the bluejays to locate than those on conspicuous backgrounds even when trained

HOWEVER, when only one type of morph was shown their identification skills improved with spotting them on cryptic backgrounds, but stayed the same when trained with a selection of morphs

Random mix of morphs,
interferes with ability to
form search image

37
Q

negative frequency-dependent selection

A

the fitness of a phenotype or genotype decreases as it becomes more common. This is an example of balancing selection.

38
Q

Countershading

A

a method of camouflage in which an animal’s coloration is darker on the upper side and lighter on the underside of the body. This pattern is found in many species of mammals, reptiles, birds, fish, and insects, both in predators and in prey.

When light falls from above on a uniformly coloured three-dimensional object such as a sphere, it makes the upper side appear lighter and the underside darker, grading from one to the other. This pattern of light and shade makes the object appear solid, and therefore easier to detect

39
Q

Apostatic selection is

A

a form of negative frequency-dependent selection. It describes the survival of individual prey animals that are different (through mutation) from their species in a way that makes it more likely for them to be ignored by their predators

40
Q

startle

A

suddenly displaying conspicuous eyespots or patches of bright and contrasting colours, so as to scare off or momentarily distract a predator

41
Q

Masquerade

A

Look like an inedible object, twig, poop, leaf, etc.

With Naive chicks they gave them twigs, green, and brown caterpillars and they survived significantly longer on a branch than in an empty cage or on a branch with an altered color

42
Q

Aposematism

A

Bright coloration associated
with repellants
* toxins, spines, stings

43
Q

Mülllerian mimicry

A

a form of mimicry in which two or more noxious animals develop similar appearances as a shared protective device, the theory being that if a predator learns to avoid one of the noxious species, it will avoid the mimic species as well.

Like two different butterfly species where they mimic one another even though they each have three different morphs, each morph mimics the matching one in that range

44
Q

batesian mimicry

A

resembling an organism that is toxic
or otherwise dangerous

45
Q

Offspring recognition

A

Group/ colonial species are more likely to develop vocal and olfactory offspring recognition, which is costly but makes sure that you don’t take on extras, but there’s a risk of rejecting your own
(colonial cliff swallows with massive call differentiation in chicks compared to solitary barn swallows)

Solitary species are more likely to accept transplanted offspring but less likely to reject their own

46
Q

What advantages are there to taking on someone else’s offspring

A

dilution effect and thermodynamic benefits
but only when the cost (provisioning offspring) is not too much

47
Q

compare cost to accept with cost to reject

A

adaptive to accept if errors (brood parasites) are rare or cost to fitness is
low (as in precocial young)

Cost is may error and reject own offspring,

48
Q

Interspecific “Code breaking”

A

exploiting fixed action patterns
Sign stimulus, innate releasing mechanism, fixed action pattern (brood parasite chicks make sign stimulus (begging chick with big red
mouth) exploit host parents innate fixed action pattern to feed chicks)

Humans can fake mole digging and get SO MANY WORMS, because vibration makes them leave the ground

49
Q

Obligate brood parasites

A
  • Do not build nests or care for young
  • Only lay eggs in nests of other species

Common cuckoo specialized to parasitize reed warblers, cuckoos lay different types of egg and each female will specialize to a specific species depending on the color of egg that they lay

50
Q

Mafia hypothesis

A

when a brood parasite discovers that its egg has been rejected, it destroys the host’s nest and injures or kills the nestlings.

51
Q

Brown-headed Cowbird

A

 generalist at species and individual level
 non-evictor

52
Q

brood parasitism persists
 negative frequency dependent ESS?

A

Please ask Jesus and Sara what this means :(

53
Q

Evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS)

A

a strategy (set of rules of behavior) that when adopted by a population (or
certain proportions of the population) cannot be replaced (bettered) by any
alternative strategy

54
Q

Game theory

A

a quantitative approach to understanding why
behavioral variation exists.
payoff depends on what your competitor does
*Fitness is frequency-dependent

55
Q

negative vs positive frequency dependent selection

A

Positive frequency dependent selection occurs when the more common a variant is in a population, the higher its fitness, while negative frequency dependent selection occurs when a variant has higher fitness the less common it is.

56
Q

pure evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS)

A

– one strategy is always best

57
Q

mixed ESS

A

average payoff for each strategy is equal at given proportions

mixed through genetic polymorphisms or individuals using mixed
strategies

58
Q

hawk-dove strategies

A

Hawk is ESS if (V-C)/2 > 0 (i.e. V > C)
* Dove is ESS if V/2 > V (so Dove is never an ESS if V > 0!)

V = resource value
C = cost of fighting

ASK SARA Week 5 Monday

59
Q

benefits of group living

A
  • dilute risk of attack
  • dilution effect
  • swamping predators
  • selfish herding
  • predator confusion
  • communal defense
  • improved vigilance for
    predators
  • food finding
  • food capture
60
Q

 Costs of group living

A

o increased competition for resources (food, mates, etc.)
o attract more predators
o spread disease

61
Q

Anisogamy

A

male and female defined by gamete size
o sex that invests more in offspring (gamete size, incubation/gestation, parental
care) becomes limiting and is choosey, other sex competes for mates

62
Q

Operational sex ratio (OSR)

A

ratio of number of sexually receptive males to sexually receptive females in a
population, often more males

63
Q

Parental care

A

females have larger gametes, more investment, more certain maternity (with
internal fertilization) = more likely to show parental care
o males have smaller gametes, less investment, less certain paternity, the
opportunity for much higher reproductive success = less likely to show parental
care

64
Q

Intrasexual selection

A

o male-male competition
 female defense polygyny
 males fight for access to females
 resource defense polygyny
 males guard resources females need (often hold territories)

o sexual dimorphism, especially for size, weapons
o reproductive skew (stronger selection pressure on male traits)
 size, dominance generally correlate with reproductive success

65
Q

Intersexual selection

A

female mate choice
o sexual dimorphism for showy traits, ornaments, displays
o reproductive skew (stronger selection pressure on male traits)
 what are females choosing?
 Ex. widowbird
 Ex. bullfrogs; inter- and intrasexual competition
 Ex. lark buntings; female preferences can change
 direct benefits
 benefits to fitness via her own health or current effort
 good territory, provisioning female or offspring

6

o Ex. hanging flies

Animal Behavior (1 decks)

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