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Geography of hazards > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

How many homes are evacuated as a result of earthquakes per year

A

20 million

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2
Q

West Coast Hazards

A

Earthquakes, landslides

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3
Q

East Coast hazards

A

Hurricanes

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4
Q

Mid-continent hazards

A

Tornadoes, Blizzards

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5
Q

All area hazards

A

Drought

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6
Q

The 3 main processes from which natural hazards can arise

A

Internal forces, external forces, gravitational attraction

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7
Q

Hazard:

A

process that poses a potential threat to people or the environment

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8
Q

Risk

A

the probability of an event occurring multiplied by the impact on people or the environment

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9
Q

Disaster

A

a brief event that causes great property damage or loss of life

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10
Q

Catastrophe

A

a massive disaster; makes news and stays in news for a long time

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11
Q

Hazards that are more likely to be catastrophic

A

tsunamis, earthquakes, volcanoes, hurricanes, flood

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12
Q

Hazards that are less likely to be catastrophic

A

landslides, avalanches, wildfire

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13
Q

Which cycles are involved in the Geological Cycle

A

Tectonic cycle, Rock cycle, Hydrologic cycle

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14
Q

Which cycle involves the creation, movement, and destruction of tectonic plates

A

Tectonic cycle

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15
Q

Composed of hot magma with some flow

A

asthenosphere

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16
Q

thin and brittle crust

A

lithosphere

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17
Q

What are the 2 types of crust

A

Oceanic (dense and thin) and Continental (buoyant and thick)

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18
Q

which type of crust would sink below the other

A

Oceanic because it is more dense

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19
Q

What are the types of plate boundaries

A

Divergent, Convergent, Transform

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20
Q

At these boundaries, plates move away from each other and new land is created

A

Divergent Plate Boundaries

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21
Q

At the boundaries, plates move toward each other

A

Convergent Plate Boundaries

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22
Q

What happens in subduction zones

A

Collision of Oceanic and Continental crusts; the dense ocean plates sink and melt and the melted magma rises to form volcanoes

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23
Q

What happens in Collision Boundaries

A

Collision of 2 continental plates; Neither sinks and tall mountains tend to form

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24
Q

Plates slide horizontally past each other

A

Transform Boundaries

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25
Q

What are the 3 types o rocks

A

Igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic

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26
Q

A specific time, date, location, and magnitude of the event

A

Prediction

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27
Q

A range of probability for the event

A

Forecast

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28
Q

Risk (equation)

A

(probability of event) x (consequences)

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29
Q

Consequences

A

damage to people, property, the environment, the economy

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30
Q

The amount of risk that an individual is willing to take

A

Acceptable Risk

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31
Q

What constitutes a Disaster according to CRED

A

10 or more deaths per event
or
100 or more persons affected (injured, homeless, etc.)
or
government declaration of disaster
or
plea for international assistance

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32
Q

What disaster typically affects more people, but causes fewer deaths

A

Floods

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33
Q

What was the magnitude of the Haiti Earthquake

A

M7.0

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34
Q

The 2010 Haiti Earthquake occurred at what type of boundary

A

Transform

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35
Q

The rate of recovery from an event

A

Resilliency

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36
Q

The frequency with which protective devices against disasters can withstand the disaster

A

Recovery

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37
Q

Risk Assesment

A

Estimating the likelihood that a particular event will harm human health

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38
Q

Risk Management

A

Deciding whether or how to reduce a particular risk and at what cost

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39
Q

Tsunamis are produced by…

A

the sudden displacement of water

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40
Q

What are the 2 ways Earthquakes can trigger Tsunamis

A

by displacement of the seafloor, or
by triggering a landslide that enters water

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41
Q

What is a hazard that is mainly considered an economic concern in developed countries, but can lead to death in developing countries

A

Drought

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42
Q

If the technological reliability is 91% and the human reliability is 82%, what is the system reliability

A

74.6%

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43
Q

Planting of one similar crop in an area

A

Monoculture

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44
Q

Dense vegetation along Shoreline

A

Mangrove

45
Q

A tsunami that travels thousands of km across the open ocean

A

Distant/tele tsunamis

46
Q

A tsunami that affects shorelines 100km to 1000km from its source

A

Regional Tsunami

47
Q

A tsunami affects shorelines within 100km of its source. They are the most dangerous type

A

Local Tsunami

48
Q

Another name for a distant tsunami is a …

A

tele-tsunami

49
Q

What regions are most at risk of tsunamis

A

Coasts located near subduction zones or across oceans from subduction zones

50
Q

What are the 4 patterns of choice to describe how people can respond to risk

A

Absorb, Accept, Reduce, Change

51
Q

What are evocative hazards

A

These are hazards that typically induce much public reaction despite data suggesting they may create little risk

52
Q

What are Banal Hazards

A

These are hazards that induce little public reaction even though they may have similar risks to some evocation hazards

53
Q

What are the 5 theories to explain why some people feel some technologies are a major concern while others feel they are not a concern

A

Knowledge, Personality, Economic, Political, Cultural

54
Q

Greater knowledge of fatality data leads to a greater perceived threat from the technology

A

Knowledge Theory

55
Q

There is consistency between the personality type and the perceived threat from the technological hazards

A

Personality Theory

56
Q

The wealthy are more willing to take risks with technology because they may benefit more or have better access

A

Economic Theory

57
Q

Personal views toward risk are related to the political party (and policies) that people support

A

Political Theory

58
Q

Based on the way of life of the people (urban, rural, retired, child-rearing, etc). The worldview is correlated to how the person perceives risk

A

Cultural Theory

59
Q

Which theory was found to be the best explanation for how people perceived the risk

A

Cultural Theory

60
Q

Landslide

A

Downslope movements of rock or sediment as a result of gravity

61
Q

What are the 3 types of Lanslides

A

Fall, Slide, Flow

62
Q

Factor of Safety is DF/RF (Driving Force; Resisting Force)

A

F. It is RF/DF

63
Q

When the Factor of Safety ratio is over 1 the slope is said to be __

A

stable

64
Q

When the Factor of Safety ratio is under 1 the slope is said to be __

A

unstable

65
Q

Slumps are

A

a rotational mass movement

66
Q

Rotational mass movements

A

falls along a curved surface

67
Q

Translational mass movements

A

falls along a discrete plane

68
Q

Steep slopes are associated with

A

Rock Falls

69
Q

Moderate slopes are associated with

A

Flows

70
Q

Gentle slops are associated with

A

Creep

71
Q

Rock falls are more common in what type of area

A

Dry climates

72
Q

Flows and creeps are more common in what type of area

A

Humid climates

73
Q

fragments of rock moved down a slope and accumulated at its base

A

talus

74
Q

What is the instrument used to detect movement along a slope

A

Tiltmeters

75
Q

Which gas is most potent in the atmosphere

A

Nitrogen

76
Q

What does this prefix mean: cirro-

A

High cloud

77
Q

What does this prefix mean: alto-

A

Mid-level cloud

78
Q

What does this prefix mean: strato-

A

Low cloud

79
Q

What does this suffix mean: -cumulus

A

puffy

80
Q

What does this suffix mean: -stratus

A

flat

81
Q

What describes a cirrocumulus cloud

A

High puffy cloud

82
Q

Cumulonimbus

A

Thunderstorm cloud

83
Q

Nimbostratus

A

Precipitation cloud

84
Q

The name of the front describes the air in front of the front

A

F. It describes the air behind the front

85
Q

what are the 2 types of fronts

A

Cold front, warm front

86
Q

What kind of front do we associate thunderstorms with

A

Coldfront

87
Q

Hail and Tornadoes go hand in hand

A

True

88
Q

Lightning always causes Thunder

A

True; whether we hear it or not, it always does

89
Q

wind shear

A

a change in wind speed or wind direction over a distance

90
Q

What are the 2 types of cyclones

A

Tropical Cyclones, Extratropical Cyclones

91
Q

Safest area in a hurricane

A

The eye

92
Q

Hurricanes rotate counter-clockwise

A

True

93
Q

If a hurricane is moving East, on which side will its weakest winds be located

A

North

94
Q

If a hurricane is moving North-West, on which side will its weakest winds be located

A

South-West

95
Q

Cloud with its base at the Earths surface

A

Fog

96
Q

What specific condition must be met for a hazard to be considered a Blizzard

A

wind of at least 40 km/h
snow falling or blowing snow occurring
visibility less than 400m
~All of these must occur for at least 4 hours

97
Q

The most destructive part of a hurricane

A

eyewall

98
Q

Term for a large tropical weather system similar to a hurricane

A

Typhoon

99
Q

What are the requirements for a Thunderstorm

A

unstable environment, water vapour, rising air

100
Q

How do we classify tornadoes

A

With the Enhanced Fujita (*EF) scale from 0 to 5

101
Q

How do we classify Hurricanes

A

With the Saffir-Simpson scale

102
Q

Rank these storms from least to most dangerous: Tropical Storm, Tropical Disturbance, Hurricane, Tropical Depression

A

Tropical Disturbance,
Tropical Depression
Tropical Storm,
Hurricane,

103
Q

At what wind speed does a tropical storm become a Hurricane

A

120 km/h

104
Q

What hazrd affects more people than any other in North America

A

Droughts

105
Q

What is the highest weather alert

A

Warning

106
Q

Watch Alert

A

An alert covering a wide area; Conditions favour the development of hazardous weather, but none has been reported

107
Q

Advisory Alert

A

Used to alert the public of less hazardous weather conditions

108
Q

Warning Alert

A

An alert that covers smaller areas; indicates that hazardous weather is currently occurring in the area

Geography of hazards (4 decks)

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