midterm Flashcards
secondary metabolism
synthesis of molecules that are not essential for cell structure and growth
characteristics of secondary metabolism
common in plants, fungi, and animals, roles in defense, attraction, protection, and competition, many taste bad or are toxic, strong smell or bright color
types of secondary metabolites
- phenolics
- alkaloids
- terpenoids
- polyketides
phenolics
antioxidant with intense flavors and smells; ex: flavonoids like vanilla/chocolate
alkaloids
bitter tasting molecules; ex: nicotine/caffeine
terpenoids
intense smells and colors; ex: cinnamon/THC
polyketides
chemical weapons; antibiotics (penicillin) , tetrodoxin (pufferfish), conotoxin (cone snail)
cellular respiration
a process that requires oxygen and gives off carbon dioxide
steps of cellular respiration
glycolysis, transition reaction(pyruvate decarboxylation), citric acid (Krebs cycle), oxidative phosphorylation
coenzymes involved
NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide)
NAD+
- oxidizes a metabolite by accepting e-
- reduce a metabolite by giving up e-
- each NAD+ molecule is used over and over again
FAD
- also enzyme that oxidizes/reduces
- sometimes used instead of NAD+
- accepts two electrons and two hydrogen ions
(H+) to become FADH2
glycolysis
occurs in cytoplasm of virtually all cells, glucose broken down to 2 molecules of pyruvate, ATP is formed
transition reaction
both pyruvates are oxidized, electron energy is stored in NADH++H+, 2 carbons are released as CO2
citric acid (Krebs) cycle:
electron energy is stored in NADH++H+ and FADH2, ATP is formed, 4 carbons are released as CO2
