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OT 509 Midterm > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

prenatal

A

before, during or related to pregnancy

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2
Q

perinatal

A

during birth, immediately before and after birth

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3
Q

teratogen

A

environmental and lifestyle agents that are harmful to the embryo/fetus

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4
Q

three factors that can cause damage to the fetus

A
  • timing,
  • dosage/exposure level
  • genetic condition of the mother and embryo
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5
Q

environmental teratogens

A
  • pollution
  • pesticides
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6
Q

lifestyle teratogens

A
  • drinking
  • smoking
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7
Q

risk

A
  • internal and external factors that increase the likelihood of certain undesirable outcomes
  • not everyone has the same response to risk factors
  • therapists must appreciate the potential impact of various risk factors and their timing
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8
Q

prenatal risk

A
  • before birth
  • anything that can cause potential for hazard in the developing embryo/fetus
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9
Q

examples of prenatal risk

A
  • maternal age (32+)
  • maternal health (pre- existing / existing conditions)
  • stress
  • alcohol/drug use
  • obesity
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10
Q

perinatal risk

A
  • during birth
  • exposure occurring during or pertaining to the phase surrounding the time of birth
  • from gestational week 20 to the 28th day of newborn life
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11
Q

examples of perinatal risk

A
  • timing (the age the fetus was exposed)
  • dose (how much) / frequency of exposure
  • genes of the fetus (come from both parents, genetic disorders, pre-existing conditions)
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12
Q

maternal health and nutrition risk factors

A
  • age (35+)
    – low birth weight, pre-mature, higher risk of downs syndrome, multiple births (twins, triplets)
  • health: pre-natal vitamins (iron, folic acid)
  • stress: maternal anxiety –> placental disruption (no oxygen, no nutrition, uterine bleeding)
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13
Q

lifestyle risks

A
  • substances (alcohol, cigarettes)
  • drugs and medications
  • infections (transmitted across placenta)
  • HIV/AIDS (early detection)
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14
Q

environmental risks

A
  • radiation: technology, oncology treatment, extremely dangerous in 1st trimester
  • chemical toxins: lead, toxic waste, mercury, chemotherapy
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15
Q

screening evaluations during pregnancy

A
  • ultrasound
  • amniocentesis
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16
Q

ultrasound

A
  • first trimester to establish fetal viability, determine number of fetuses, confirm placental position, improve gestational dating
17
Q

amniocentesis

A
  • at 16+ weeks gestation
  • chromosome analysis (chromosomal abnormalities; downs syndrome)
18
Q

effects of neurotoxicants

A
  • fetal death
  • death at an older age related to early or recent exposure
  • malformations related to in utero exposure
  • slow growth related to in utero or later exposure
  • developmental disabilities: intellectual disability, learning disabilities, cerebal palsy
19
Q

lead

A
  • most researched neurotoxicant
  • found in lead-based paint, lead-containing products
  • no safe level of lead in the body
  • CNS damage in children
  • peripheral neuropathy (loss of feeling in extremities) in adults
  • attention deficit, decreased adult grey matter, decreased brain volume, and impaired language function
20
Q

tobacco smoke

A
  • secondhand exposure to tobacco and maternal smoking
  • abnormal cell proliferation, differentiation and synaptic activity
  • increased risk of low birth weight, SIDS, ADHD, intellectual disability and respiratory disorders
21
Q

mercury

A
  • found in fish
  • methylmercury is toxic
  • severe brain damage with microcephaly
  • cognitive and motor impairments
  • minimal effects in exposed adults
22
Q

alcohol

A
  • known teratogen; no safe level during pregnancy
  • fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) from maternal ingestion during pregnancy
  • interferes with neuronal migration, brain organization, brain growth and synaptic formation
  • range of physical, behavioral and cognitive problems
  • FASD findings: microcephaly, behavior problems, ADHD, executive function and deficits, learning problems
23
Q

illicit drugs

A
  • nonprescription opioids, marijuana
  • decreased perception of pain, paranoia, anxiety, irritability, impaired short-term memory
  • long-term use is concerning for executive function deficits
  • prenatal exposure to opioids: low birth weight, low cognitive functioning, decreased brain volumes
24
Q

zika virus

A
  • congenital zika syndrome (born with it)
  • microcephaly, limb anomalies, spasticity, seizures
  • no vaccine currently available
25
Q

prematurity

A
  • born before or at 36th week of gestation
26
Q

low birth weight

A
  • below 5.5 lbs
27
Q

very low birth weight

A
  • below 3.3 lbs
28
Q

extremely low birth weight

A
  • less than 2.2 lbs
29
Q

micropreemie

A

less than 1.7 lbs

30
Q

small gestational age infants

A
  • either full term or premature
  • birth weight below the 10th percentile
  • may appear malnourished due to intrauterine growth restriction
  • can be caused by maternal malnutrition, illness, lifestyle, or shared space in utero (twins)
31
Q

physical and behavioral characteristics of the premature infant

A
  • presence of fine body hair, smooth reddish skin, absence of skin creases, ear cartilage and breast buds
  • reduced muscle tone (hypotonicity), increased joint mobility
32
Q

etiologies of premature birth

A
  • increased obstetric interventions (C-sections)
  • use of assisted reproduction techniques (in vitro fertilizations)
  • high number of multiple pregnancies
  • increased substance abuse in urban areas
  • maternal infections
  • adolescent pregnancies

OT 509 Midterm (1 decks)

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