Midterm Flashcards
1
Q
prenatal
A
before, during or related to pregnancy
2
Q
perinatal
A
during birth, immediately before and after birth
3
Q
teratogen
A
environmental and lifestyle agents that are harmful to the embryo/fetus
4
Q
three factors that can cause damage to the fetus
A
- timing,
- dosage/exposure level
- genetic condition of the mother and embryo
5
Q
environmental teratogens
A
- pollution
- pesticides
6
Q
lifestyle teratogens
A
- drinking
- smoking
7
Q
risk
A
- internal and external factors that increase the likelihood of certain undesirable outcomes
- not everyone has the same response to risk factors
- therapists must appreciate the potential impact of various risk factors and their timing
8
Q
prenatal risk
A
- before birth
- anything that can cause potential for hazard in the developing embryo/fetus
9
Q
examples of prenatal risk
A
- maternal age (32+)
- maternal health (pre- existing / existing conditions)
- stress
- alcohol/drug use
- obesity
10
Q
perinatal risk
A
- during birth
- exposure occurring during or pertaining to the phase surrounding the time of birth
- from gestational week 20 to the 28th day of newborn life
11
Q
examples of perinatal risk
A
- timing (the age the fetus was exposed)
- dose (how much) / frequency of exposure
- genes of the fetus (come from both parents, genetic disorders, pre-existing conditions)
12
Q
maternal health and nutrition risk factors
A
- age (35+)
– low birth weight, pre-mature, higher risk of downs syndrome, multiple births (twins, triplets) - health: pre-natal vitamins (iron, folic acid)
- stress: maternal anxiety –> placental disruption (no oxygen, no nutrition, uterine bleeding)
13
Q
lifestyle risks
A
- substances (alcohol, cigarettes)
- drugs and medications
- infections (transmitted across placenta)
- HIV/AIDS (early detection)
14
Q
environmental risks
A
- radiation: technology, oncology treatment, extremely dangerous in 1st trimester
- chemical toxins: lead, toxic waste, mercury, chemotherapy
15
Q
screening evaluations during pregnancy
A
- ultrasound
- amniocentesis
16
Q
ultrasound
A
- first trimester to establish fetal viability, determine number of fetuses, confirm placental position, improve gestational dating
17
Q
amniocentesis
A
- at 16+ weeks gestation
- chromosome analysis (chromosomal abnormalities; downs syndrome)
18
Q
effects of neurotoxicants
A
- fetal death
- death at an older age related to early or recent exposure
- malformations related to in utero exposure
- slow growth related to in utero or later exposure
- developmental disabilities: intellectual disability, learning disabilities, cerebal palsy
19
Q
lead
A
- most researched neurotoxicant
- found in lead-based paint, lead-containing products
- no safe level of lead in the body
- CNS damage in children
- peripheral neuropathy (loss of feeling in extremities) in adults
- attention deficit, decreased adult grey matter, decreased brain volume, and impaired language function
20
Q
tobacco smoke
A
- secondhand exposure to tobacco and maternal smoking
- abnormal cell proliferation, differentiation and synaptic activity
- increased risk of low birth weight, SIDS, ADHD, intellectual disability and respiratory disorders
21
Q
mercury
A
- found in fish
- methylmercury is toxic
- severe brain damage with microcephaly
- cognitive and motor impairments
- minimal effects in exposed adults
22
Q
alcohol
A
- known teratogen; no safe level during pregnancy
- fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) from maternal ingestion during pregnancy
- interferes with neuronal migration, brain organization, brain growth and synaptic formation
- range of physical, behavioral and cognitive problems
- FASD findings: microcephaly, behavior problems, ADHD, executive function and deficits, learning problems
23
Q
illicit drugs
A
- nonprescription opioids, marijuana
- decreased perception of pain, paranoia, anxiety, irritability, impaired short-term memory
- long-term use is concerning for executive function deficits
- prenatal exposure to opioids: low birth weight, low cognitive functioning, decreased brain volumes
24
Q
zika virus
A
- congenital zika syndrome (born with it)
- microcephaly, limb anomalies, spasticity, seizures
- no vaccine currently available
25
Q
prematurity
A
- born before or at 36th week of gestation
26
Q
low birth weight
A
- below 5.5 lbs
27
Q
very low birth weight
A
- below 3.3 lbs
28
Q
extremely low birth weight
A
- less than 2.2 lbs
29
Q
micropreemie
A
less than 1.7 lbs
30
Q
small gestational age infants
A
- either full term or premature
- birth weight below the 10th percentile
- may appear malnourished due to intrauterine growth restriction
- can be caused by maternal malnutrition, illness, lifestyle, or shared space in utero (twins)
31
Q
physical and behavioral characteristics of the premature infant
A
- presence of fine body hair, smooth reddish skin, absence of skin creases, ear cartilage and breast buds
- reduced muscle tone (hypotonicity), increased joint mobility
32
Q
etiologies of premature birth
A
- increased obstetric interventions (C-sections)
- use of assisted reproduction techniques (in vitro fertilizations)
- high number of multiple pregnancies
- increased substance abuse in urban areas
- maternal infections
- adolescent pregnancies
