Midterm Flashcards
Greek Philosopher and one of the very few
individuals who shaped the Western thought
Socrates
Known for his Socratic method
Socrates
“the unexamined life is not worth
living.”
Socrates
defined as moral excellence, and an
individual is considered virtuous if his/her character is made up of the moral
qualities that are accepted as virtues, i.e. courage, temperance, prudence,
and justice.
Virtue
A student of Socrates. His philosophical approach is what
they call “collection and division.”
Plato
Theory of forms
Plato
According to _______
b. The three parts of the soul:
i. The appetitive (sensual) – enjoys sexual experiences like food, drink
and sex.
ii. The rational (reasoning) – use of reason
iii. The spirited (feeling)- understands the demands of passion; loves
honor and victory.
Plato
He asserted that they were concepts
existing within the perfect and eternal God where
the
soul belonged.
St. Augustine
He is a French philosopher, mathematician and
scientist. He is considered as the father of modern
Western Philosophy
“Cogito ergo sum” – I think, therefore, I
am.
Rene Descartes
He is a philosopher and physician and one of
the most influential Enlightenment thinkers. Also
known as the Age of Reason
John Locke
Scottish philosopher, economist and historian
in the Age of Enlightenment; a fierce opponent of
Descartes Rationalism;
According to him the self is nothing else but a bundle of impressions.
David hume
He believes that the things that men perceive
around them are not just randomly infused into the
human person without an organizing principle that
regulates the relationship of all these impressions
Immanuel Kant
2 components of the self
Inner self outer self
He is a philosopher, physiologist, psychologist, one
of the most influential thinker in the 20th century. His
most important contribution is psychoanalysis, a
practice devised to treat those who are mentally ill
through dialogue.
Sigmund Freud
Psychoanalysis
He also structured the mind/ psyche intro 3 parts:
Id
Ego
Superego
Two systems of the Superego:
Conscience
Ideal self
significantly changed society, and this has affected how
an individual builds and develops his or her self-identity. Pre-modern society
was centered on survival. People behaved according to social rules and
traditions while the family and immediate environment provided supervision on
how to get through life.
Modernization
extensive use of material power and machinery in all
processes of production;
Industrialism
involving competitive product markets and the
commodification of labor power;
Capitalism
massive increase of power and reach by
institutions, especially in government, and;
Institution of surveillance
are described as having two or more people interacting with
one another, sharing similar characteristics, and whose members identify
themselves as part of the group. They can be organic or rational groups.
The former is highly influenced by family. Organic motivation is runs deep
giving the person a sense of belongingness. The downside implies less
freedom and greater social conformity. The latter occurs in modern
societies. They are formed as a matter of shared self-interests. They join
based on free will. They are called rational motivation.
Social groups
refers to the ties or connections that link you to your social
group. Examples of these are: what links you to family is blood relation; to
barkada is friendship; classmates common interest to learn. Other selfinfluences to external adaptation:
Social networks
adopting to social situation and social norms- being a
father, husband, worker, friend, OFW, and among others
Culture
regional dialects; pop culture dialects; for Mead and
Vygotsky persons develop these and it affects interaction
Language
is the role we portray and adapt or adopt; sex is the
physiological makeup of the person
Gender
one of the earliest psychologist to
study the self and conceptualized the self as having two aspects – the
“I” and the “me”. The “I” is the thinking, acting, and feeling self. The
“me”, is the physical characteristics as well as psychological
capabilities that makes who you are.
William james
The three basic components of Piaget’s cognitive development are:
- Schema/ Schemes-
building blocks of knowledge;
- Adaptation
- involves child’s learning processes to meet situational demands;
- Stages of Cognitive development
- reflect the increasing sophistication of the child’s
thought process
0-2 Child learns by doing; looking; touching;
sucking; the child also has a primitive
understanding of cause-and-effect
relationships. Object permanence appears
around 9 months
Sensorimotor
2-7 Child uses language and symbols, including
letters and numbers. Egocentrism is also
evident. Conservation marks the end of the
preoperational stage and the beginning of
concrete operations
Preoperational
7-11
The child demonstrate conversation,
reversibility, serial ordering, and a mature
understanding of cause-andeffect
relationship. Thinking at this stage is still
concrete
Concrete operations
12+
The individual demonstrates abstract thinking
at this stage is still concrete
Formal operations
detailed the emergence of self- concept and asserted that the
broad development changes observed across early childhood, later childhood and adolescence
could be interpreted within a Piagetian framework
Dr. Susan Harter
the child describes the “self” in
terms of concrete, observable characteristics, such
as physical attributes, material possessions,
behaviors and preferences
Early childhood
self is described in terms
of trait like constructs that would require the type of
hierarchical organizational skills characteristic of
logical thought development
Middle or later childhood
emergence of more abstract self- definitions, such as inner thoughts,
emotions, attitudes, and motives
Adolescence
a vision of possible self. The age of possibilities. Time of grand
dreams. More realistic
Emerging adults
the Arabic word for the “self” is Nafs written in the Holy Qur-an. It pertains
to the psyche or the soul. The Quran does not ascribe any property of goodness or evil to the self. The Nafs is something, which has to be nurtured and selfregulated so it can progress into becoming good through its thoughts and actions
Islam
the self is seen as an illusion; born out of ignorance, of trying to hold
and control things, or human-centered needs; thus, the self is also a source of all
these sufferings; forget the self; forget the cravings of the self; break the
attachments with the world; renounce the self which is the cause of all the suffering
and I so doing, attain the state of Nirvana
Buddhism
is living the way of the Tao or the universe; it rejects having one definition
of what Tao is, and one can only state clues of what it is as they adopt a freeflowing, relative, unitary, as well as paradoxical view of almost everything; rejects
hierarchy and strictness; would prefer a simple lifestyle and its teachings thus aim
to describe how to attain that life
Taoism
code of ethical conduct; how one should act properly according to
their relationship with other people; focused on having a harmonious social life; a
cultivated self in Confucianism is what some scholars call as “subdued self.” where
personal needs are repressed for the good of the many; it is hierarchical for the
purpose of maintaining order and balance in society
Confucianism
tends to discredit explanations that do not use analyticdeductive modes of thinking.
Materialistic/ rationalistic
tendency to see reality as an aggregate of parts;
Analytical
involved the tendency to unitary explanations of phenomena and a
closed system view of the “self
Monotheistic
where self-expression and self-actualization are important ways of
establishing who one is, as well as in finding satisfaction in the world.
Individualistic
Beauty is objective (before 18th century)
St. Augustine
Plato
Aristotle
believed that things gave delight because it was
beautiful.
St. Augustine
conceptualization of beauty is a response to love and desire.
He argued that beauty exists in the realm of forms and that things
look beautiful because they reflect the idea of beauty that already
exists in the realm of forms
Plato
argued that the main forms of beauty are order, symmetry,
and definiteness, which can be demonstrated by mathematical
science.
Aristotle
Beauty is subjective (18th century)
David Hume
Immanuel Kant
Francis Hutcheson
Beauty is no quality in things themselves: it exists
merely in the mind which contemplates them; and each mind
perceives a different beauty. One person may even perceived
deformity, where another is sensible of beauty; and every individual
ought to acquiesce in his own sentiment, without pretending to
regulate those of others”
David Hume
The judgment of taste is therefore not a judgment
of cognition, and is consequently not logical but aesthetical, by which
we understand and that whose determining ground can be no other
than subjective”
Immanuel Kant
“The perception of beauty does depend on the
external sense of sight; however, the internal sense of beauty
operates as an internal or reflex sense. The same is the case with
hearing: hearing music doesn’t necessarily give the perception of
harmony as it is distinct from hearing
Francis Hutcheson
T or F
Studies show that those who consider themselves attractive make more
money than those who look good than the average person
T true
error in reasoning, evaluating, remembering, or
any other mental process that is often a result of holding on to
one’s preferences and beliefs regardless of contrary information
Cognitive Bias
tendency of people to rate attractive individuals
more favourably for their personality traits or characteristics as
compared to those who are less attractive
Halo Effect
T or F
Cultural traditions can either be a positive or a negative influence on body
image and on self-esteem.
True
is generally how one thinks and feels
toward one’s own body (as cited in Otig, Gallinero, Bataga, Salado & Visande,
2018).
Body Image
about how you value yourself and how you treat other
people. It is important because it affects your state of mind and your behavior.
Self esteem
_____ on the other hand is how you look at your body, make you
attractive, and make yourself look like some other people.
body image is something that sings with pride.
Body image
“The degree to which a
person or his physical characteristics are considered pleasant or beautiful.”
Physical Beauty
_____________ refers to the individual’s
feelings, actions, and behaviour concerning various aspects as
development of secondary sex characteristics, human reproductive system,
the erogenous zones of the body, the biology of sexual behaviour, chemistry
of lust, love and attachment, among many others.
Sexual self
all fertilized eggs occur in
women, so the gender of a woman is considered ________
Basic
stage of development where individuals become
sexually mature. It can be separated into five stages. The characteristics of
each stage vary for girls and boys.
Puberty
___________ is use to describe areas of the body that
are highly sensitive to stimuli and are often (but not always) sexually exciting
parts of the body that are primarily receptive
and increase sexual arousal when touched in a sexual manner
Erogenous zone
It is similar to any other portion of the usual haired skin.
Examples: sides and back of the neck, the axilla and side of the thorax
Non-specific skin
It is found the mucocutaneous regions of the body or those
regions made both mucous membrane and of cutaneous skin. Examples:
prepuce, penis, the female external genitalia, perianal skin, lips, and nipples
Specific skin
Phases of Human Response Cycle
Excitement
Plateau
Orgasm
Resolution
aka. “love hormone” and believed to be involved in our
desire to maintain close relationships. It is released during sexual
intercourse when orgasm is achieved
Oxytocin
– it is responsible for
ovulation in females
Follicle stimulating hormone
crucial in regulating the testes in men
and ovaries in women. In men, the LH stimulates the testes to produce
testosterone. In males, testosterone appears to be a major
contributing factor to sexual motivation
Luteinizing hormone
involved in the male arousal phase. The increase
of vasopressin during erectile response is believed to be directly
associated with increased motivation to engage in sexual behaviour
Vasopressin
typically regulate motivation to
engage in sexual behaviours for females, with estrogen increasing
motivation and progesterone decreasing it.
Extrogen and progesterone
marked by physical attraction. It is driven by testosterone in men
and estrogen in women. Lust, however, does not guarantee that couples
will fall in love forever
Lust
– at this stage, you begin to crave for your partner’s
presence. They get excited and energized when they fantasize about things
they could do together as a couple. Three chemicals trigger this feeling
Attraction
responsible for the extra surge of energy and
triggers increased heart rate, loss of appetite, as well as the desire
to sleep. Your body is in more alert state and is ready for action
Norepinephrine
associated with motivation and goal directed behavior.
It makes you pursue your object of affection. It creates a sense of
novelty, where the person seems exciting, special, or unique that you
want to tell the world about his or her admirable qualities
Dopamine
thought to cause thinking. Low levels of serotonin said
to be present in people with OCD behaviour
Serotonin
involves the desire to have lasting commitment with your
significant other. At this point, you may want to get married and/ have
children
Attachment
is generally considered a sexual topic or activity of
interest. It is sometimes accompanied by genital arousal (penile erection in
men and lubrication in women)
Sexual desire
is a basic, biologically mediated stimulus for sexual activity
or satisfaction. In contrast, sexual desire is a more complex psychological
experience that does not depend on hormonal factors
Sex drive
Physiological mechanism of sexual behavior motivation
Amygdala and Nucleus Accumbens
is defined as individual’ s general disposition
toward partners of the same sex, the opposite sex, or both sexes. On the
other hand, gender identity refers to one’s sense of being male or female
Sexual orientation
correspond to our chromosal and
phenotypic sex, but this is not always the case
Gender identity
influence the various issues related to sexual
orientation and gender identity
Sociocultural factors
The children’s interests, preferences, behaviours, and
overall self-concept are strongly influenced by parental and authority figure
teachings regarding sexual stereotypes. Thus, children whose parents
adhere to strict gender-stereotyped roles are, in general, more likely to take
on those roles themselves as adults that are peers whose parents provided
less stereotyped, more neutral models for behaving
Family Influences
- Another research discovered that homosexuality positively
correlated with urbanization. The study surmised that large cities seem to
provide a friendlier environment for same-gender interests than in rural
places (Laumann, et al., 1994
Urban setting
Previous published studies claimed that abused
adolescents, particularly those victimized by males, are more likely to
become homosexuals or bisexual in adulthood. These studies were
criticized for being non-clinical and un-reliable (Wilson & Wisdom, 2009
History of sexual abuse
are diseases or infections
that is transmitted through sexual contact in which the organisms that cause
STDs are transmitted from one person to another in blood, sperm and
vaginal or body fluids
Sexually Transmitted disease
a. Intrusive
b. Manipulative
c. Cannot provide many things that are important to us.
d. Restricts our choices and lives
Problem with consumerism
