Midterm Flashcards
is all the activities in producing animals and theirproducts or benefits to meet the. needs of people. These industry activitiesstrive to catalyze animal production for maximum.
Animal industry
a branch of agriculture concerned with the production andcare of domestic animals
Animal Husbandry
Cattle intact male
Bull
Female cattle who has not have calf
Heifer
Born naturally without horns
Polled
Desirable presence of fat in the muscle
Marbling
Amount of available retail cuts from the carcass
Cutability
Keeping mature cattles to produce calves
Cows bred every year
Calves sold 2 ways
Cow-calf operations
Calves between 1 to 2 years of age sold to another producer to feed out to slaughter weight
Yearling feeders
Meat of young calves that are not used for replacement animals
Veal
Meat from cattle
Beef
A young female feed that has not given birth or farrowed
Gilt
Mature male hog
Boar
A male pig that has been castrated at a young age
Barrow
An older female pig
Sow
Group name for all domesticated birds
Poultry
Chickens that are used to produced large quantities of eggs
Layers
Young male chicken
Cockerel
The _____________ species play a very important economic and socio-cultural roles for the wellbeing of rural households, such as food supply, source of income, asset saving, source of employment, soil fertility, livelihoods, transport, agricultural traction, agricultural diversification and sustainable agriculture. Its output sustains the local demand and considered to be essential commodities within the country.
Livestock
has been a critical driver of socio-political priorities
globally, regional, and national levels. The food and agricultural
sectors were faced with the permanent challenges of rising world
population, sustainability, and uneven income growth.
These pause a problem of increasing total food production,
satisfying the diverse consumers’ demand, and meeting quality
standards for safety, environment, welfare, and ethic while keeping
food affordable.
Food Security
Support for cultivated forage, training on improved feed
conservation, training of farmers on efficient feed practices,
treatment of straws and feed processing. information and sensibilization on bush fire
Feed scarcity
Major problems in the animal industry
Feed scarcity
Lack of animal housing
Unavailability of water
the study of the biology of animals that are under the control of humankind.
Animal Science
the process through which livestock animals are studied and understood. It involves breeding, feeding, care and management of animals; marketing and processing of animals and their products based on knowledge gained through experience and research
Animal Science
Described as the production and management animals. Livestock are animals kept on a farm su cow, sheep, pig, goat, or chicken. Poultry are domesticated birds that are kept for eggs and meat.
Animal Science
-the science of heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics.
Genetics
- the use of biometry and genetics to improve farm animal production.
• Animal breeding
the study of nutrients and how the body uses en
Animal Nutrition
the study of the physical and chemical processes of an animal or any of the animal’s body system or cells.
Animal physiology
is the study of how diseases, parasites, and environmental factors affect productivity and animal welfare.
Animal health
the science of handling, distributing, and marketing meat and meat products.
Meat Science
science of providing milk animals products as food.
Dairy Product Science
collective set of tools and applications of living organisms, or parts of organisms, to make or modify products, improve plants or animals, or develop microorganisms for specific uses.
Biotechnology
In an ecosystem the continued growth of plants and animals depends on maintenance of the balance between the _______________ and ______________
Food consumers and food producers
-feed on plants
Herbivores
-feed on animals/ meat
Carnivores
-feed on both plants and animals
Omnivores
form of animal husbandry where domesticated animals (known as “livestock”) are released onto large vegetated outdoor lands (pastures) for grazing.
Pastoralism
of farm animals includes all the organs and
tissues associated with the breaking down or digestion of food in the body. It
includes the teeth or beak, tongue, the alimentary canal or digestive tract and
all the associated gland secreting enzymes and other body fluids
Digestive System
is the breakdown of foods substances in the digestive tract into
absorbable forms. This process starts from the mouth through mastication
which increases the surface area and allows microbes to have quicker access
to act the food substances
Digestion
A ______________ digestive system has a simple stomach
Monogastric
Examples of monogastric animals
Dogs cats swine humans
acts to soften and moisten the small food particles. Saliva
also contains an enzyme which starts the digestion of starch
Salivary glands
— tiny finger-like projections located along the wall of the
small intestine that aid in food absorption
Villi
— a gland which secretes digestive juices necessary for the
digestion of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins
Pancreas
(also known as the true stomach of chicken) is the glandular stomach
where digestion primarily begins, where gastric enzymes and hydrochloric
acid are secreted
Proventiculus
In chicken it is
where the food is stored and soaked. Food then moves from the crop
to the proventriculus
Crop
Small intestine is composed of
Duodenum
Ileum
Jejunum
Liquefied food exits the stomach and enters the first portion of the
small intestine
(chyme)
“blind gut” is located at the beginning of the large intestine it
connects the small intestine to the colon. In most animals, the cecum has little
function. However in animals such as the horse and rabbit, the cecum is very
important in the digestion of fibrous feeds
Cecum
: having more than one digestive cavity a polygastric protozoan
also : having the stomach divided into several chambers —used of ruminants
Polygastric
The ______________ is designed for food to be ingested, eructated
(belched up), chewed, and swallowed again
polygastric system
refers to grasses,
Forage
refers to other high-fiber food sources.
roughages
Ruminants will “chew their cud” ______________ their food material and then
grind it with their molars at a time when the animal is resting
(regurgitate)
small bone at the top of the spine which the backbone connects to which allows a chicken to move their head.
Atlas
the ‘framework’ upon which the body is built – it provides support, protection and enables the animal to move. It consists of bones and connective tissue, including cartilage, tendons, and ligaments. It’s also called the musculoskeletal system.
Skeletal system
consists of the skull, the ribs and the vertebral column. The skull is similar to a dog’s skull but is more elongated. The vertebral column starts at the base of the skull and runs horizontally along the body.
axial skeleton
__________ consists of two forelimbs and two hindlimbs. The forelimb is made up of a scapula, humerus, radius, ulnar, the capus, metacarpals and phalanges.
appendicular skeleton
_______________ are the bones located in the heart called ossa cordis. These bones are not attached to any other bones and their function is to provide strength to the soft tissue.
splanchnic skeleton
is composed of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainste
brain
serves as the command center for your body. It is
controlled by your brain and governs your motions, thoughts, and instinctive
responses to the environment around you. It also regulates other
physiological functions and activities including digestion, respiration, and
sexual development (puberty).
nervous system
is a protective coating that surrounds each nerve. Myelin
insulates the nerve and allows signals to pass through
Myelin
is made up of your brain and
spinal cord. Your brain sends information to the rest of your body via your
nerves.
central nervous system (CNS)
system is made up of several nerves that
branch out from your CNS all around your bod
peripheral nervous
directs your voluntary motions.
somatic nerve system
regulates the actions you perform
without thinking about them.
autonomic nervous system
are bundles of axons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)
that act as information highways to carry signals between the brain and spinal
cord and the rest of the body.
Nerves
is a complex network of glands and organs. It
uses hormones to control and coordinate your body’s metabolism, energy
level, reproduction, growth and development, and response to injury, stress,
and mood. The following are integral parts of the endocrine system:
endocrine system
The ________ is located at the base of the brain, near
the optic chiasm where the optic nerves behind each eye cross and meet.
The hypothalamus secretes hormones that stimulate or suppress the release
of hormones in the pituitary gland, in addition to controlling water balance,
sleep, temperature, appetite, and blood pressure
hypothalamus
An ______________ is located on top of each kidney. Like many
glands, the adrenal glands work hand-in-hand with the hypothalamus and
pituitary gland. The adrenal glands make and release corticosteroid hormones
and epinephrine that maintain blood pressure and regulate metabolism
adrenal gland
The __________ delivers oxygen, nutrients, hormones,
and other important substances to cells and organs in the body. It plays an
important role in helping the body meet the demands of activity, exercise, and
stress. It also helps maintain body temperature, among other things
cardiovascular system
. It fights invading germs in the blood (the spleen contains infectionfighting white blood cells) it controls the level of blood cells (white blood cells,
red blood cells and platelets) it filters the blood and removes any old or
damaged red blood cells.
Spleen
These tiny blood vessels have thin walls. Oxygen and
nutrients from the blood can move through the walls and get into organs and
tissues. The capillaries also take waste products away from your tissues.
Capillaries are where oxygen and nutrients are exchanged for carbon dioxide
and waste
Capillaries
______________ is the network of organs and tissues that help
you breathe. It includes your airways, lungs and blood vessels. The muscles
that power your lungs are also part of the respiratory system. These parts
work together to move oxygen throughout the body and clean out waste
gases like carbon dioxide.
respiratory system
Muscle that helps your lungs pull in air and push it out
Diaphragm
: Tiny air sacs in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon
dioxide takes place.
Alveoli
The ___________ is a passive biological system that removes
excess, unnecessary materials from the body fluids of an organism, so as to
help maintain internal chemical homeostasis and prevent damage to the body.
excretory system
The ______________ of an organism, also known as the genital
system, is the biological system made up of all the anatomical organs
involved in sexual reproduction.
reproductive system
Female sheep
Ewe
Male sheep
Ram
