midterm Flashcards
Motivation
The internal processes, such as needs, thoughts, and emotions, that give your
behaviour …. energy and direction
Persistence
maintaining intensity over a continuous period
Participation Motivation
o Competence/Skilldevelopment
o … /excitement/challenge o Affiliation
o Fitness(health/appearance)
Behavioural Approaches
- Operant conditioning: consequences of behaviour are learned through reinforcement (+/-) or … punishment
- Vicarious conditioning: observing others – the changes we observe in others are valued by us
- Operant strategies: self-monitoring and individual awareness … of habits (Recording performance)
Transtheoretical Model (5 stages)
Framework to understand how individuals initiate and adopt regular physical activity.
* Intention (stage 1 & 2)
* Intention/behaviour (stage 3)
* Behaviour (stage 4 & 5)
Cognitive approaches
Automatic thought processes, cognitive errors, and core beliefs can be altered
1. Automatic thought processes “I messed up again”
2. Cognitive errors (all or none thinking)
3. Core beliefs (low …) self esteem
Self Efficacy
Belief in one’s capabilities to organize and execute the course of action required
to produce given attainments
Decisional balance
– Advantages and disadvantages of behavioural change
Applications of theory of planned behaviour
– Interventions should focus on enhancing the individual’s intention to exercise.
– Increase attitude towards physical activity by increasing the knowledge of
exercise …. benefits
– Target subjective norms by eliciting the … support of others who are physically active.
– Target the individual’s perceived behavioural control through a range of strategies.
Bandura 1987
Reciprocal determinism is a central tenet
Seven Constructs of Social Cognitive theory
- Observational learning (modelling)
- Goals (ambitions)
- Outcome expectations (+ or – consequences)
- Outcome expectancies (outcome is valued)
- Self-regulation (self-directed)
- Behavioural capacity/outcomes (knowledge/skills)
- Self-efficacy (belief in capabilities
Self Confidence
a general feeling of trust in ones’ abilities, qualities, and judgment
Self determination theory
Global theory of human motivation and development
* Evolved from pioneering work of psychologists Edward L. Deci and Richard M. Ryan
* People naturally endowed with innate tendencies for personal growth and development
and flourish when social environments are optimal
* Basic Psychological Needs Theory
* Organismic Integration Theory
Autonomy
– The need to perceive that one has …choice
Competence
The need to feel effective at achieving desired … outcomes
Related ness
The need to authentically … connect with others and feel involved in
the social context.
Organismic Integration Theory
Suggests motivation is best understood as a multidimensional concept along a continuum.
* It is a spectrum of motivational states with three primary divisions.
Reciprocal determinism
Person, Environment, Behaviour- influence one another
Self Efficacy factors
Mastery, social persuasion, psychological/affective states, vicarious experiences
Amotivation
Absence of motivation
Introjected Regulation
Activity is engaged in to avoid …negative emotion
-Avoidance of guilt/shame
Identified Regulation
Activity is linked to important and valued goals.
External Regulation
Actions are performed to fulfil an external demand, achieve a reward, or avoid
Integrated Regulation
Activity is consistent with a person’s … identity
* Becomes part of one’ sense of …self
Intrinsic Motivation
Activity is undertaken because it is enjoyable, interesting, stimulating, or …. self rewarding
Psychological needs theory
Autonomy, relatedness, competence
