midterm Flashcards
concerns the anxiety or fear experienced by communicators
communication apprehension
a psychological theory suggesting that people prefer information tat supports the views and avoids information that does not
selective exposure
refers to the ways in which a person attends to some auditory information (speech sound), ignoring other information
selective listening
noise
anything that interferes with, distorts, or slows down the transmission of information, can be internal or external
misunderstanding
refers to the inability of one or more communicators to apprehend meanings, feelings, or identities and to coordinate their behavior
selective perception
selective exposure
how audiences expose themselves to some messages while avoiding others
selective listening
the ways in which people perceive the spoken messages of others.
active listening
technique of observing and responding to a speaker’s verbal and nonverbal messages with the goal of mutual understanding
feedback
verbal/non-verbal responses to a speaker that indicates an understanding of a message
Response-ability
the ability to respond to others which is the foundation of listening and speaking
ethics
concerns the discernment of right and wrong or good and evil. In philosophy, the systematic study of ethics is sometimes referred to as morality or moral philosophy
direct quotations
you say word for word what another person has said
paraphrase
summarize the ideas or remarks of others
amorphous or unknown audiences
an audience that you know exists but whose size and demographic information are unknown.
social norms
rules that govern what is normal in a given culture.
gender identity
how you express your sex, gender, and perhaps even sexual orientation to yourself and others. Sexual orientation and gender identity are often, but not necessarily, the same.
invention
refers to the process of discovering materials and arguments for a speech
techne
a habit of mind and body that is cultivated to make something a craft
speech anxiety
the communication apprehension specific to speech making
visualization
refers to imagining the outcome of a possible course of action or behavior
extemporaneous speaking
a form of public speaking that appears to require little to no preparation
listening
the active process of making meaning out of another person’s spoken message
communication
refers to the coordination of behavior through symbols
plagiarism
the representation of someone else’s ideas or words as your own, is one of the worst kinds of expertise misrepresentation and should be strictly avoided
sound reinforcement
any other objects used to present audiovisual aids. To enhance your speech
audience analysis
knowing what the physical setting and constraints are for a given audience
demography
study of the statistical characteristics of a given population
stereotype
an overgeneralization about a group a person or group based on assumed characteristics
implicit bias
refers to unconscious beliefs, feelings, attitudes, and stereotypes about others that influence our decisions and behavior.
sexual orientation
refers to the gender identity of those with whom you choose to be intimate.
informal audience analysis
refers to the way in which a speaker gathers information about their audience in an unsystematic way
formal audience analysis
employing various tools and methods for gathering information about people, such as focus groups, interviews, or surveys
identification
when both audience and speaker forget the differences between them by recognizing that they are alike in some fundamental way
belief
the ideas we have about reality. Beliefs vary in strength, too: some beliefs are relatively inconsequential to us, while others are more central.
attitude
a group of beliefs that form around a common object and predispose behavior.
values
the core beliefs of an individual and are almost impervious to change
psychological audience analysis
is the anticipation of audience feelings and an attempt to marshal those feelings in order to change beliefs, attitudes, values, or behavior.
audience disposition
what you do with this information depends on the disposition and attitudes of the audience
speech situation
both the exigency or reason for giving a speech as well as those things that constrain what can be said.
brainstorming
the creative process of developing ideas and solutions to problems.
concept map
a visual representation of the relationships between different concepts, usually depicted with arrows and lines.
general speech purpose
answers the question why with regard to the topic, audience, and occasion, and is framed around informing, persuading, or celebrating
specific purpose statement
a single sentence, often beginning with the word “to,” that explicitly identifies the topic and purpose of your presentation.
thesis statement
a single sentence that expresses the central idea or topic and indirectly presents the purpose of a speech.
form
the activation and satisfaction of expectations in audiences.
genre
a label for a widely recognized form or pattern of discourse in a given culture.
informative speaking
speech that attempts to introduce or impart new knowledge and information to audiences
description
evoking sights, sounds, and smells to give an audience a mental sense of an event, a process, or an object.
definition
an explanation or description of the meaning of a term or concept.
narration
the telling of a story, or a verbal account of an event or series of events.
