Midterm Flashcards
1
Q
Definition of anterior
A
near the front
2
Q
Definition of posterior
A
near the back
3
Q
Definition of dorsal
A
upper side or back of an animal
4
Q
Definition of ventral
A
underside of an animal (abdominal)
5
Q
Definition of medial
A
near the median plane of the body/organ
6
Q
Definition of lateral
A
region furthest from the median plane
7
Q
Definition of distal
A
away from the center of the body or point of attachment
8
Q
Definition of proximal
A
near center of the body or point of attachment
9
Q
Definition of sagittal
A
plane dividing the body into left and right
10
Q
Definition of common descent
A
coming from the same ancestors
11
Q
Definition of reproductive community
A
a community that reproduces together
12
Q
Definition of cosmopolitan
A
13
Q
what percent of animals do we know?
A
20% of all animals alive right now
1% of all animals ever
14
Q
what are species?
A
consists of populations that share the same traits and can interbreed (usually)
15
Q
what is protoplasmic organization?
A
-all functions occur in one cell (single celled organisms)
-have organelles for different functions
16
Q
some problems with protoplasmic organization
A
-limits effectiveness of cell
-cells cannot work together
17
Q
cellular grade of organization
A
-cells are specialized
-individual cells cannot live on its own
-work is divided among cells
-no tissue
18
Q
cell-tissue grade of organization
A
-specialized cells grouped together as a unit to preform a function (tissue)
-preform one common function
19
Q
tissue-organ grade of organization
A
-tissue is grouped as a unit for a common function (organ)
20
Q
organ-system grade of organization
A
-organs working together for a common function
-highest level of organization (specialized organs)
21
Q
what is spherical symmetry?
A
-usually single cell
-beach ball shape
-any plane through the body with create symmetry
-good for floating and rolling
22
Q
what is radial symmetry?
A
-circular shape
-“jellyfish pizza”
-more than 2 planes through center create symmetry
23
Q
what is biradial symmetry?
A
-special form of radial symmetry
-only 2 planes produce mirrored halves (oval)
24
Q
what is bilateral symmetry?
A
-right and left mirror halves along the sagittal plane
- great for forward movement
-head and tail region
25
what are germ layers?
-distinct layers of cells that develop shortly after fusion of sex cells
-all tissues and organs develop from these
26
what is the body cavity?
-also known as the coelom
-internal space
-blastopore from germ layer becomes mouth and anus
-three types: acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, eucoelomate
27
what is a taxon?
common term for any rank in taxonomy
28
how was taxonomy originally created?
-organized by morphological traits; morphology, movement, respiration, reproduction
-no consideration for evolution
29
modern taxonomy
-better understanding of evolution
-genetic sequencing
-physical traits are the result of genetic information (inherited from ancestors)
-reproductive communities have genetic cohesiveness (from interbreeding)
-focus shifted from classifying living animals to grouping by ancestry
30
what is a clade?
a group of organisms hypothesized to have evolved from a common ancestor
31
advantages of creating trees
-precise pattern of evolutionary changes that led to animals current features
-make predictions about fossils
-make predictions about poorly studied animals
32
definition of sessile
-proifera adults that are attached to a surface
33
definition of choanoflagellates
-cells inside porifera that have flagella and move water upwards
34
definition of placozoa
35
definition of osculum
-exit hole of porifera
36
definition of spicule
-hard structures in the mesohyle made of calcerous or siliceous materials
-adds rigidity
37
definition of mesohyle
-jelly-like matrix made of collagen and spicules
38
definition of spongin
-specialized form of collagen
39
definition of calcareous
-CaCO3 (makes up spicules)
40
definition of siliceous
-silica (makes up spicules)
41
definition of monoecious
-produce both male and female gametes
42
definition of parenchymula
-ciliated larvae from porifera sexual reproduction
43
what are porifera?
sponges
44
where are porifera found?
-salt or fresh water (mostly salt)
-shallow or deep water
-attached to a surface
45
what do porifera do?
-provide shelter and food for other animals
-filter food particles from the water (sponge loop- saprozoic feeding)
46
how do porifera move water?
-change in pressure inside and outside the sponge forces water in
-water enters through ostium created by the porocyte
-choanocyte cells in the sponge move the water with flagella
-water moves upwards through the spongocel out the osculum
47
what are the three types of porifera?
-asconoid; one long tube
-syconoid; tube with branches
-leuconoid; round and spread out with holes all over
48
what is the advantage of leuconoids?
more surface area means more water intake and food absorption
49
how do porifera feed?
-choanocytes
-flagella create water flow to trap food for suspension feeding
-particles get trapped in collar
-particles get passed to the digestive system for phagocytosis
-saprozoic feeding is also possible by pinocytosis
50
role of choanocytes?
-feeding
-respiration
-excretion
51
what cells are found in the mesohyle?
Amoeboid cells:
-digestion (archaeocyte)
-support (collencyte; collagen, sclerocytes; spicules)
-protection (pinacocytes)
52
what do pinacocytes do in porifera?
-protect choanocytes
-contract to close pores to limit water flow
53
two types of sponge reproduction
Asexual
-bud formation
-gemmules
-regeneration
Sexual
-release gametes into water
54
explain asexual reproduction in porifera
Bud formation
- grow in size and then detach/ float away to form colony
Gemmules
-gemmulation can occur where gemmules form to help sponges survive the winter
Regeneration (Somatic embryogenesis)
-occurs after wounding
-fragments recognize cell structure and function to develop into a new sponge
55
Explain sexual reproduction in porifera
-monoecious
-release sperm into water column
-sperm is trapped by new sponge with choanocytes
-choanocytes carry sperm to oocyte
-free-swimming ciliated larvae develop (parenchymula) (some might have flagella)
-this allows migration
56
what are spicules useful for us?
chemistry/form is useful for classifying sponges and they show in fossils
57
what are the 4 different types of porifera?
-Calcarea
-Hexactinellida
-Demospongiae
-Homoscleromorpha
58
explain in further detail calcarea porifera
-calcium carbonate spicules
-body forms from all three morphologies
59
explain in further detail homoscleromorpha porifera
-sponges without a skeleton or with siliceous spicules without an axial filament
-encrusting
-can be very large
-unique cell arrangement amoung porifera; pinacoderm
60
explain in further detail demospongiae porifera
-siliceous spicules around an axial filament, spongin fibers, or both
-most diverse class (95% of all sponges)
-all are leuconoid
-silica spicules and spongin fibers may bind them together
61
explain in further detail hexactinellida porifera
-glass sponges with 6 rayed siliceous spicules
-worldwide but mostly in deep water of antarctic and northern pacific
-distantly related to other porifera
62
definition of diploblast
-organism that forms a gastrula from the blastula
-2 germ layers
63
definition of blastula
-ball of cells that develop from a zygote
-inside is a fluid filled cavity (blastocoel)
64
definition of gastrula
-develops from a blastula
-cells on one side push inwards to form a cavity which becomes the gut (archenteron)
-now animals have true tissue
-2 cavities, blastocoel and gut
-2 germ layers, ectoderm and endoderm
65
definition of endoderm
-a germ layer
-outer layer
-used for sensation, protection, and food capture
-used for respiration, excretion, movement, and reproduction
66
definition of ectoderm
-a germ layer
-inner layer
-used for food processing (feeding)
-used for respiration, excretion, movement, and reproduction
67
definition of medusa
-morphology type of cnidaria
-typical jelly fish form
-mouth pointing down
68
definition of polyp
-morphology type of cnidaria
-typical anemone form
-mouth pointing up
69
definition of cnidocyte
-cup like cells in cnidaria
70
definition of nematocysts
-organelle in cnidocyte that stings when the cnidocil is triggered
71
definition of cnidocil
-kind of like cilia
-located on cnidocyte
-acts as a trigger
72
definition of operculum
-cover to the cnidocyte
73
definition of mesoglea
-middle "jelly" layer in cnidaria
-provides support (elastic skeleton)
-made of mostly water and collagen
74
definition of hydrozoa
-a class of cnidaria
75
definition of dioecious
-each organism is either male or female
-produces only one type of gamete
76
definition of planula larvae
-a ciliated free swimming larvae that all cnidaria go through
77
definition of scyphozoa
-a class of cnidaria
-true jelly fish
78
definition of strobilation
-process in life cycle of scyphozoa of asexual reproduction that forms medusa from a polyp
79
definition of cubozoa
- a class of cnidaria
80
how do sponges form?
-blastula
-after blastula cells reorganize to lose blastocoel and there is no internal cavity
81
what is dimorphic?
-two morphology types (like cnidaria)
82
what are some characteristics of cnidaria bodies?
-radial symmetry
-have a mesoglea
83
what are 2 other morphological features about cnidarians?
-epitheliomuscular cells make up most of epidermis (extend parallel to tentacles and contain contractile fibrils)
-nerve net (diffuse the nervous system, part of neuromuscular system, rhopalia sense organs in some medusa)
84
what is a manubrium?
-gastrovascular cavity in medusa (blind gut)
85
what are the three types of organelles in cnidocytes?
1. nematocysts
-inject toxin for prey capture/ defense
-found in all classes of cnidaria
2. spirocysts
-adhesive, found only in anthozoa
3. ptychocysts
-used by some to anchor their bodies in soft substrate (sand)
86
how does a cnidocyte fire?
1. tension
-nematocyst is coiled up tightly and when the operculum opens the tension is released
2. osmotic pressure
-very slaty inside the cnidocyte
-when the operculum opens, water rushes in
-the large volume of water rushing in causes the nematocyst to shoot out
87
what is the life cycle of hydra?
Asexual reproduction
-bud appears
-grows
-detaches
-can also regenerate
Sexual
-lower temperatures causes gonads to form
-multiple testes form and release sperm to fertilize ovaries
-develop into cysts form and then hatch in the spring
88
explain the life cycle of the Obelia
-single polyp develops on a surface
-buds and grows into a colony with a shared gut
-some polyps are feeding only (hydranth)
-other polyps are only for reproduction (gonangium)
-medusa are released from the gonangium
-each medusa then releases either eggs or sperm and they meet in the water
-zygote forms then blastula
-a ciliated free swimming planula larva forms
-settles down, becomes polyp and starts new colony
89
explain the life cycle of Aurelia
-eggs are attached to the arms
-sperm are released and find the eggs
-zygote develops
-planula larvae swims away
-planula settles and forms a polyp
-tentacles grow and starts growing as a strobila (stack of dinner plates)
-tentacles fall
-each segment of the strobila fall and become the early stage of a medusa
90
describe the cubozoa
-a class
-mudusa form is dominant and we haven't found the polyp form for many yet
-umbrella/bell is square
-1 or more tentacles at corners
-strong swimmers
-potentially fatal sting
91
definition of anthozoa
-a class
-flower animals
-polyps dominate life cycle (no medusa)
-gastrovascular cavity divided by septa/ mesenteries
92
definition of hexacorallia
-subclass of anthozoa
-"stoney" coral
-6 fold symmetry
-don't have pedal disc but create a calcerous cup/exoskeleton to retreat into and provide protection
93
definition of zooxanthellae
-symbiotic algae that lives in hexacorallia
94
definition of hermatypic
-hexacorallian coral that contain zooxanthellae
95
definition of fringing reef
-small region of reef just off the main island
96
definition of barrier reef
-fringing reef grows and outer crest grows that separates the reef from the outer ocean
-lagoon may form
97
definition of atoll
-island from reef may recede completely leaving a barrier reef and a large lagoon in the centre
98
definition of bleaching
-when the temperature of the water increases coral turns white
-coral spits out algae so its energy is reduces (leads to death)
-can be caused by pollution
-other microorganisms can invade the coral
99
similarities and differences of anthozoa to other cnidarians
similarities
-ecto and endoderm (same function)
-capture prey with tentacles
-have cnidocytes (some have nematocysts)
-go through planula larvae stage
differences
-not free swimming-sessile (sometimes shuffle away if too many in same spot) attach with pedal disc
100
why do hexacorallia create the exoskeleton so quickly?
-special photosynthetic algae living in their tissue which photosynthesize and produce excess sugar for the coral to use
101
what is holozoic
sce that feed on particles
102
what is saprozoic
sce that feed on dissolved nutrients
103
what is pinocytosis?
-cell drinking
-allows saprozoic feeding
-not at particular location
104
what is phagocytosis?
-allows holozoic feeding
-food enters cytostome (mouth)
-membrane pinches off filled vesicle
-food particle now in a phagosome
-lysosome fuses with phagosome and releases enzyme
105
how to sce breath?
-passively transfer gases across their membrane
-passive diffusion
106
how do sce excrete waste?
-contractile vacuoles
-through membrane
-fresh water sce have a contractile vacuole to get rid of excess water (osmoregulation)
107
what are undulipodia?
-sce flagella and cilia
-9+2
108
how does pseudopodia work?
-formation of thick hyaline cap from ectoplasm
-endoplasm flows in pushing the hyaline cap forward and extending the pseudopod
-flowing endoplasm touched the cell membrane causing it to become ectoplasm
109
what are the asexual processes in sce?
1. Fission
-binary fission (2 identical individuals)
-multiple fission/ schizogony (2 identical individuals, then have sex (sporogony)
2. Budding
-small progeny (bud) pinches off from parent
110
what are the two haploid types of sce gametes?
-isogametes (look the same)
-anisogametes (look different)
111
describe the phylum Euglenozoa
-stiffened cell membrane (pellicle)
-1+ flagella
-2 subphylums
1. Euglendia
-have chloroplasts
-can also use saprozoic feeding
-red eye to detect light
2. Kinetoplasta
-no chloroplasts (holozoic or saprozoic feeding)
-special organelle (kinetoplast)
-most are symbiotic and some are parasitic
112
describe the phylum ciliophora
-salt, water, and land
-covered in rows of cilia
-micro and macro nucleus
-conjugation
113
conjugation in ciliates
-2 paramecium come in contact on oral surface
-micronuclei divide by meiosis (4 haploid) and macro dissolves
-3 micro degenerate, 1 splits one more time into male and female pronuclei
-male pronuclei arte exchanged
-male and female fuse to make diploid nucleus and paramecium separate
-3 sets of mitosis produce 8 micro, 4 become macro, 3 degenerate
-mitosis occurs to produce 4 daughter cells
114
what is autogamy?
-same process as conjugation but if no partner is available then male pronuclei does not switch and the rest continues
