midterm

Question 1

measurement process

Answer 1

concept, idea or construct> measure > observe idea empirically
quantitative researcher go deductive; qualitative researcher go inductive

Question 2

measurement process, conceptualization

Answer 2

-process of specifying what we mean when we use particular terms

-taking an construct/idea and giving it a conceptual theoretical definition, a good definition has a clear, explicit meaning

Question 3

measurement process, operationalization

Answer 3

-defining variables into measurable factors

Question 4

validity

Answer 4

In social research, an indicator is valid if it measures the concept it intends to measure

Question 5

content validity

Answer 5

asses whether a test is representative of all aspect of the construct

Question 6

face validity

Answer 6

considers how suitable the content of a test seems to be on the surface. It’s similar to content validity, but face validity is a more informal and subjective assessment, “face value”

Question 7

criterion validity

Answer 7

-Evaluates how closely the results of your test correspond to the results of a different test.

-To evaluate criterion validity, you calculate the correlation between the results of your measurement and the results of the criterion measurement. If there is a high correlation, this gives a good indication that your test is measuring what it intends to measure.

Question 8

construct validity

Answer 8

evaluates whether a measurement tool really represents the thing we are interested in measuring. A construct refers to a concept or characteristic that can’t be directly observed, but can be measured by observing other indicator that are associated with it

Question 9

reliability

Answer 9

consistency, quality of measuring an instrument that would produce same values in repeated observations

Question 10

test-retest reliability

Answer 10

measures the consistency of results when you repeat the same test on the same sample at a different time. You use it when you are measuring something that you expect to stay consistent in your sample

Question 11

interrater interobserver reliability

Answer 11

interrater reliability measures the degree of agreement between different people observing or assessing the same thing.
then you calculate the correlation between their different sets of results. If all the researchers give similar ratings, the tests has a higher interrater reliability

Question 12

parallel forms reliability

Answer 12

measures the correlation between two equivalent versions of a test. You use it when you have two different assessment tools or sets of questions deigned to measure the same thing.

Question 13

internal consistency

Answer 13

internal consistency assesses the correlation between multiple items in a test that are intended to measure the same construct.
You can calculate internal consistency without repeating the test or involving other researchers, so its a good way of assessing reliability when you only have one data set.

Question 14

primary research

Answer 14

-primary research refers to research that has involved the collection of original data specific to a study
-PR is often carried out with the goal of producing new knowledge
-researcher aim the answer unanswered question or questions that have not bee asked

Question 15

secondary research

Answer 15

-SR involves the summary or syntheses of the data and lit the has been written by others

Question 16

Concept

Answer 16

an abstract idea(s), notion, plan

Question 17

Theory

Answer 17

statement or set of statements describing
relationships among concepts

Question 18

Nominal Level of Measurement

Answer 18

-The first level of measurement is nominal level of measurement. In this level of measurement, the numbers in the variable are used only to classify the data. In this level of measurement, words, letters, and alpha-numeric symbols can be used.
-Qualitative/Categorical
-Names, Colors. Gender, Labels
-Order does not matter

Question 19

Ordinal

Answer 19

-The ordinal level of measurement groups variables into categories, just like the nominal scale, but also conveys the order of the variables. For example, rating how much pain you’re in on a scale of 1-5, or categorizing your income as high, medium, or low.
-ranking placement
-order matters
-differences cannot be measured

Question 20

Interval Level of Measurement

Answer 20

-The interval level is a numerical level of measurement which, like the ordinal scale, places variables in order. Unlike the ordinal scale, however, the interval scale has a known and equal distance between each value on the scale (imagine the points on a thermometer).
-the order matters
-differences can be measured
-no true “0” starting point

Question 21

Ratio Level of Measurement

Answer 21

-The ratio level of measurement is an extension of the interval level of measurement. It deals with data that have a natural zero point. The difference between the values, and the ratio of values, both are meaningful in the ratio level of measurement.
-the order matters
-differences are measurable
-contains a “0” starting point

Question 22

Variable

Answer 22

-Element, feature or factor that is
liable to change.

-The ability to take on two or
more values.

Question 23

Dependent
Variable

Answer 23

the variable you are trying to
Explain

Question 24

Independent Variable

Answer 24

the variable hypothesized to “cause” or lead to, or explain variation in another variable

Question 25

simple hypothesis

Answer 25

shows a relationship between one dependent variable and a single independent variable
example-“If you eat more vegetables, you will lose weight faster.”

Question 26

complex hypothesis

Answer 26

shows the relationship between two or more dependent variables and two or more independent variables
example- “Eating more vegetables and fruits leads to weight loss, glowing skin, and reduces the risk of many diseases such as heart disease.”

Question 27

directional hypothesis

Answer 27

shows how a researcher is intellectual and committed to a particular outcome. The relationship between the variables can also predict its nature.
example- “children aged four years eating proper food over a five-year period are having higher IQ levels than children not having a proper meal.”

Question 28

discrete variable

Answer 28

A set of data is discrete if the values belonging to the set are distinct and separate ex number of children

Question 29

continuous variable

Answer 29

A set of data is said to be continuous if the values in the set can take on any value within a finite or infinite interval ex height of a child

Question 30

non directional hypothesis

Answer 30

It is used when there is no theory involved. It is a statement that a relationship exists between two variables, without predicting the exact nature (direction) of the relationship.

Question 31

null hypothesis

Answer 31

It’s a negative statement, and there is no relationship between independent and dependent variables.

Question 32

Associative hypothesis

Answer 32

Associative hypothesis occurs when there is a change in one variable resulting in a change in the other variable.

Question 33

causal hypothesis

Answer 33

causal hypothesis proposes a cause and effect interaction between two or more variables.

Question 34

p-value

Answer 34

The p-value is the probability of obtaining results as extreme or more extreme than the ones observed given the null hypothesis is true
Compare p-value to level of significance, α (alpha)

if p ≤ α: Reject H0
if p > α: Fail to Reject H0

Question 35

Theory

Answer 35

Statement or set of statements describing relationship among concepts

Question 36

Concept

Answer 36

An abstract idea, notion, plan

Question 37

Variable

Answer 37

Element feature or factor that is liable to change

Question 38

Descriptive statistics

Answer 38

Summarizing information into logical and practical manner

Question 39

Camparitive satistics

Answer 39

Comparing 2 different samples in order to determine where differences are

Question 40

Correlational statistics

Answer 40

Comparing 2 statistics to determine if there is a relationship between them