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POLI 385 > Midterm 1.2 > Flashcards

Midterm 1.2 Flashcards

1
Q

Who colonized Vietnam?

A

France

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2
Q

Who colonized Indonesia?

A

The Netherlands/Dutch

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3
Q

Who colonized Cambodia?

A

France

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4
Q

Who colonized Burma?

A

Britain

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5
Q

Who colonized Singapore area?

A

Britain

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6
Q

Who colonized the Philippines?

A

Spain
(the U.S. later)

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7
Q

True or False: Marxism and liberalism spread to SE Asia because of colonialism

A

True

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8
Q

What were the only “constitutionally complete” countries?

A

Thailand and Philippines

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9
Q

Which imperial powers had liberal forms of colonizing?

A

Great Britain, U.S.

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10
Q

Which imperial powers had repressive colonizing?

A

Spanish, Dutch, French

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11
Q

Characteristics of liberal colonialism:

A
  1. Relatively good record on rule of law, civil liberties, political participation, education, economic opportunity
  2. Willing to consider independence
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12
Q

Characteristics of Repressive colonialism:

A
  1. Limited civil liberties, restricted education, censorship, tiered economies, corruption
  2. Europeans in superior legal positions
  3. Actively discouraged independence movements
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13
Q

British Colonies

A
  1. Burma
  2. Malaya
  3. East Malaysia
  4. Singapore
  5. Brunei
  6. Hong Kong
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14
Q

French Colonies

A
  1. North Vietnam
  2. Cambodia
  3. Laos
  4. South Vietnam
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15
Q

Dutch Colonies:

A
  1. Indonesia
  2. Dutch New Guinea
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16
Q

Portuguese Colonies

A
  1. East Timor
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17
Q

U.S. Colonies

A
  1. Philippines
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18
Q

Japanese Colonies:

A
  1. Korea
  2. Taiwan
  3. Manchuria
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19
Q

What were the waves of colonization and which countries were involved?

A
  1. Portuguese
  2. Spanish
  3. Dutch
  4. British
  5. French
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20
Q

What was the longest, most expensive, bloodiest war in the history of “British India”?

A

Burma, they really fought back!

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21
Q

What was the British influence in Burma?

A
  1. Direct and deep
  2. Late compared to India
  3. Categorization and territorial divisions (no more mandalas)
  4. Divide and conquer (karen at top of bureaucracy along with other minorities)
  5. Indians also challenged for labor jobs in new capitalist economy
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22
Q

What reasons did France give for conquering IndoChina?

A
  1. Protect the catholic french missionaries
  2. Trade access to China
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23
Q

What is Indochina?

A

3 territories in Vietnam area

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24
Q

How did Laos and Cambodia avoid the conflict of colonialism?

A

They welcomed the French in with open arms. They didn’t resist. They WANTED France to be their protectorate.

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25
Q

What was the French influence?

A
  1. Exploitation
  2. Mostly economic
  3. Built extensive infrastructure
  4. Missionary efforts failed
  5. French language taught as the principal language of education, government, trade, and media
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26
Q

How did Thailand remain independent?

A
  1. Accident of geography (anglo-French desire to avoid a common frontier)
  2. Pre-existing major power (compared to other undeveloped SE asian governments)
  3. Able diplomacy
  4. Policy of modernization - they WANTED to learn from Europe, so they did
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27
Q

How did King Mongkut of Thailand appease Western powers to avoid colonization?

A
  1. No prostration for Westerners
  2. Treaties were balanced
  3. Modernization program (infrastructure, schools, printing, European advisors)
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28
Q

What reforms did Chulalongkorn of Thailand implement?

A
  1. Abolished prostration to king
  2. abolished slavery
  3. Opened armed services
  4. New technology like the telegraph and railroad
  5. More schools
  6. Administration reform
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29
Q

What was the culture system of the Dutch rule over Indonesia?

A

Forced manual labor, wanted them to work CONSTANTLY for the Dutch good.

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30
Q

Where was Batavia?

A

Dutch control in Indonesia

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31
Q

Who had the most centralized state power in SE Asia?

A

Dutch - Indonesia

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32
Q

Where was Johor?

A

Malaya, right above Singapore

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33
Q

How did the British rule Malaysia?

A

British advisors to each state individually, worked together.

Malay states agreed to supervision from a British resident

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34
Q

True or False: The advisors in the British Malayan colonies were there to supervise the work, not rule.

A

False. They basically became the rulers of the states they were in

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35
Q

How did the Johor sultanate remain independent?

A

They gave Singapore to the British and modernized on their own. They had a written constitution, but they still had to consult with the British on many things

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36
Q

Which SE Asian country was the only one to adopt the religion of its colonizer?

A

Philippines

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37
Q

What was the Spanish-American war?

A

The U.S. gained control of the Philippines colony after defeating the Spanish.

38
Q

Why did the Philippines originally hope for a quick independence?

A

They were repressed by the Spanish and the U.S. promised liberation and independence… but it took 45 years and millions of lives

39
Q

What was American rule on the Philippines like?

A
  1. Quick to move to elections
  2. Education system enhanced
  3. Killed up to 1.4 million Filipinos following the Spanish-American war
40
Q

What were the economic consequences of colonialism?

A
  1. Shift from subsistence-based agriculture to modern agriculture plantations and mining.
  2. Linked SE Asia with the global economy
  3. New urban centers
  4. New infrastructure
41
Q

What were the political consequences of colonialism?

A
  1. Stimulated nationalism movements
  2. Introduced foreign political ideals (including communism)
  3. Created new states with set borders
42
Q

How did Japan act in Indonesia?

A

They basically kicked out the Dutch and acted worse. They kept the forced labor and difficult conditions.

43
Q

True or False: Thailand was an ally of Japan

A

True

44
Q

Why did Japan seek to control Thailand’s economic affairs?

A

Driven by research, science, and government direction as a continuation of the Meiji revolution. They’re all about modernization

45
Q

How was Japanese colonial control different from European control?

A

European powers put somebody in charge and largely left that person to come up with rules/standards based on what they were seeing with limited direction.

Japan took orders straight out of Tokyo to direct the affairs of every single colony. It was a more cohesive “organism”

46
Q

What 4 sources led to the rise of nationalism in the 1920s and 30s?

A
  1. Indigenous religions
  2. Western education (trained leaders and new ideology)
  3. Social radicals (communists)
  4. Global ideas (end of WWI and principle of self-determination)
47
Q

What states did NOT have large nationalism movements in the 20’s and 30’s?

A

Malaya, Philippines, Cambodia, Laos

48
Q

What 3 factors led to the DECLINE of colonial power in SEA?

A
  1. Rise of nationalism
  2. Great depression
  3. WWII
49
Q

How did the Great Depression contribute to the collapse of colonialism?

A
  1. The market for SEA products dwindled
  2. Distracted the West’s attention
  3. Colonies were less profitable
50
Q

What were some reasons Western powers started losing interest in their colonies prior to WWII?

A
  1. Not as financially profitable
  2. Preoccupied with “home” problems
  3. Too much of an investment
  4. Increase in anti-imperialism sentiments at home
51
Q

Why was Japan an attractive country to some SE Asians?

A
  1. They were a success store
  2. Japan debunked the myth of European superiority
  3. Japan represented an alternative mode of development
  4. Alternative place to get education, technology, capital
  5. A refuge for anti-imperialist and anti-colonial nationalists
52
Q

How did Japan appeal to SEA?

A
  1. They called for racial solidarity
  2. Education programs
  3. Brother-kinship terms
  4. Promised independence
  5. Recognized local leaders, language, flag
  6. Promised economic benefits
  7. anti-colonial/anti-imperialist propaganda
53
Q

What were the goals of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere?

A

Economic gains for all Asian countries

54
Q

Which side did Thailand take during WWII?

A

They allied with the side they thought would win (Japan) but had a significant resistance helping the Allies as well… so they basically played both sides to win no matter what lol

55
Q

What were the MAJOR results of WWII in SEA?

A
  1. Decline in Western political interest and power
  2. Myth of Western superiority debunked
  3. Rise in Japanese political and economic interest and influence in SEA
  4. Status of overseas Chinese changes
  5. Increased U.S. interest in SEA
  6. Rise of SEAsian nationalist, independence movements
56
Q

According to the realist model, what characterizes the international system?

A

Anarchy

57
Q

What is the core assumption of Korea up to 2000?

A

They hate Japan

58
Q

Which SE Asian country had the first communist party?

A

Indonesia in 1914

59
Q

What were the 3 principles of Sun Yat Sen’s KMT party?

A
  1. Nationalism
  2. Democracy
  3. People’s welfare (socialism)
60
Q

When did the communists take over China?

A

1949, that’s when the KMT fled to Taiwan

61
Q

What are the 3 principles of Maoism?

A
  1. People’s war - nationalist, democratic, anti-imperialist revolution run by communists
  2. Cultural revolution - class struggle
  3. Agrarian Socialism - ownership of land to make money rather than product. Rural industrialization
62
Q

What were ethnic/overseas Chinese people doing in SE Asia during WWII?

A
  1. leading resistance efforts in their countries against Japan
  2. Fought against British empire
  3. Causing problems with the British and getting deported back to China where they were executed
63
Q

What was the Malayan emergency?

A

British and American forces joining to defeat communist uprisings in Malaya during the Cold War.

64
Q

How did the Malayan Emergency begin?

A

Communists killed a few European planters.
Police were given powers to arrest and punish (including death penalty) without trial.
Guerrilla warfare

65
Q

What were some of the extraordinary measures taken by the British during the Malayan Emergency?

A
  1. Forced hundreds of thousands of people into special compounds surrounded by high barbed wire fences and police
  2. Food was only permitted to eat at home, starvation tactics
  3. Scorched earth policy, widespread burning of villages suspected of communist sypathies
66
Q

Who was Tunku Abdul Rahman?

A

The first Chief minister of Malaya after their first general elections in 1955

67
Q

Why didn’t elections in Indonesia fully fix the communist problem?

A

Because national unity was under attack. There were also civil wars going on in Sumatra and Islamic revolts in Western Java.

68
Q

What were the 3 main political factions in Indonesia?

A
  1. Communists
  2. Nationalists
  3. Islamists
69
Q

Why did Sukarno lose control of Indonesia?

A

The British secret intelligence agency there worked to promote anti-communist propaganda that also painted HIM in a bad light. He lost power

70
Q

Who took over from Sukarno after the anti-communist propaganda movements?

A

Suharto, for 3 decades
Pure nationalist

71
Q

What did Suharto do to the communists?

A

Gestapu affairs
Mass killings, star wars style. Anywhere from 500,000 to several million people killed in a week. NON-military. Anybody related to communism (basically minorities, women, atheists, etc.)

72
Q

Who was the U.S. president behind Domino theory?

A

Eisenhower

73
Q

What contributed to Eisenhower’s belief in the Domino Theory?

A

He was VERY anti-communist

74
Q

Is the Domino theory actually a theory?

A

Not really. It’s more of an ideology. An attempt to discriminate against communism. Few empirical studies.

75
Q

Which country did they believe would be first to fall to communism and then corrupt its neighbors?

A

Laos

76
Q

Which country’s communist party did China manipulate more than any other?

A

Burma

77
Q

How did each country react/fall to communism?
1

A
  1. Indonesia - communists snuffed out by British and Suharto
  2. Malaysia/Singapore - Malayan emergency
  3. Laos - Laos was close to Vietnam, so when Vietnam fell, so did Laos
  4. Cambodia - Basically embraced communism, felt they were doomed to it
  5. Burma - U.S. was worried about Chinese influence there
  6. Philippines - communism had decreased, but there was a lot of propaganda in the U.S.
  7. Thailand - No conflict, instead they negotiated with the communists and offered freedom and amnesty instead of detention. They came up with their own solution instead of relying on the U.S. strategy. Thai solution to a Thai problem.
78
Q

Who was involved in the Korean war?

A

South Korea and the U.S. (and later the UK and UN); North Korea and Russia (and later China)

79
Q

When did the Korean war start?

A

1950

80
Q

HOW did the Korean war start?

A

The North Koreans crossed the 38th parallel. The UN condmned it.

81
Q

Basic timeline of Korean war:

A

June 1950 - NK attacks
September 1950 - NK has conquered almost all the peninsula
September 1950 - MacArthur gets involved and pushes all the way back to Seoul
October 1950 - The North pushed back across the 18th parallel
October 1950 - MacArthur breaches China, China reacts
December - UN retreats to the South
April 1951 - MacArthur fired for being bad
July 1951 - Stalemate, Armistice agreement but the North didn’t sign.

Basically a single year

82
Q

What’s another name for the Vietnam war?

A

The Second Indochina war

83
Q

What is France’s fault?

A

The FIRST Indochina war
France fighting the state of Vietnam post WWII, led to communist and nationalist groups in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. They were rural insurgencies against the brutality of the French

84
Q

What was the Franco-Thai war?

A

Thailand took advantage of a weakened France (after falling to Hitler) and attacks them in Indochina in 1940. It wanted to regain vassal state territories ceded to France.

Japan settled the conflict. Thailand “won” but didn’t really win anything.

85
Q

True or False: During the Second Indochina war, the Americans were basically on the margins, this was really a Vietnamese civil war telling a Vietnamese story

A

True

86
Q

Which was a greater driver of violence in the Vietnam war: Racism or nationalism?

A

Racism

87
Q

Why were there strange social classes being targeted for military service in Vietnam?

A

Because it represented the only way to achieve upward mobility (so the wealthy were joining the army)

88
Q

Who were the Ha Noi?

A

Women warriors sent to fight and die with Ho Chi Minh Trail.

89
Q

What role did Catholicism play in the Vietnam war?

A

Split social group. Fighting even within clergy. Catholics not likely to be drafted.

90
Q

Why is it difficult to split the Vietnamese war into 2 sides?

A

Because there were MANY players within the country, including all kinds of social groups that didn’t retain loyalty to one side or another throughout the war. This was not just America vs. communism, this was Vietnam vs. Vietnam.

91
Q

Who were the greatest casualties in the Vietnam war?

A

The civilians. Millions of them. It was a self-defeating war. They were only killing themselves.

POLI 385 (2 decks)

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