Midterm Flashcards
what are the two aspects of sound?
physical and psychological
the place theory compares the cochlea to _______
piano keys
resonance theory
-air gets into our inner ear, and depending on the size of the hole that it goes through, that is the frequency that we hear
-tonotopically organized
broca’s area is responsible for _________
speech production/ expressive language
wernicke’s area is responsible for __________
understanding/ receptive language
afferent pathways travel _____________
from the periphery to the brain (away from the cochlea)
the left temporal lobe is responsible for ___________
speech and language
what frequencies form the core (center) of the 8th cranial nerve?
low frequencies
which part of the basilar membrane is less stiff?
the apex
which part of the basilar membrane is narrower?
the base
tonotopic organization
-different places on the basilar membrane correspond with different frequencies
-lower frequencies at the top, higher frequencies at the base
- created like a gradient
the top (apex) of the cochlea is responsible for _________
low frequencies
the outer 2/3 of the external ear canal are made of __________
cartilage
the bony center of the cochlea is called the _________
modiolus
the modiolus contains the ___________
8th cranial nerve
how many turns are in the cochlea?
(how many times it wraps around the center)
2.5 times
what are the three cochlear canals (ducts)?
scala vestibuli
scala media
scala tympani
what duct is filled with endolymph?
scala media
what ducts are filled with perilymph?
scala vestibuli and scala tympani
what are the two membranes within the cochlea?
reisners (top) and basilar (bottom)
the organ of corti is located in the __________
basilar membrane
the membrane which when moved, stimulates the outer and inner hair cells called the _________
tectorial membrane
the connection of the apex of the cochlea from the scala vestibuli to the scala tympani is called ____________
the helicomtema
the end organ of hearing is the ___________
organ of corti
the purpose of the inner hair cells in the organ of corti is to ___________
understand/ understanding
the purpose of the outer hair cells in the organ of corti is __________
amplification
the ________ system’s purpose is to keep balance and detect movement.
vestibular system
central auditory pathway
-cochlea
-8th cranial nerve
-cochlea nuclei
-superior olivary complex
-lateral lemniscus
-inferior
-medial genicular body
auditory cortex
the point where crossover begins to occur in the central auditory pathway is ________
after the cochlea nuclei and before the medial genicular body
sound waves entering the ear
acoustic waves
vibrations of the bones in the middle ear
mechanical energy
mechanical energy is transformed by the ________
tympanic membrane
energy with the fluid of the cochlea
hydraulic energy
hydraulic energy is transformed by _________
the stapes
energy as the impulse is sent to the brain
chemical/ electric energy
chemical/ electric energy is transformed by _________
hair cells moving
resonant frequency at the canal is ________HZ
2700
hair cells are called
cilia
the movement of the tectorial membrane causes ____________
the cilia to bend on the organ of corti
(depolarization)
hair cells are bundles that are attached by tip links with one long cilia that is embedded in the tectorial membrane
true or false?
false
- it is not embedded, it sits on top
what happens in the excitatory phase?
the cell depolarizes
what happens during the inhibitory phase?
the cell hyperpolarizes
the inner 1/3 of the external ear canal is made up of _______
bone
the part of the tympanic membrane the contains radial fibers is called _________
pars tensa
the part of the tympanic membrane responsible for hearing is called _______
pars tensa
the upper third of the tympanic membrane that allows vibration is called _______
pars flaccida
the notch that divides the pars flaccida and the pars tensa is the __________
notch of rivinus
what color should a healthy tympanic membrane be?
pearly grey
what are the 3 layers of the tympanic membrane?
-epithelial tissue
-mucosa
-radial fibers
what separates the outer and middle ear?
tympanic membrane
the lateral wall of the middle ear contains the ___________
tympanic membrane
the anterior wall of the middle ear contains the __________
eustachian tube
the posterior wall of the middle war includes the __________ and the __________
pyramidal eminence and the aditus
the inferior wall of the middle ear includes the __________
jugular bulb
the superior wall of the middle ear is also called the ________ wall
tegmental
the medial wall includes
__________
__________
__________
the oval window
the round window
the promontory
what are the 3 bones of the middle ear?
malleus, incus, and stapes
the part of the malleus that attaches to the tympanic membrane is called the ________
umbo
the footplate of the stapes sits in the _______ window
oval window
the two muscles of the middle ear are the __________ and the ___________
stapedial muscle: attaches to the stapes and pyramidal eminence ( on the posterior wall)
tensor tympani: attaches to the malleus and the anterior wall
how do the muscles of the inner ear work?
they work together by pulling in opposite directions
what tube allows airflow into the middle ear?
eustachian tube
when does the eustachian tube open?
opens on some occasions
the eustachian tube runs from the middle ear to which part of the body?
nasopharynx
the eustachian tube is flatter in adults than infants.
true or false?
false
what are the two portions of the inner ear?
the vestibular portion and the auditory portion
how many semi-circular canals are there on ear side?
3
which is more elastic, a door or a rubber band?
door
molecules travel from sound source into the middle ear and do not have a fixed range of movement in space.
true or false?
false- they do have a fixed range of movement
compression is when molecules are ________
coming closer together
rarefaction is when molecules are ____________
growing farther apart
on a sine wave graph, above the midline represents _________
compression
on a sine wave graph, below the midline represents ____________
rarefaction
frequency is defined as __________ per ___________
cycles completed per time (seconds)
amplitude is related to ________
loudness
what causes change in amplitude?
a change in force
what happens when two waves are 180 degrees out of phase?
the waves cancel each other out/ 100% dampen
deciBels
-involves a ratio
-uses logarithmic scale
-nonlinear scale
dB IL
intensity level
dB SPL
sound production level
how is intensity related to pressure?
intensity= pressure^2
what is 0dB HL?
audiometric zero (starting point on the graph where it is flat)
what is the measurement of pitch?
decibels
how much energy is exerted when the molecules hit each other is called ___________
force
the force distributed over an area
pressure
when any mass is moved and energy is used up
work
the capacity to exert force and use energy in the process
power
