midterm Flashcards

Question

ivan kalita

Answer 1

success in collecting taxes for mongols, excess profits to acquire more land, relative peace of his reign attracted many migrants to the region, further increasing power along with population, attracted the metropolitan to move to moscow, new spiritual capital of russia

Answer 2

continued the rivalry with tver, and their lithuanian allies and he challenged the mongols, defeated a small mongol force in 1378, refused to pay the customary tribute, dmitri receives support of ~twenty russian princes (common hatred), dmitri defeats the mongols near the don river south of moscow

Answer 3

was not immediate, mongol khan was assassinated, new khan toktamysh captured and burned moscow in 1382, forced dmitri to restate his fealty to mongol authority, long term impact of kulikovo was to weaken mongol authority

Answer 4

a fortress inside a city, synonyms with government

Answer 5

“the gatherer of the russian lands;" ivan brutally crushed an uprising of novgorod boyars in 1478, novgorod’s loss was tragic

Answer 6

the last byzantine princess, zoe will teach byzantine statecraft to her husband

Answer 7

moscow was not only heir to kiev, but also byzantium

Answer 8

the first collection of russian law in decades, harsh

Answer 9

the more adventurous or desperate peasants ran away beyond the perimeters of the state, independent

Answer 10

early history, all we have

Answer 11

son of ivan iii and zoe, continued fathers policies and consulted boyar duma, yook pskov in 1511 and obtained smolensk in the war with lithuania

Answer 12

first wife of ivan the terrible

Answer 13

assembly of the land, appointed

Answer 14

units of infantry

Answer 15

seized in 1554-56

Answer 16

against poland-lithuania, denmark-norway, sweden, &c. over livonia; unsuccessful

Answer 17

repression of boyars

Answer 18

son of ivan, disabled

Answer 19

standin for fedor; famine, enserfment, intolerance of opposition made him unpopular

Answer 20

baby killed, people claiming to be him

Answer 21

invaded russia, with a tiny army of ~1500 in 1604, some see him as rightful heir, more likely saw him as a rallying point against Gudenov. Gudenov’s sudden death (of illness) in April, 1605, allowed Dmitri to reach Moscow and become tsar in June!

Answer 22

16 year old selected by zemskii sobor; Contact with the West grows, albeit in small steps, Penetration of Siberia extends to the Pacific, unintelligent/unambitious, Relied heavily on advisors/favorites (zemskii sobor dominated policy until filaret)

Answer 23

Confirmed by an arranged “Zemskii Sobor” Proved unpopular with just about everyone The Bolotnikov-Shakhovskoy Rebellion Both leaders were captured. The prince was exiled, the peasant was killed

Answer 24

A second individual claiming to be Dmitri appeared in the summer of 1607. Certainly an imposter, likely came from a Lithuanian jail. “Mom” again says its her son! First False Dmitri’s wife marries him, claiming his her first husband, and has a son by him. His followers were largely Cossacks and other discontented elements. Some individual Polish noblemen and the private armies entered Russia to help. The new pretender defeated one of Shuisky’s armies at the outskirts of Moscow Dmitri #2 set up a royal court in the nearly village of Tushino For a time the state has two tsars, with allegiance divided among them.

Answer 25

For three years an “interregnum” continued in which the country had no recognized monarch. Moscow was under occupation by a king who seemed determined to take the throne himself Foreign invasions, internal rebellions, bankruptcy and continued famine put Russia on the verge of disintegrations

Answer 26

Church leaders, notably from the hallowed Holy Trinity-St. Sergius monastery, stepped forward, encouraged the formation of an army in Riazan in early 1611

Answer 27

Michael whiffed on an opportunity to annex the city of Azov Cossacks seized it from the Turks, and resisted counterattacks Michael would not risk war with the Ottomans, even though the Zemskii Sobor gave him the green light

Answer 28

1645-76 Like Michael, he became tsar at sixteen, and often depended on favorites “Tishaishii” – the quiet one. Kind, sensitive, considerate A dedicated and informed churchgoer, maintained a routine of fasts/rituals Government continued to lack revenue Tried a variety of things, from a salt tax (led to rebellion), to selling tobacco (church objects – good for them), to debasing the coinage (more riots) Corruption remained a problem too, then as now. The flight of the peasants from the estates continued

Answer 29

1654/1667 Russian and Ukrainian historians differ about the Pereiaslavl (1654) agreement The Ukrainians claim they accepted Russian authority on the condition that Ukraine receive autonomy. Kemilnitsky wanted a state that deferred to Moscow on only matters of defense and foreign policy The Russians claim that the Ukrainians pledged loyalty without condition, and only afterward did Russia grant Ukraine considerable autonomy The Russians received the “left bank Ukraine” – all lands east of the Dnieper.

Answer 30

Discontent grew over serfdom and the tax burden A major revolt came in 1670 under the leadership of Razin, a drunken, illiterate Don Cossack Razin killed the prince, then attempted to bring back the veche! The people elect him sovereign! Tsaritsyn (later Stalingrad, now Volgograd) fell with similar ease Razin’s army moved up the Volga, attracting thousands of peasants and Cossacks, ethnic and religious dissidents. Numbered 200,000 at its peak? Razin was ignorant of politics He could lead an uprising, not inspire revolution He seems to have never had the intention of becoming tsar, much less any broad social program He simply embodied the rage and frustration of the peasants. It was not hard to rile the people against the boyars.

Answer 31

Two huge events in the Orthodox Church take place under Alexis First, Patriarch Nikon moved to cleanse the church and reform its rituals Originally a peasant, he became Patriarch in 1652 Nikon demanded corrections based on the Greek Orthodox Church He wanted the Russians to make the sign of the cross with three fingers, as the Greeks did. The Russians had developed a habit of using two How to spell the name of Jesus was another issue. The number of hallelujahs in prayers, etc. Icons with baroque influence removed/gouged. “Tent-like” churches destroyed. Church counsel of 1656-7 adopted the changes Led to a split between those who accepted the changes, and “Old Believers” who rejected them. The archpriest Avvakum led the resistance Insisted that if Moscow was the Third Rome, it had no need to copy the Greek example Initially called Nikon a heretic. Eventually saw the end of the world coming, Nikon=antichrist Dissidents develop into a schism One monastery was captured only after and eight-year siege Others immolate themselves rather than surrender Some Old Believers still survive to this day (some helped colonize Siberia)

Answer 32

alexis, Designated a village north of Moscow as “The German Suburb” Foreigners required to live there. Alexis visited frequently 18,000, mostly Dutch, German and English, by end of Alexis’ reign

Answer 33

From age 14 until his death at 20. Relied on favorites/advisors Debate continues regarding his illnesses, capacities, goals One achievement, abolition of mestnichestvo Precluded the upper nobility from serving under lesser nobility Abolished by the last ever (we think) Zemskii Sobor in 1682 Cleared a path for some of Peter’s reforms … Real power fell to Ivan’s half-sister Sophia and her lover, Basil Golitsyn Their military campaigns against the Turks fail Sophia tried to take the throne herself in 1689 Westernized units under Gordon defended Peter’s succession Sophia removed, Golitsyn exiled. Peter’s mom becomes regent

Answer 34

“science” museum in St. Petersburg Contains examples of his work – shipbuilding, carpentry, dentistry, weaponry, etc. Also a museum of oddities. Bring all “monsters” to the palace Siamese twins. Other deformed fetuses and animals Had a particular fondness for dwarves. “Collected” them?

Answer 35

Peter’s designs on the Baltic made war with Sweden inevitable Charles defeated Russia in a snowstorm at Narva (20 Nov 1700) Attacked and defeated an army five times the size of his own. Peter was away … Charles tactically brilliant. Strategically, no so much … Peter gets time to regroup while Charles chases Augustus through 1706 Poland wrecked. At times its own worst enemy. Peter offered peace, if he got to keep the area around St. Petersburg Charles invaded Russia in January 1708, aiming for Moscow Peter adopts a scorched earth policy, avoiding pitched battles Charles heads south into the Ukraine. Loses half of his army in the winter of 1708-09 In Spring 1709, Charles attacked at Poltava Swedes outnumbered 3-1 After initial successes, the Swedes succumb to numbers Peter nearly loses it all at the Prut River Charles XII escaped to the Ottoman Empire. Convinced them to attack. Peter marches south. Surrounded by an army three times the size of his own! Should have been destroyed, but Peter bribed his way out! He promises to return Azov, and is allowed to retreat! Charles XII livid!!

Answer 36

Peter, Augustus of Poland, and Denmark secretly hatch a plan of attack Peter’s initial goal was the city of Narva. poltava, swedish defeat

Answer 37

Consolidates his holdings in the St. Petersburg area

Answer 38

Created the “Senate” in 1711 Replacement for the Boyar Duma? 9-10 members. Supervises government operations – sorta like a cabinet Drafted laws for/interpreted the wishes of the tsar Became something of an ad hoc Supreme Court as well In 1717 he established “Colleges” Modern governmental departments based on Sweden’s model War College, Foreign Affairs College, Commerce College, etc. Originally nine, later twelve Governed by boards, rather than individuals Designed to cut down on corruption Lasted for a century

Answer 39

Should be placed the context of baroque court culture of the period. , Peter supports the “Most Foolish All-Drunken Synod”

Answer 40

defined nobility in terms of service Began at rank 14 as an ensign, junior lieutenant or assistant counselor in the civil service Allowed commoners the theoretical opportunity to gain noble status by reaching the 12th rank (or 8th in civil service) Promotion to be based on merit A least a limited number of commoners advanced Gave careers, rewards to the ambitious Diverted a potential middle class from commerce and industry? Successors proved too weak/disinterested to keep it going

Answer 41

Opposition centered for a time around his son Alexis The product of his first, unloved, boring wife Evodkia In 1712, Peter divorced Evodkia and sent her to a convent Peter largely ignored his son, who lived with his aunts in the Muscovite palace Alexis showed little support for Peter’s reforms Marriage to a German princess produced a grandson, also named Peter

Answer 42

Peter crowned her empress in 1724. She likely was his choice. She had the support of Peter’s lieutenants

Answer 43

Ruled by proxy through catherine

Answer 44

Real power fell to a Supreme Secret Council, headed by Menshikov

Answer 45

guards in the kremlin

Answer 46

Promised to get council consent before making decisions, Coup of 1730, put lovers in charge

Answer 47

given power by the imperial guards after the coup of 1741, most consequential ruler between peter and catherine ii (hands of favourites, but were russians), university of moscow, worsening plight of serfs under her rule

Answer 48

1756; Maria theresa of austria convinced elizabeth and louis xv of france to join against frederick “the great” of prussia, Frederick had called elizabeth a “fat pig” and insulted louis’ mistresses and austria looking to reclaim land, russian forces capture berlin, frederick contemplating suicide Miracle of the house of brandenburg (peter iii switched sides or whatever when elizabeth died in 1761 or 2)

Answer 49

a pioneer in physical chemistry and soil science, Russian Renaissance man, he was also a poet, linguistic theorist, and political thinker

Answer 50

moved to russia at 14 at elizabeth’s insistence, Went about undoing most everything she had done (offered frederick russian troops to use against france and austria), Abolished compulsory nobility service, Required orthodox priests to wear western clothing, imperial guards overthrow sophie of anhalt-zerbst. Learned language quickly, adopted the religion, Guards see her as an alternative to chaos, Catherine’s role in the coup remains debatable & Catherine ii proclaimed empress on june 28th, 1762

Answer 51

Pioneering russian historian and geographer, Five volume history of russia, Defended a powerful monarchy as a natural government for a large country with insecure borders, Product of the university of moscow, originally from pskov

Answer 52

Catherine called for an assembly of deputies form the nobility, towns, peasants, cossacks, and non-russian groups to draft a new code of laws, Did pass some partial codes

Answer 53

The pugachec revolt (1774) The serfs has been seething for some time Some cossacks angered by levies, some angered by apparent assaulted on church (lot were old believers) emelyan a don cossack Claimed to be peter iii, promises to free serfs attacked, lost, escaped x2 and then turned in and executed

Answer 54

Catherine’s response to pugachev revolts, the Charter to the Nobility, was to keep the serfs down Guaranteed noble freedom from state service, and their right to hold the serfs in servitude Defined the nobles legally and gave them specific rights. Could express their concerns to the monarch in petitions Permitted to meet every three years and choose local and provincial officials

Answer 55

Catherine partitioned poland, wiped off map w/ prussia and austria to carve up Peter’s idiocy left russia with only frederick as an ally Patched things up with austria France bitter enemy Proved good at meddling in poland’s internal affairs, lover on polish throne

Answer 56

Moved the Baltic Fleet to the Mediterranean, with British help Used British ports and bases. Even have some British on board? Britain warns France not to intervene! Destroyed the Turkish fleet at Chesme, 25 June 1770 Ranks with Poltava as decisive. Peter would have been proud. Sad, dilapidated church …

Answer 57

Followed a second war that began in 1787 Officially recognized the Russian annexation of the Crimea Moved the Russian border with the Turks to the Dniester. Made possible the idea of Odessa

Answer 58

Alexander I restored ties with Britain, stopped the Cossacks Paul had sent toward India Shared with the British a desire to limit French power but Russia essentially accepted Napoleon as the dominant power in Europe Russia also pledged to cooperate with Napoleon against England. France wanted to blockade British trade Britain had been a traditional trading partner of Russia since the 16th century

Answer 59

Paul tried to reverse whatever mommy Catherine had done Nobles were once more required to perform service, and their right to petition the monarch was eliminated. He declared there would be no more women rulers (and there were none) In 1800, Paul switched alliances Paul was offended that Britain had taken Malta, and refused to hand it over to Russia. After centuries of peace, Russia and Britain became enemies (stupid) Paul ordered the Cossacks to prepare an expedition to cross Central Asia and attack India! The British never forgot this … The murder of the tsar, March, 1801 By early 1801, Paul had antagonized many. His policies toward Britain threatened important economic ties.

midterm Flashcards

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