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russia > midterm > Flashcards

midterm Flashcards

1
Q

steppe

A

open grassland, ukraine

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2
Q

dnieper

A

river through ukraine, near kyiv

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3
Q

scythians

A

c. 700-200 b.c.e; nomadic, language related to persians, egalitarian (amazons)

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4
Q

tunguska event

A

june 17/30 1908; largest meteor strike in recorded human history, 12 megatons, 80 million trees knocked down, made the night sky glow for days

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5
Q

khazars

A

judaism for elite, trading over violence

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6
Q

oleg

A

first kievan prince (grand prince); lead trade and military expeditions south into byzantium, died on a campaign against the drevelaine

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7
Q

olga

A

sviatoslav only three, first woman to run russia, avenged her husband and killed the drevelaines; drevelaines offered for her to marry their leader, she went with it and had them buried alive and second group prepared bath and had soldiers lock the doors and set it on fire, proceeds to wipe out the drevelaines, converted to christianity around 955, may be the reason the country converted, proclaimed saint by the orthodox church

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8
Q

sviatoslav

A

10 years; almost contrast campaigning, son led unsuccessful campaign against byzantium in 941 and lost the trading connection, defeated several groups in the volga region

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9
Q

vladimir the great

A

has to fight to secure his throne, established eastern orthodoxy, starts building st. sophia, ordered schools established, almshouses, monasteries, hostels, called prince vladimir because of anti-religious soviet union

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10
Q

yaroslav the wise

A

needed civil war to gain power over his brothers, connected with western europe via marriages, issued russian’s first law code, the russkaya pravda (pravda means truth today but back then more “justice”, mild for its day), wergeld (monetary value)

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11
Q

veche

A

town assembly

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12
Q

liudi

A

middle class

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13
Q

smerdy

A

“people who stink,” agricultural labourers

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14
Q

appanage era

A

political fragmentation, started with iaroslav’s death in 1054 and lack of succession line

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15
Q

polovtsy

A

Starting in 1061, they began raiding Kievan territory
They remained a constant threat for the next two hundred years providing a steady drain on Kievan resources
Even harassed trade through the Black Sea. Kiev ultimately failed in protecting its commercial lines across the steppe

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16
Q

vladimir monomakh

A

campaigned against the polovtsy
passed laws to help poor/debtors
“testament”
a lasting contribution to russian literature
combines a life story (including 83 battles with the polovtsy) with a set of precepts by which he hoped his sons would rule

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17
Q

lay of the host of igor

A

poetic account of an unsuccessful campaign, basically a failed raid, against the polovtsy in 1185

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18
Q

hilarion

A

“The best theologian and preacher in all ancient Russia”
His sermon On Law and Grace skillfully compares the Old and New Testaments
Fine example of the joyously affirmative spirit of Kievan Christianity
He also wrote biographies/hagiographies of Volodomyr and Yaroslav

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19
Q

temuchin

A

unified mongols

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20
Q

batu

A

golden horde
batu establishes as apart of the mongol empire
spider poised to attack

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21
Q

tartar yoke 1240-1480

A

mongol oppression

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22
Q

alexander nevsky

A

gained his nickname from a victory against Sweden at the Neva River, later fought the Germanic Teutonic Knights

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23
Q

novgorod

A

The city was well fortified, and its people well-organized
They not only had a strong overall veche, they had local and district level veches too
Perhaps the most sophisticated economy in all of Kievan Rus as well

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24
Q

iver

A

greater threat, so the Mongols tended to back Moscow, Mongol actions weakened Tver’s power, aiding Moscow’s ambitions.

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25
Q

ivan kalita

A

success in collecting taxes for mongols, excess profits to acquire more land, relative peace of his reign attracted many migrants to the region, further increasing power along with population, attracted the metropolitan to move to moscow, new spiritual capital of russia

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26
Q

dmitri donskoi

A

continued the rivalry with tver, and their lithuanian allies and he challenged the mongols, defeated a small mongol force in 1378, refused to pay the customary tribute, dmitri receives support of ~twenty russian princes (common hatred), dmitri defeats the mongols near the don river south of moscow

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27
Q

kulikovo (1380)

A

was not immediate, mongol khan was assassinated, new khan toktamysh captured and burned moscow in 1382, forced dmitri to restate his fealty to mongol authority, long term impact of kulikovo was to weaken mongol authority

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28
Q

kremlin

A

a fortress inside a city, synonyms with government

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29
Q

ivan iii the great

A

“the gatherer of the russian lands;” ivan brutally crushed an uprising of novgorod boyars in 1478, novgorod’s loss was tragic

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30
Q

zoe paleologus

A

the last byzantine princess, zoe will teach byzantine statecraft to her husband

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31
Q

third rome

A

moscow was not only heir to kiev, but also byzantium

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32
Q

sudebnik of 1497

A

the first collection of russian law in decades, harsh

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33
Q

cossacks

A

the more adventurous or desperate peasants ran away beyond the perimeters of the state, independent

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34
Q

The Primary Chronicle

A

early history, all we have

35
Q

basil iii

A

son of ivan iii and zoe, continued fathers policies and consulted boyar duma, yook pskov in 1511 and obtained smolensk in the war with lithuania

36
Q

anastasia romanov

A

first wife of ivan the terrible

37
Q

zemskii sobor

A

assembly of the land, appointed

38
Q

streltsy

A

units of infantry

39
Q

kazan/astrakhan/sibir

A

seized in 1554-56

40
Q

livonian war

A

against poland-lithuania, denmark-norway, sweden, &c. over livonia; unsuccessful

41
Q

oprichnina

A

repression of boyars

42
Q

Fedor

A

son of ivan, disabled

43
Q

boris godunov

A

standin for fedor; famine, enserfment, intolerance of opposition made him unpopular

44
Q

false dmitri

A

baby killed, people claiming to be him

45
Q

1st false dimitri

A

invaded russia, with a tiny army of ~1500 in 1604, some see him as rightful heir, more likely saw him as a rallying point against Gudenov. Gudenov’s sudden death (of illness) in April, 1605, allowed Dmitri to reach Moscow and become tsar in June!

46
Q

michael romanov

A

16 year old selected by zemskii sobor; Contact with the West grows, albeit in small steps, Penetration of Siberia extends to the Pacific, unintelligent/unambitious, Relied heavily on advisors/favorites (zemskii sobor dominated policy until filaret)

47
Q

Basil skulsky

A

Confirmed by an arranged “Zemskii Sobor”
Proved unpopular with just about everyone
The Bolotnikov-Shakhovskoy Rebellion
Both leaders were captured. The prince was exiled, the peasant was killed

48
Q

Second false dmitri

A

A second individual claiming to be Dmitri appeared in the summer of 1607.
Certainly an imposter, likely came from a Lithuanian jail. “Mom” again says its her son!
First False Dmitri’s wife marries him, claiming his her first husband, and has a son by him.
His followers were largely Cossacks and other discontented elements. Some individual Polish noblemen and the private armies entered Russia to help.
The new pretender defeated one of Shuisky’s armies at the outskirts of Moscow
Dmitri #2 set up a royal court in the nearly village of Tushino
For a time the state has two tsars, with allegiance divided among them.

49
Q

Interregnum

A

For three years an “interregnum” continued in which the country had no recognized monarch.
Moscow was under occupation by a king who seemed determined to take the throne himself
Foreign invasions, internal rebellions, bankruptcy and continued famine put Russia on the verge of disintegrations

50
Q

National armies

A

Church leaders, notably from the hallowed Holy Trinity-St. Sergius monastery, stepped forward, encouraged the formation of an army in Riazan in early 1611

51
Q

Azov

A

Michael whiffed on an opportunity to annex the city of Azov
Cossacks seized it from the Turks, and resisted counterattacks
Michael would not risk war with the Ottomans, even though the Zemskii Sobor gave him the green light

52
Q

Tsar alexis

A

1645-76
Like Michael, he became tsar at sixteen, and often depended on favorites
“Tishaishii” – the quiet one. Kind, sensitive, considerate
A dedicated and informed churchgoer, maintained a routine of fasts/rituals
Government continued to lack revenue
Tried a variety of things, from a salt tax (led to rebellion), to selling tobacco (church objects – good for them), to debasing the coinage (more riots)
Corruption remained a problem too, then as now.
The flight of the peasants from the estates continued

53
Q

pereiaslavl/andrusov

A

1654/1667
Russian and Ukrainian historians differ about the Pereiaslavl (1654) agreement
The Ukrainians claim they accepted Russian authority on the condition that Ukraine receive autonomy. Kemilnitsky wanted a state that deferred to Moscow on only matters of defense and foreign policy
The Russians claim that the Ukrainians pledged loyalty without condition, and only afterward did Russia grant Ukraine considerable autonomy
The Russians received the “left bank Ukraine” – all lands east of the Dnieper.

54
Q

Stenka razin

A

Discontent grew over serfdom and the tax burden
A major revolt came in 1670 under the leadership of Razin, a drunken, illiterate Don Cossack
Razin killed the prince, then attempted to bring back the veche! The people elect him sovereign!
Tsaritsyn (later Stalingrad, now Volgograd) fell with similar ease
Razin’s army moved up the Volga, attracting thousands of peasants and Cossacks, ethnic and religious dissidents. Numbered 200,000 at its peak?
Razin was ignorant of politics
He could lead an uprising, not inspire revolution
He seems to have never had the intention of becoming tsar, much less any broad social program
He simply embodied the rage and frustration of the peasants. It was not hard to rile the people against the boyars.

55
Q

nikon

A

Two huge events in the Orthodox Church take place under Alexis
First, Patriarch Nikon moved to cleanse the church and reform its rituals
Originally a peasant, he became Patriarch in 1652
Nikon demanded corrections based on the Greek Orthodox Church
He wanted the Russians to make the sign of the cross with three fingers, as the Greeks did. The Russians had developed a habit of using two
How to spell the name of Jesus was another issue. The number of hallelujahs in prayers, etc.
Icons with baroque influence removed/gouged. “Tent-like” churches destroyed.
Church counsel of 1656-7 adopted the changes
Led to a split between those who accepted the changes, and “Old Believers” who rejected them. The archpriest Avvakum led the resistance
Insisted that if Moscow was the Third Rome, it had no need to copy the Greek example
Initially called Nikon a heretic. Eventually saw the end of the world coming, Nikon=antichrist
Dissidents develop into a schism
One monastery was captured only after and eight-year siege
Others immolate themselves rather than surrender
Some Old Believers still survive to this day (some helped colonize Siberia)

56
Q

German Suburb

A

alexis, Designated a village north of Moscow as “The German Suburb”
Foreigners required to live there. Alexis visited frequently
18,000, mostly Dutch, German and English, by end of Alexis’ reign

57
Q

Fedor III/Sophia

A

From age 14 until his death at 20. Relied on favorites/advisors
Debate continues regarding his illnesses, capacities, goals
One achievement, abolition of mestnichestvo
Precluded the upper nobility from serving under lesser nobility
Abolished by the last ever (we think) Zemskii Sobor in 1682
Cleared a path for some of Peter’s reforms …
Real power fell to Ivan’s half-sister Sophia and her lover, Basil Golitsyn
Their military campaigns against the Turks fail
Sophia tried to take the throne herself in 1689
Westernized units under Gordon defended Peter’s succession
Sophia removed, Golitsyn exiled. Peter’s mom becomes regent

58
Q

Kunstkammer

A

“science” museum in St. Petersburg
Contains examples of his work – shipbuilding, carpentry, dentistry, weaponry, etc.
Also a museum of oddities. Bring all “monsters” to the palace
Siamese twins. Other deformed fetuses and animals
Had a particular fondness for dwarves. “Collected” them?

59
Q

Great Northern War

A

Peter’s designs on the Baltic made war with Sweden inevitable
Charles defeated Russia in a snowstorm at Narva (20 Nov 1700)
Attacked and defeated an army five times the size of his own. Peter was away …
Charles tactically brilliant. Strategically, no so much …
Peter gets time to regroup while Charles chases Augustus through 1706
Poland wrecked. At times its own worst enemy.
Peter offered peace, if he got to keep the area around St. Petersburg
Charles invaded Russia in January 1708, aiming for Moscow
Peter adopts a scorched earth policy, avoiding pitched battles
Charles heads south into the Ukraine. Loses half of his army in the winter of 1708-09
In Spring 1709, Charles attacked at Poltava
Swedes outnumbered 3-1
After initial successes, the Swedes succumb to numbers
Peter nearly loses it all at the Prut River
Charles XII escaped to the Ottoman Empire. Convinced them to attack.
Peter marches south. Surrounded by an army three times the size of his own!
Should have been destroyed, but Peter bribed his way out!
He promises to return Azov, and is allowed to retreat! Charles XII livid!!

60
Q

Narva/Poltava

A

Peter, Augustus of Poland, and Denmark secretly hatch a plan of attack
Peter’s initial goal was the city of Narva.
poltava, swedish defeat

61
Q

St. Petersburg

A

Consolidates his holdings in the St. Petersburg area

62
Q

Senate/Colleges

A

Created the “Senate” in 1711
Replacement for the Boyar Duma? 9-10 members.
Supervises government operations – sorta like a cabinet
Drafted laws for/interpreted the wishes of the tsar
Became something of an ad hoc Supreme Court as well
In 1717 he established “Colleges”
Modern governmental departments based on Sweden’s model
War College, Foreign Affairs College, Commerce College, etc.
Originally nine, later twelve
Governed by boards, rather than individuals
Designed to cut down on corruption
Lasted for a century

63
Q

Drunken Synod

A

Should be placed the context of baroque court culture of the period. , Peter supports the “Most Foolish All-Drunken Synod”

64
Q

Table of Ranks

A

defined nobility in terms of service
Began at rank 14 as an ensign, junior lieutenant or assistant counselor in the civil service
Allowed commoners the theoretical opportunity to gain noble status by reaching the 12th rank (or 8th in civil service)
Promotion to be based on merit
A least a limited number of commoners advanced
Gave careers, rewards to the ambitious
Diverted a potential middle class from commerce and industry?
Successors proved too weak/disinterested to keep it going

65
Q

Evodkia/Alexis

A

Opposition centered for a time around his son Alexis
The product of his first, unloved, boring wife Evodkia
In 1712, Peter divorced Evodkia and sent her to a convent
Peter largely ignored his son, who lived with his aunts in the Muscovite palace
Alexis showed little support for Peter’s reforms
Marriage to a German princess produced a grandson, also named Peter

66
Q

Catherine i

A

Peter crowned her empress in 1724. She likely was his choice.
She had the support of Peter’s lieutenants

67
Q

Alexander menshikov

A

Ruled by proxy through catherine

68
Q

Supreme secret council

A

Real power fell to a Supreme Secret Council, headed by Menshikov

69
Q

Imperial guards

A

guards in the kremlin

70
Q

anne/the german party

A

Promised to get council consent before making decisions, Coup of 1730, put lovers in charge

71
Q

Elizabeth

A

given power by the imperial guards after the coup of 1741, most consequential ruler between peter and catherine ii (hands of favourites, but were russians), university of moscow, worsening plight of serfs under her rule

72
Q

Seven Years War

A

1756; Maria theresa of austria convinced elizabeth and louis xv of france to join against frederick “the great” of prussia,
Frederick had called elizabeth a “fat pig” and insulted louis’ mistresses and austria looking to reclaim land, russian forces capture berlin, frederick contemplating suicide Miracle of the house of brandenburg (peter iii switched sides or whatever when elizabeth died in 1761 or 2)

73
Q

Michael Lomonosov

A

a pioneer in physical chemistry and soil science, Russian Renaissance man, he was also a poet, linguistic theorist, and political thinker

74
Q

Peter III

A

moved to russia at 14 at elizabeth’s insistence, Went about undoing most everything she had done (offered frederick russian troops to use against france and austria), Abolished compulsory nobility service, Required orthodox priests to wear western clothing, imperial guards overthrow

sophie of anhalt-zerbst. Learned language quickly, adopted the religion, Guards see her as an alternative to chaos, Catherine’s role in the coup remains debatable & Catherine ii proclaimed empress on june 28th, 1762

75
Q

Basil Tatishchev

A

Pioneering russian historian and geographer, Five volume history of russia, Defended a powerful monarchy as a natural government for a large country with insecure borders, Product of the university of moscow, originally from pskov

76
Q

Legislative Commission

A

Catherine called for an assembly of deputies form the nobility, towns, peasants, cossacks, and non-russian groups to draft a new code of laws, Did pass some partial codes

77
Q

Emelyan Pugachev

A

The pugachec revolt (1774)
The serfs has been seething for some time
Some cossacks angered by levies, some angered by apparent assaulted on church (lot were old believers)
emelyan a don cossack
Claimed to be peter iii, promises to free serfs
attacked, lost, escaped x2 and then turned in and executed

78
Q

Charter to the Nobility (1785)

A

Catherine’s response to pugachev revolts, the Charter to the Nobility, was to keep the serfs down
Guaranteed noble freedom from state service, and their right to hold the serfs in servitude
Defined the nobles legally and gave them specific rights.
Could express their concerns to the monarch in petitions
Permitted to meet every three years and choose local and provincial officials

79
Q

Partitions of Poland (1773, 1793, 1795)

A

Catherine partitioned poland, wiped off map
w/ prussia and austria to carve up
Peter’s idiocy left russia with only frederick as an ally
Patched things up with austria
France bitter enemy
Proved good at meddling in poland’s internal affairs, lover on polish throne

80
Q

Chesme (1770)

A

Moved the Baltic Fleet to the Mediterranean, with British help
Used British ports and bases. Even have some British on board?
Britain warns France not to intervene!
Destroyed the Turkish fleet at Chesme, 25 June 1770
Ranks with Poltava as decisive. Peter would have been proud. Sad, dilapidated church …

81
Q

Jassy (1792)

A

Followed a second war that began in 1787
Officially recognized the Russian annexation of the Crimea
Moved the Russian border with the Turks to the Dniester. Made possible the idea of Odessa

82
Q

Alexander Suvarov

A

Alexander I restored ties with Britain, stopped the Cossacks Paul had sent toward India
Shared with the British a desire to limit French power
but Russia essentially accepted Napoleon as the dominant power in Europe
Russia also pledged to cooperate with Napoleon against England.
France wanted to blockade British trade
Britain had been a traditional trading partner of Russia since the 16th century

83
Q

Paul (1796-1801)

A

Paul tried to reverse whatever mommy Catherine had done
Nobles were once more required to perform service, and their right to petition the monarch was eliminated.
He declared there would be no more women rulers (and there were none)
In 1800, Paul switched alliances
Paul was offended that Britain had taken Malta, and refused to hand it over to Russia.
After centuries of peace, Russia and Britain became enemies (stupid)
Paul ordered the Cossacks to prepare an expedition to cross Central Asia and attack India!
The British never forgot this …
The murder of the tsar, March, 1801
By early 1801, Paul had antagonized many. His policies toward Britain threatened important economic ties.

russia (1 decks)

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