Midterm Flashcards
If measured by the total number of organizations, the largest subsector of charitable nonprofits is the ___________ subsector.
Human Services
If measured by total revenue, which subsector of charitable nonprofits is the largest?
Health Services
Which term identifies organizations that do not have to pay federal income taxes?
Tax-exempt
The Internal Revenue Services (IRS) classifies a charitable organization as a : _________________
501 (c)(3)
Organizations that operate under both nonprofit and for-profit legal forms are referred to as ___________ organizations.
Hybrid
What benefit created by the U.S Congress is intended to encourage charitable giving?
Income Tax deductions for gifts
T/F: A Nonprofit classified as 501(c)(3) cannot generate any profits for the organization.
False
T/F: Increased government spending on social programs in the 1960s under President Lyndon B. Johnson administration led to the dramatic growth in the nonprofit sector
True
T/F: Religious organizations are not considered charitable nonprofits by the Internal Revenue Services
False
Managers of Nonprofit organizations measure their success by ________
Achieving the mission within financial limits
The double bottom line concept means nonprofit managers must _______
Achieve the mission within financial means
The National Taxonomy of Exempt Entities divides nonprofit organizations into categories based on their ________
Purposes & activities
A nonprofit that qualifies under Section 501(c)(3) must limit its expenditure on ____________
lobbying
The Internal Revenue Service classifies a social welfare organization as a: _________
501(c)(4)
Salamon’s anatomy classifies nonprofit organizations by _____________
who receives the principal benefit of their activities
The two spectrums that define a social enterprise are philanthropic and _______________
Commercial
T/F: A Nonprofit classified as a 501(c)(3) cannot support candidates for public office.
True
Sociologists describe nonprofits as ___________
Mediating Structures
What theory attributes the existence of nonprofit organizations as filling the gap left by market & government?
Failure Theories
A majority of citizens in a community do not agree with a minority of citizens that a local nonprofit organization is needed to serve the needs of homeless citizens. This sentence is an example of ____________
Demand Heterogeneity
Lohmann describes a third category of goods as ___________ goods
Common
T/F: Nonprofit Organizations differ from government organizations in that they have more flexibility to respond to the needs of diverse groups.
True
T/F: The Internal Revenue Service does not allow nonprofits to undertake experimentation concerning the development of new programs.
False
T/F: Failure theories suggest governments cannot always pay attention to the needs of all groups.
True
Economic theories are used to explain how nonprofit organizations as gap fillers to compensate for failures of the free market and _________
Government
Salamon identifies nonprofits as ___________
Self-governing
Nonprofit Organizations are driven by __________________
The achievement of their missions
_______________ enables a nonprofit organization operating as an open system to adapt to changing circumstances
Feedback
__________________ theory explains the behavior of organizations in terms of their reliance on external constituencies
Resource Dependencies
A risk of resource dependence is actions taken by the nonprofit to alter its goals to satisfy the contributor of funds. This action is also called ___________
Goal Displacement
The concept that organizations become more like each other when facing similar environmental influences is called ____________________
Isomorphism
According to Edgar Schein, logos, ceremonies, and symbols belong to what category of culture?
Artifacts and Creations
T/F: The term “open systems” means organizations interact with their external enviornments.
True
In a self-perpetuating board, new members are selected by ______________
The existing members of the board
Elected boards are MOST common in __________________
Member-serving & advocacy organizations
Establishing the nonprofit’s mission is the responsibility of the organization’s _____________________
board
What board duty is defined as “members putting their interests of the organization above their personal interests”?
Loyalty
A board of directors is debating if a proposed new program falls within the organization’s mission. The board is applying which type of duty?
Obedience
A Nonprofit Organization’s finance committee is listening to the advice of a financial expert on how to manage the organization’s investments. The board is practicing which duty?
Care
T/F: Governing Boards have ultimate responsibility for ensuring an organization serves its mission.
True
T/F: A board governs the Nonprofit organization, while the chief executive officer manages the organization.
True
T/F: The responsibility of “obedience” means board members need to do what the chief executive officer asks them to do.
False
Effective Chief Executive Officers focus on _________
Key goals, resource, and strategy
Leaders who use a political frame are
Comfortable with the fact that their interests differ and conflict
Which organizational model places the board at the top of the hierarchy and the chief executive officer as an agent?
Board-centered leadership
The founder found it difficult to turn management of the nonprofit over to a new chief executive officer. The founder was demonstrating _____ syndrome?
Founder
A CEO’s responsibilities include both managing and leading the organization.
True
One responsibility of a nonprofit chief executive officer is to select new members of the board of directors.
False
The effective leader, as defined by Human Resource Frame, searches for an important balance between the goals of the organization and the hopes and aspirations of its members by attending to individual hopes, feelings and preferences, valuing relationships and feeling.
True
A nonprofit leader had better not take any significant role when the board defines issues and questions of the organization and develops the policy.
False
In his policy governance mode, Carver argues boards should lead by focusing their attention on establishing _____.
Policies
A nonprofit board is establishing ground rules regarding what type of fundraising efforts would not be allowed. The board is setting a policy that Carver would refer to as a(n) _____.
Means to the end
Chait, Ryan, and Taylor suggest nonprofit boards focus their attention on _____.
Critical issues facing the organization
____ means a person is perceived by the board and others as a principally responsible for the organization’s success or failure.
Psychological centrality
Who did Herman and Heimovics (CEO’s Centality) say is most often viewed as responsible for the organization’s success or failure?
The chief executive officer
Chait et al. write that nonprofit boards should manage the organizations they serve.
False
Carver’s primary concern is to ensure board members focus on developing and maintaining policies and not become mired down in managing operational-level responsibilities.
True
According to Herzberg, what are hygiene factors that cannot increase or decrease satisfaction, but can affect only the degree of dissatisfaction.
Compensation
Which theory states that employees working in government hold values that are distinguishable from those working in the private sector.
Public Service Motivation
When managing employees, nonprofits have an advantage over for-profit companies in ____
Motivating their workforces
What are advantages that nonprofits have in terms of managing employees over public agencies in
Fostering congruence between individual and organizational values
Volunteer program managers should develop volunteer _____.
Job descriptions
Brian volunteers does volunteers work at a three-day book fair once every three years. What type of volunteer is Brian?
Episodic
Federal employment laws do not apply to nonprofit staff.
False
Nonprofit workers tend to be more intrinsically motivated, more committed to mission achievement, activism, and social growth than individuals working at for-profit organizations.
True
One way to effectively manage volunteers is to be aware of what motivates them.
True
Research studies indicate managers who want to keep volunteers should provide them work deadlines.
False
