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Exam 1 Bio > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 3 features of vertebrates

A

Neural crest, ectodermal placodes & skull

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2
Q

6 features of the chordates

A
  1. Notochord
  2. Pharyngeal slits
  3. Endostyle or thyroid glands
  4. Dorsal Hollow Nerve Tube
  5. Post-anal Tail
  6. Segmental body musculature
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3
Q

What is the formula of hydroxyapatite?

A

Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2

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4
Q

What part of the bones provides the hardness?

A

Hydroxyapatite

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5
Q

How many bone cell types is there & names?

A

Osteocytes: are mature bone cells
Osteoblasts: lay down hydroxyapatite & collagen to build bone
Osteoclasts: erode & break down bone so it can be remodeled

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6
Q

To what systems do mammary glands/breasts belong to?

A

Integumentary system
(Mammary glands - a skin gland, not part of the reproductive system)

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7
Q

What are the 4 basic types of tissue?

A

Epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissue

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8
Q

What are the 3 layers of skin in the epidermis?

A

Epidermis: ectodermal, stratified squamous epithelium (top layer & trans-segmental)
Dermis: mesodermal, collagen, elastic fibers, papillary layer, & reticular layer (middle layer & segmental)
Hypodermis: mesodermal fat storage (deeper/bottom layer)

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9
Q

What is inside the somites?

A

Dermatome:
Myotome: develops into muscle
Sclerotome: membrane

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10
Q

What are the 5 layers of the epidermis?

A

Stratum corneum (dead)
Stratum lucidum (dead)
Stratum granulosm
Stratum spinosum
Stratum germinativum

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11
Q

Is the notochord trans. or segmental?

A

Trans-segmental

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12
Q

Somites trans. or segmental?

A

Segmental (derived from mesoderm)

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13
Q

Celoem trans. or segmental?

A

Trans-segmental

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14
Q

Epidermis trans. or segmental?

A

Trans-segmental

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15
Q

Gut tube trans. or segmental?

A

Trans-segmental

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16
Q

Dorsal Hollow Nerve Tube (DHNT) trans. or segmental?

A

Trans-segmental

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17
Q

Dermis trans. or segmental?

A

Segmental

18
Q

Endochondral ossification steps

A
  1. Cartilage model
    2.Bone begins to form on surface of cartilage model, supplied by superficial blood cells
    3A. blood supply invades diaphysis (mid-shaft)
    3B. inner cartilage of diaphysis begins to erode away
    4.Beginning of formation of endosteum in diaphysis
    5A. development of each diaphysis continues
    5B. Epiphysis at each end follows similar pattern of development of diaphysis ]
    6.Note cartilage plate between diaphysis and epiphysis. Epiphysis plate
19
Q

What is the second deepest layer of the epidermis?

A

Stratum spinosum, they are alive and they are going through mitosis

20
Q

What is the outer layer of the epidermis?

A

Stratum corneum is the most superficial/outer, they are dead & not bringing them back alive

21
Q

What is special about the germinativum layer of the epidermis?

A

It continues to build new cells

22
Q

What layers make the bilaminar embryo & trilaminar embryo?

A

Bilaminar has 2 layers
Epiblast: dorsal, exposed to amniotic cavity
Hypoblast: ventral, facing the yoke sac
Trilaminar has 3 layers
Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

23
Q

Germ layer tissues/structures

A

Ectoderm: outer layer
Mesoderm: middle layer
Endoderm: inner layer

24
Q

What are the skin glands? (they are the sweat glands?

A

Eccrine:
- predominant sweat glands of the body & produce clearly, watery odorless liquid + salt

Aprocine:
- develop with hair follicles, heavier, more oily secretion, and react to stress & sexual activity, it is odorless

mammary glands:
- Secrete milk

25
Q

What are the three patterns of hair growth and shape?

A

Round-cross section = straight hair
Oval-cross section = wavy hair
Flat-cross section = kinky hair

26
Q

Epiphyseal plate function/locations

A

Epiphyseal plate is where we grow long bones and they are located between the middle and the end of the long bones, such as arms and legs

27
Q

Collagen functions/locations

A
  • Provide support in connective tissue, muscle, skin, and strength throughout your body
  • helps fibroblasts to form the dermis, which helps new cells grow
28
Q

Bone structure

A

Lacunae: mature bones
- lacunae connected via tiny canals called canaliculi

Periosteum: outside covering
- fibrous outside, cellular inside
- functions in growth and repair

Endosteum: inside covering
- functions in growth and repair

29
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilages?

A

Hyaline:
- location: found in ribs and bones of sternum, supporting larynx, trachea, and bronchi; forming part of nasal
- functions: provides somewhat support

Elastic:
- location: found in the external ear, epiglottis, auditory tube, and larynx
- functions: provides support, but tolerates distortion without damage, returns back to original shape

Fibrous:
- location: found in knee joints, between pubic bones of pelvis, Intervertebral discs
- functions: resistes compression; prevents bone to bone contract

30
Q

Types of bones

A

Long bones: located in all bones in arms & legs. Support the weight of the body and movement

Flat bones: cranial bones, ribs sternum, scapula, and the skull. Protects internal organs (brain, heart, & pelvic)

Short bones: carpal bones, tarsal bones, (hands and feet). Stability to the wrists & ankle joints, also helps facilitate some movement.

Sesamoid bones: patella and in the ball of the foot beneath the big toe joint. Relieve tension within muscle and tendons

Sutural bones: between cranial structures. That have complex indentations on the exterior of the human skull in the interior

Irregular bones: vertebrae, pelvic bones, some cranial bones. Protection to the nervous tissue, & maintaining support to pharynx and trachea, & tongue attachment

31
Q

What is transverse plane?

A

Cross section, divides the body into superior and inferior parts

32
Q

What is frontal section?

A

Vertical plane that divides the body into ventral and dorsal sections

33
Q

What is sagittal plane?

A

Divides the body into right and left parts

34
Q

Median sagittal section

A

Down the midline

35
Q

Parasagittal section

A

Off the midline, away from the midline

36
Q

Hydroxyapatite

A

Hungry for water

37
Q

Characteristics of skeletal materials

A
  • cartilage
  • calcified cartilage
  • bone
  • dentin (teeth)
  • enamel (teeth)
38
Q

Embroyonic cell association pattern

A

Epithelial “type
- tightly packed; define surfaces
- organized cellular structure

Mesenchymal “type”
- disorderly, loosely packed arranged cellular structure

39
Q

Consequences of rapid growth of embryonic head & tail

A

The brain grow so big/fast that the head bends down and under the front embryo & the tail bends down and under the back of the embryo, causing the front and back part of the back to close off ventrally before the midline generating a front, middle and back part of the gut.

40
Q

Placenta structure function

A

The function of the placenta is that is provided oxygen & nutrients to a growing baby in the uterus during pregnancy

Exam 1 Bio (1 decks)

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