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PTA 104 > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Indications for Heat modalities?

A
  • Sub-acute or Chronic conditions
    • OA
    • Muscle Tension
    • Muscle Guarding
    • Muscle Injury
  • Improve electrical conductivity of the skin before E-Stim
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2
Q

What are the Contraindications to Heat modalities?

A
  • Active bleeding
  • Cancer
  • Sensory loss
  • Confusion
  • DVT
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3
Q

What are the different methods of heat exchange and examples of each method?

A
  • Conduction: Hot Pack and Paraffin
  • Convection: Fluidotherapy and Whirlpool
  • Conversion: Diathermy and Ultrasound
  • Radiation: Infrared Lamps
  • Evaporation: Vapocoolant Spray
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4
Q

What are the Parameters for Moist Hot Packs?

A
  • 6-8 dry towels or 2-3 covers
  • Temp of unit should be 158-167 deg F
  • Treatment time= 20 mins w/skin check @ 5 mins
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5
Q

What are the Parameters for Paraffin Bath?

A
  • Temp of unit should be 125-134 deg F
  • 6-10 dips, wrap in plastic and towel, elevate
  • Treatment time 10-15 mins
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6
Q

What are the Parameters for Fluidotherapy?

A
  • Temp of unit should be 100-118 deg F

- Treatment time= 20 mins w/skin check @ 5 mins

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7
Q

What are the Indications for Cold Modalities?

A
  • Spasicity/increased muscle tone
  • Acute injury and inflammation: sprain, strain, post-op
  • Acute or chronic pain: RA, trigger points
  • Small burns
  • ROM deficits due to pain
  • Edema
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8
Q

What are the Contraindications for Cold Modalites?

A
  • Hypersensitivity to cold
  • Arterial insufficiency or PVD
  • Cold intolerance
  • Regenerating nerve
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9
Q

What are the Parameters for Cold Packs?

A
  • Use for acute inflammation for 48-72 hrs
  • Can use dry or wet towel/sheet to cover
  • Treatment time= 15-20 mins every hour
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10
Q

What are the Parameters for Ice Massage?

A
  • Use small overlapping circles in treatment area

- Treatment time= 5-10 mins via CBAN sequence

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11
Q

What are the Parameters for Vapocoolant Spray?

A
  • 2-5 sweeps 1 in. apart @ 4 in. per sec. speed
  • Hold can 12-18 in. from skin, angled at 30 deg
  • Muscle is on slight tension, follow with a stretch
  • Treatment time= <5 mins
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12
Q

Why do you want to consider Diastolic BP when using the Game Ready Device and what are the pressure level settings?

A
  • You do not want the pressure to increase more than the pt.s diastolic blood pressure
  • High= 5-75 mmHg
  • Medium= 5-50 mmHg
  • Low= 5-15 mmHg
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13
Q

What are the Indications for Diathermy?

A
  • Sub-acute & Chronic Inflammation
  • ROM Deficits
  • Sprain/strain
  • Joint Pain
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14
Q

What are the Contraindications for Diathermy?

A 
Always:
     -Pregnancy
     -Pacemaker
     -Cancer
Thermal Level:
     -Metal Implants
     -Cancer
     -Ephiphysis
     -Eyes
     -Testes
Non-thermal:
     -Organ disease
     -Pain & edema treatment exclusively
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15
Q

What are the Methods for heat exchange in Diathermy?

A

Capacitive:
-Uses plates
-For more superficial purposes (more absorption in skin and fat
-Heats by electric field
-Electrical current flows from plate to plate
-Pt. becomes part of the circuit
Inductive:
-Uses Drum/coils
-Used for more deep purposes (more absorption in muscle
-Heats by magnetic field
-Electrical current creates a perpendicular magnetic field
-Eddy current induced into the tissue

There are also Thermal and Non-thermal (mechanical) modes

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16
Q

What are the Indications for Ultrasound?

A

Mechanical (Non-Thermal):

 - Acute tissue repair
 - Sub-acute inflammation due to sprain, strain, bruising, tear, burns

Thermal:

 - Acute muscle spasm
 - Sub-acute edema, fibrosis, contracture, adhesions, unresolved hematomas
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17
Q

What are the Contraindications for Ultrasound?

A 
Always:
     -Cancer
     -Pacemaker
     -Pregnancy (near abdomen, pelvis, or low back)
Do Not go over:
      -Spinal Cord (CNS)
      -Eyes
      -Arthroplasty (Joint cement or plastic)
      -Thrombus 
      -Reproductive Organs
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18
Q

What are the Parameters for Ultrasound?

A
  • C/I
  • Treatment Area
  • Duty Cycle (Thermal/Non-thermal)
  • Frequency (Depth)
  • Intensity (How hot)
  • Duration
  • Size of sound head
  • Type of medium (if using something other than gel)
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19
Q

What does Attenuation mean in regards to Ultrasound?

A

It is the decrease in intensity as the sound wave travels through tissue
-Attenuation is directly related to absorption

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20
Q

Tissues with High _______ content have higher attenuation and absorption.

A

Collagen

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21
Q

What type of tissue absorbs the highest amount of Ultrasound and what other types of tissues absorb a lot of US?

A

Highest= Bone

Other tissues= Cartilage and tendon/ligament

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22
Q

What type of tissue absorbs the least amount of Ultrasound and what other types of tissues absorb little US?

A

Lowest= Blood

Other tissues= Fat, Nerves, Muscle

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23
Q

If a traction table does not split, how much is the treatment table co-efficient of friction?

A

.50

24
Q

If a traction table is able to split, how much is the split treatment table co-efficient of friction?

A

.15

25
Q

What are the indications for traction?

A
  • Stretch of facet joint capsule
  • Increase intervertebral foramina space
    • More space for spinal nerve root
      • Decreased inflammation
      • Decrease pain
  • Muscle elongation
  • Muscle relaxation
    • Decreased nerve pressure
    • Gate mechanism with intermittent traction
  • Improve blood supply to discs and tissue
  • Promote negative pressure on disc
26
Q

What are the contraindications for traction?

A

SOUR JARS

  • Symptoms worsen/peripheralize
  • Osteoporosis
  • Uncontrolled hypertension
  • Recent spinal fracture
  • Joint hypermobility
    • RA, Down syndrome, Marfan syndrome, pregnancy
  • Acute inflammation/injury
  • Recent spinal surgery
  • Spinal cord pressure
27
Q

What are the angles of pull for lumbar traction?

A
  • Anterior
  • Posterior
  • Unilateral/Neutral
28
Q

Which angle of pull do you want for traction when you are trying to creat a posterior pelvic tilt?

A

Posterior angle of pull

29
Q

What are the only angles of pull appropriate for lumbar disc hernation pt.s during traction?

A

Anterior or neutral

30
Q

What are the parameters for angle of pull for C-Spine Traction?

A
  • AO joint = 0 deg

- C2-C7 = 25-35 deg

31
Q

What are the parameters for poundage of C-Spine Traction?

A
  • Begin with 8-10 lbs

- Progress to 20-30 lbs max

32
Q

What are the parameters for poundage of L-Spine Traction?

A
  • Begin with 25% of body weight (30-45 lbs)

- Progress to 60% of body weight max

33
Q

For what reasons are Static or Intermittent Traction used for both C & L-Spine?

A
  • Static:
    • Best for disc herniation
  • Intermittent:
    • Long is best when static is not tolerated or for muscle elongation (60:20)
    • Short is best for facet/DDD/DJD/spasm (1:1)
34
Q

What are the parameters for time during both C & L-Spine Traction?

A
  • First time: 5-10 mins
  • Static: 5-10 mins
  • Intermittent: 20-30 mins
35
Q

What are the Traction Parameters to document?

A
  • C-spine or L-Spine traction
  • Pt. position
  • Angle of pull
  • Static/Intermittent
  • Poundage
  • Rx Time
36
Q

What are the different types of Edema?

A
  • Local edema
  • General edema
  • Lymphedema
37
Q

Describe Local Edema

A
  • Unilateral or bilateral
  • Caused by trauma, infection, or obstruction
  • Can happen post mastectomy
38
Q

Describe General Edema

A
  • Bilateral LEs, groin, abdomen, may be total body edema
  • Systemic (relating to a system rather than a particular part
  • Caused by chronic illness- cardiac disease, kidney failure, liver disease
39
Q

Describe Lymphedema

A
  • Painless edema of one or both UEs or LEs

- Caused by impairment of lymphatic drainage

40
Q

What is the Role of Muscle Spindle in regards to Tone?

A

Stretching muscle facilitates/contraction in the agonist and inhibits the antagonist

41
Q

What is the Role of GTO in regards to Tone?

A

Applying extra pressure to the tendon of an agonist will signal antagonist to contract and counteract agonist

42
Q

What are the Roles of Cutaneous Receptors?

A

To detect Temperature, Pressure, Pain, Touch, and Texture

43
Q

What are some techniques which can be applied to Cutaneous Receptors to increase Tone?

A
  • Quick light touch
  • Brushing
  • Quick icing
44
Q

What are some techniques which can be applied to Cutaneous Receptors to decrease Tone?

A
  • Slow stroking
  • Maintained holding
  • Neutral warmth
  • Prolonged icing
45
Q

What are examples of Contractile vs. Noncontractile tissue?

A
  • Contractile:
    • Musculotendinous
  • Noncontractile
    • Skin
    • Ligament
    • Capsule
    • Cartilage
    • Disc
    • Bursa
46
Q

What are the Indications for ROM and Stretching?

A
  • Contractures
  • Adhesions
  • Scar tissue
  • Muscle soreness
  • Muscular weakness
47
Q

What are the Contraindications for ROM and Stretching?

A
  • Bony block
  • Infection
  • Sharp pain
  • Hypermobility
  • Hematoma
  • When tightness is beneficial
48
Q

What are the 3 Healing Stages of a wound and when do they take place?

A
  • Inflammation
    • 1-10 days
  • Fibroplastic/Proliferation
    • Begins between day 3-20
  • Remodeling
    • From 3 weeks post injury to 3 years
49
Q

Describe a Stage I wound

A
  • Pressure Ulcer

- Non blanching erythema of intact skin

50
Q

Describe a Stage II wound

A
  • Epidermal Wound

- Partial thickness involving epidermis and/or dermis

51
Q

Describe a Stage III wound

A
  • Dermal Wound

- Full thickness involving dermis and to, but not through the fascia

52
Q

Describe a Stage IV wound

A
  • Dermal Wound

- Full thickness involving tissue necrosis or damage to muscle or bone

53
Q

What is the Gate Theory?

A
  • Lg diameter A beta fibers increase activity in dorsal horn of spinal column, close the gate, and decrease pain perception
  • Sm diameter A delta & C fibers decrease activity in dorsal horn of spinal columc, open the gate, and increase pain perception
54
Q

What is the Gate Mechanism?

A

Thermoreceptors (heat/cold), Mechanoreceptors (rubbing/E-stim) can reduce pain, therefore reducing spasm/musle tension

55
Q

What are the different sensory fibers and how are they described?

A

-A-Delta Fibers:
-Nocioceptor
-Myelinated (faster transmission)
-Evoke sharp, pricking sensation
-C-Fibers:
-Nocioceptor
-Unmyelinated (slower transmission)
-Longer lasting
-Evoke burning sensation that is poorly localized
-A-Beta Fibers:
Non-Nocioceptor

56
Q

What are the different Spinal Pathways and how are they described?

A

Ascending Pathways

  • Spinothalamic:
    • Impulses travel to thalamus and then to somatosensory cortex
    • Responsible for sharp, discriminative, localized sensations
  • Spinoreticulothalamic:
    • Impulses travels to reticular formation to thalamus and limbic system
    • Diffuse and visceral pain perception

Descending Pathways

  • Motor tracts
  • Endogenous opiates released from higher centers
    • Examples: enkephalins, endorphins, serotonin, dopamine
    • Stimulated by systemic pain, intense exercise, laughter, meditation, relaxation, acupuncture, E-stim

PTA 104 (2 decks)

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