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midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Reverse transcriptase synthesizes (chapter 6)
A. a positive RNA strand from a negative RNA strand.
B. a negative RNA strand from a positive RNA strand.
C. viral RNA from DNA.
D. viral DNA from RNA

A

D. viral DNA from RNA

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2
Q

Antimicrobials that are macrolides (chapter 12)
A. disrupt cell membrane function.
B. include tetracyclines.
C. include azithromycin, clarithromcyin, and erythromycin.
D. are very narrow-spectrum drugs.
E. arehepatotoxic.

A

C. include azithromycin, clarithromcyin, and erythromycin.

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3
Q 
When fungal buds remain attached in a row following cell division, the resulting chains of yeast cells are called \_\_\_\_\_\_. (chapter 5)
A. mycelia
B. pseudohyphae 
C. molds
D. dimorphic
E. septa
A

B. pseudohyphae

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4
Q 
Alcohol-based hand sanitizers specifically target lipids, making them most effective when trying to eliminate \_\_\_\_\_\_. (chapter 4)
A. endospores
B. biofilms
C. gram-positives
 D. viruses
E. gram-negatives
A

E. gram-negatives

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5
Q

Antibiotics that disrupt bacterial ribosomes can also affect (chapter 12)

  1. eukaryotic large ribosomal subunit.
  2. eukaryotic small ribosomal subunit.
  3. ribosomal RNA.
  4. eukaryotic mitochondrial ribosomes
A
  1. eukaryotic mitochondrial ribosome
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6
Q

The toxic superoxide ion is converted to harmless oxygen by two enzymes, ch 7
A. superoxide dismutasec and hydrogen peroxidase.
B. super oxide dismutase and oxidase.
C. superoxide dismutase and catalase.
D. catalase and hydrogen peroxidase.
E. catalaseandoxidase.

A

C. superoxide dismutase and catalase.

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7
Q 
Of the following choices, which could be used in the treatment of a patient in order to determine the patient's cancer subtype? Ch 10 
A. WesternBlotanalysis
 B. PCR
C. Microarray analysis
 D. Transformation 
E. Oryzasativa
A

C. Microarray analysis

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8
Q

The function of bacterial endospores is ch 4

  1. to provide a protected site for photosynthesis.
  2. storage of excess cellular building blocks.
  3. protection of genetic material during harsh conditions.
  4. reproduction and growth
A
  1. protection of genetic material during harsh conditions.
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9
Q

The event that occurs in bacteriophage multiplication that does not occur in animal virus replication is ch 6
A. adsorptiontothehostcells.
B. injection of only the viral nucleic acid into the host cell.

A

B. injection of only the viral nucleic acid into the host cell.

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10
Q 
An apoenzyme is \_\_\_\_\_\_. Ch 8 
A. part of a simple enzyme
B. also called a coenzyme
C. the protein part of a holoenzyme
 D. often an inorganic metal ion
E. an RNAmolecule
A

C. the protein part of a holoenzyme

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11
Q 
. Which of the following is not associated with every virus? Ch 6 
A. Envelope
B. Capsomeres 
C. Capsid
D. Nucleic acid
 E. Genome
A

A. Envelope

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12
Q 
The core of every virus particle always contains \_\_\_\_\_\_. Ch 6 
A. DNA
B. capsomeres
C. enzymes
D. DNA and RNA
E. either DNA or RNA
A

E. either DNA or RNA

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13
Q 
An organism that can exist in both oxygen and oxygen-free environments is a(n) \_\_\_\_\_\_.  Ch 7 
A. obligateanaerobe 
B. microaerophile
C. facultative anaerobe 
D. aerobe 
E. obligateaerobe
A

C. facultative anaerobe

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14
Q 
Enzymes that are always present, regardless of the amount of substrate, are \_\_\_\_\_\_. Ch 8 
A. apoenzymes
B. exoenzymes
C. constitutive enzymes
 D. regulated enzymes
 E. endoenzymes
A

C. constitutive enzymes

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15
Q 
The long, thread-like branching cells of molds are called \_\_\_\_\_\_. Ch 5 
A. pseudohyphae 
B. asci
C. conidiophores 
D. septa 
E. hyphae
A

E. hyphae

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16
Q

Aminoglycosides

  1. destroy peptidoglycan.
  2. are metabolic analogs of PABA and block folic acid synthesis.
  3. attach to the 30S ribosomal subunit and disrupt protein synthesis.
  4. damage cell membranes.
  5. block peptidases that cross-link glycan molecules.
A
  1. attach to the 30S ribosomal subunit and disrupt protein synthesis.
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17
Q

Which of the following statements is correct? Ch 5

  1. All saprobes are heterotrophic, but only some are parasitic.
  2. All heterotrophs are fungi, and include both parasites and saprobes.
  3. All heterotrophs are parasites, but only some are saprobes.
  4. All fungi, whether parasite or saprobe, are heterotrophs
A

. 3, All fungi, whether parasite or saprobe, are heterotrophs

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18
Q

A technique that separates a readable pattern of DNA fragments is ______. Ch 10

  1. genetic engineering
  2. biotechnology
  3. recombinant DNA
  4. gel electrophoresis
  5. geneprobes
A
  1. gel electrophoresis
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19
Q

The plasma cells of the immune system are responsible for secreting protein antibodies into the bloodstream. Within the plasma cell, the antibody moves through several organelles in what order? Ch 5

  1. Ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosome
  2. Ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, vesicles
  3. Ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, nucleolus, Golgi apparatus, vesicles
  4. Ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, vesicles
  5. Ribosomes, vesicles, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus
A
  1. Ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, vesicles
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20
Q 
. DNA strands can be clipped crosswise at selected positions by using enzymes called \_\_\_\_\_\_. 
A. palindromes
B. reversetranscriptases
C. restriction endonucleases D. ligases
E. DNA polymerases
A

C. restriction endonucleases

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21
Q

Analysis of DNA fragments in gel electrophoresis is based on ch 10

  1. larger fragments moving slowly and remaining closer to the wells.
  2. DNA having an overall negative charge and moving to the positive pole.
  3. DNA fragments being stained so that they can be seen.
  4. application of an electric current through the gel causing DNA fragments to migrate.
  5. All of the choices are correct.
A
  1. All of the choices are correct.
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22
Q 
Important components of coenzymes are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Ch 8 
0.	vitamins 
1.	metallic ions 
2.	active sites 
3,substrates
A
  1. vitamins
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23
Q

you are attempting to identify the type of helminth that has been isolated from a patient stool sample. The most important consideration to make this distinction is to ch 5

  1. examine the sample to see if microscopic eggs are present.
  2. ask the patient about recent food and water consumption.
  3. look at the gross anatomy to determine if the body is segmented or not.
  4. determine if the cells are eukaryotic or bacterial by looking for nuclei.
A
  1. look at the gross anatomy to determine if the body is segmented or not.
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24
Q

Selective toxicity refers to damage to ch 12

  1. pathogenicorganisms.
  2. prokaryotic cell membranes.
  3. the target organisms but not vertebrate cells.
  4. nucleic acids.
A

3, the target organisms but not vertebrate cells.

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25
Q

Gram-negative bacteria ch 4
A. have a more complex cell envelope with a greater variation in chemical composition.
B. appear purple following the Gram stain.
C. are generally more susceptible to antibiotics than gram-positive bacteria.
D. include all pathogens.

A

A. have a more complex cell envelope with a greater variation in chemical composition.

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26
Q

In eukaryotic cells, which of the following organelles contain DNA? Ch 5

  1. Nucleus, nucleolus, and Golgi apparatus
  2. Nucleus, chloroplast, and peroxisome
  3. Nucleus, mitochondria, and Golgi apparatus
  4. Nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus
  5. Nucleus, chloroplast, and mitochondrion
A
  1. Nucleus, chloroplast, and mitochondrion
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27
Q

Two structures that allow bacteria to adhere to surfaces are ______ and ______. Ch 4

  1. actin filaments ; phospholipid membranes
  2. lipopolysaccharide; techoic acid
  3. endospores; metachromatic granules
  4. fimbriae; capsules
  5. pili; ribosomes
A
  1. fimbriae; capsules
28
Q

Serological analysis for bacterial identification typically involves using ch 4

  1. specific antibodies to the bacterial cell antigens.
  2. amicroscopetodeterminecellmorphology.
  3. the determination of guanine + cytosine base concentrations.
  4. methods to identify cell enzymes.
A
  1. specific antibodies to the bacterial cell antigens.
29
Q

Oncogenic viruses include all the following except ______. Ch 6

  1. hepatitis B virus
  2. measles virus
  3. Papillomavirus
  4. HTLV-I and HTLV-II viruses
  5. Epstein-Barrvirus
A
  1. measles virus
30
Q 
Amplification of DNA is accomplished by \_\_\_\_\_\_. Ch 10 
A. a Southern blot 
B. a Western blot 
C. DNA sequencing 
D. gene probes 
E. the polymerase chain reaction
A

E. the polymerase chain reaction

31
Q

Viral spikes ch 6
A. are always present on enveloped viruses.
1. attach the viral capsid and envelope.
2. allow bacteria to evade host defenses.
3. are derived from host proteins.

A

A. are always present on enveloped viruses.

32
Q

Select the statement that most accurately describes the action of antimicrobial drugs today. Chc 6

  1. Antiviral drug treatment is more effective than vaccination against a viral disease.
  2. Effective antiviral drugs have a long history of development and use.
  3. Antiviral drugs often result in toxic side effects due to their inhibition of host cell activity.
  4. The development of antiviral drug resistance has not been observed, as compared to the high rate of
A
  1. Antiviral drugs often result in toxic side effects due to their inhibition of host cell activity.
33
Q

Which of the following will not support viral cultivation? Ch 5

a. Live lab animals
0. Embryonated bird eggs
1. Primary cell cultures
2. Continuous cell cultures
3. All of the choices will support viral cultivation.

A
  1. All of the choices will support viral cultivation.
34
Q 
. In general, most DNA viruses multiply in the host cell's \_\_\_\_\_, while most RNA viruses multiply in the host cell's \_\_\_\_\_.  Ch 6 
A. nucleus; cytoplasm
B. cytoplasm;c ellmembrane
C. cell membrane; cytoplasm
D. cytoplasm; nucleus
E. nucleus; endoplasmicreticulum
A

A. nucleus; cytoplasm

35
Q 
All of the following structures contribute to the ability of pathogenic bacteria to cause disease except \_\_\_\_\_\_. 
A. gram-negative outer membrane 
B. inclusions
C. slime layer
D. capsule 
E. fimbriae
A

B. inclusions

36
Q

Which of the following pairs is mismatched? Ch 5

  1. Protozoa;unicellular
  2. Algae;multicellular
  3. Fungi; multicellular
  4. Protozoa; multicellular
  5. Helminths;multicellular
  6. Fungi; unicellular
A
  1. Protozoa; multicellular
37
Q 
Host range is limited by the  ch 6 
A. type of nucleic acid in the virus.
B. age of the host cell.
C. type of host cell receptors on cell membrane. 
D. size of the host cell
A

C. type of host cell receptors on cell membrane.

38
Q 
Each of the following affect cell walls, except \_\_\_\_\_\_.  Ch 12
A. penicillin
B. cycloserine 
C. vancomycin 
D. erythromycin 
E. cephalosporin
A

D. erythromycin

39
Q

Which of the following is incorrect about prophages? Ch 6

  1. Present when the virus is in lysogeny
  2. Formed when viral DNA enters the bacterial chromosome
  3. Replicated with host DNA and passed on to progeny
  4. Cause lysis of host cells
  5. Occur when temperate phages enter host cells
A
  1. Cause lysis of host cells
40
Q

. Amoebic dysentery is most commonly contracted through ch 5
A. contaminated blood products.
B. insectbites.
C. puncture wounds.
D. the fecal-oral route from contaminated food or water.
E.direct transmission from one host to another

A

D. the fecal-oral route from contaminated food or water.

41
Q

a/an ____ is the protein shell around the nucleic acid core of a virus ch 6

a. capsomere
b. capsid
c. spike
d. envelope
e. monolayer

A

b. capsid

42
Q 
Viruses with \_\_\_\_\_-sense RNA contain the correct message for translation, while viruses with \_\_\_\_\_- sense RNA must first be converted into a correct message. Ch 6 
A. positive; negative
B. negative; positive
C. primary; secondary
 D. secondary;primary
 E. intermediate;primary
A

A. positive; negative

43
Q

Which of the following bacterial structures is incorrectly matched with a ch 4
function?
A. Nucleoid - hereditary material
2. Plasmids - contain genes essential for growth and metabolism
3. Cytoplasm - dense, gelatinous solution
4. Ribosomes - protein synthesis
5. Inclusions - excess cell nutrients and materials

A
  1. Plasmids - contain genes essential for growth and metabolism
44
Q

Micro RNA therapy is based on the premise that ch 10

  1. miRNA molecules function to regulate gene expression, usually by inhibiting transcription; a non- functional miRNA can be replaced thereby reducing unwanted protein production.
  2. miRNA molecules function to regulate gene expression, usually by promoting translation; a non- functional miRNA can be repaired thereby reducing unwanted protein production.
  3. miRNA molecules function to regulate gene expression, usually by initiating transcription; an over- production of miRNA can be replaced thereby promoting necessary protein production.
  4. miRNA molecules function to regulate protein production, usually by inhibiting translation; a hyperactive miRNA can be replaced thereby reducing unwanted proteins
A
  1. miRNA molecules function to regulate gene expression, usually by inhibiting transcription; a non- functional miRNA can be replaced thereby reducing unwanted protein production.
45
Q 
The process by which a cell uses ATP to enclose a substance in its membrane, by forming a vacuole and engulfing it, is called \_\_\_\_\_\_. Ch 7 
A. active transport
B. facilitated diffusion
 C. endocytosis
D. diffusion
E. osmosis
A

C. endocytosis

46
Q 
Cell walls are not typically possessed by \_\_\_\_\_\_. Ch 5 
A. algae
B. protozoa 
C. fungi
D. bacteria
A

B. protozoa

47
Q 
Successful anti-HIV drug therapies today work by blocking the action of viral reverse transcriptase. Select which step of virus multiplication that would be directly blocked by this mechanism. Ch 6
A. Adsorption 
B. Penetration 
C. Synthesis 
D. Assembly 
E. Release
A

C. Synthesis

48
Q 
Common vectors used to transfer a piece of DNA into a cloning host are ch 10 
A. plasmids.
B. viruses.
C. bacteriophages.
D. artificial chromosomes.
E. All of the choices are correct.
A

E. All of the choices are correct.

49
Q

. Each of the following results in drug resistance, except ch 12
A. a drug being pumped out of the cell.
B. a drug being used as a nutrient by the cell.
C. a drug binding site being altered.
D. a drug being inactivated.

A

B. a drug being used as a nutrient by the cell.

50
Q 
The cell membrane, the cell wall, and the outer membrane comprise the \_\_\_\_\_\_.  Ch 4 
A. cell envelope 
B. slimelayer 
C. glycocalyx 
D. S-layer 
E. Peptidoglycan
A

A. cell envelope

51
Q

Which of the following is not a function of the eukaryotic glycocalyx? Ch 5

  1. Protection
  2. Reception of chemical signals
  3. Adherence
  4. Movement
A
  1. Movement
52
Q 
You are observing an organism under the microscope, and it is clearly multicellular with no cell walls. Your prediction is that this organism is a(n) \_\_\_\_\_\_.  Ch 5 
A. alga
B. fungus
C. helminth
 D. protozoan 
E. bacterium
A

C. helminth

53
Q

Microbial resistance resulting from mutation occurs because ch 12

  1. bacterial genomes undergo mutation rapidly.
  2. bacterial genomes undergo mutation often.
  3. short generation times accumulate mutations in populations.
  4. mutations are passed between organisms.
  5. All of the choices are correct.
A
  1. All of the choices are correct.
54
Q

Each of the following are true of enzymes except

a. they can be used over and over.
0. they may or may not require cofactors.
1. their active site is specific to the substrate.
2. they increase the activation energy of a reaction.
3. their action may involve minerals.

A
  1. they increase the activation energy of a reaction.
55
Q 
A holoenzyme is a combination of a protein and one or more substances called \_\_\_\_\_\_.  C 8 
A. substrates 
B. apoenzymes 
C. catalysts
D. cofactors
E. ribozymes
A

D. cofactors

56
Q

Viruses exhibit all the following except ______. Ch 6

  1. definiteshape
  2. metabolism
  3. genes
  4. ability to infect host cells
  5. ultramicroscopic size
A
  1. metabolism
57
Q

The correct sequence of events in viral multiplication is ch 6

  1. penetration, uncoating, synthesis, adsorption, assembly, and release.
  2. uncoating, penetration, synthesis, assembly, absorption, and release.
  3. adsorption, penetration, uncoating, synthesis, assembly, and release.
  4. assembly, synthesis, uncoating, release, penetration, and adsorption.
  5. adsorption, release, synthesis, uncoating, assembly, and penetration
A
  1. adsorption, penetration, uncoating, synthesis, assembly, and release.
58
Q 
Which of the following antimicrobials does not inhibit DNA synthesis?  Ch 12 
A. Chloroquine
B. Quinolone
C. Penicillin
D. Azidothymidine 
E. Acyclovir
A

C. Penicillin

59
Q 
Infectious protein particles are called \_\_\_\_\_\_.  Ch 6 
A. viroids
B. phages
C. prions
D. oncogenic viruses 
E. spikes
A

C. prions

60
Q

. Which of the following is not true of the outer membrane? Ch 4

  1. The uppermost layer is made of lipopolysaccharide.
  2. The lipid portion of the lipopolysaccharide layer is termed endotoxin.
  3. Gram-positive bacteria have an outer membrane.
  4. The innermost layer is a phospholipid bilayer.
A
  1. Gram-positive bacteria have an outer membrane.
61
Q

FAD, NADP, NAD, and coenzyme A are all carriers of ________. CH8
A. hydrogens
B. electrons
C. ATP
D. Both hydrogens and electrons are correct.

A

D. Both hydrogens and electrons are correct.

62
Q

Adulthood and mating of helminths occur in which host? Ch 5

  1. Primary host
  2. Secondary host
  3. Definitive host
  4. Transport host
A
  1. Definitive host
63
Q 
When a eukaryotic cell is not undergoing mitosis, the DNA and its associated proteins appear as a visible, thread-like mass called \_\_\_\_\_\_. 
A. nuclear envelope
B. nucleosome
C. nucleolus
D. nucleoplasm
E. chromatin
A

E. chromatin

64
Q 
Enzymes that are only produced when substrate is present are termed \_\_\_\_\_\_. 
A. exoenzymes
B. endoenzymes
C. constitutive enzymes
 D. induced enzymes
E. conjugatedenzymes
A

D. induced enzymes

65
Q

An ideal antimicrobial therapeutic drug exhibits all of the following characteristics, except

  1. they are nontoxic to host.
  2. they are easily broken down by host.
  3. they are easily administered.
  4. they have limited capacity to elicit resistance.
  5. they are nonallergenic.
A
  1. they are easily broken down by host.
66
Q

. Which external structure protects bacteria from phagocytosis?

  1. Cell membrane
  2. Capsule
  3. Fimbriae
  4. Slime layer
A
  1. Capsule

micro midterm (1 decks)

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