Midterm

Question 1

A single motor neuron + all the muscle fibres it innervates = _________

Answer 1

A motor unit

Question 2

Stress triggers a set body changes called _______

Answer 2

General Adaptation

Question 3

Phase 3: Exhaustion results

Answer 3

1) Depletion of body resources I.e lipid reserves
2) loss of K+ (potassium) - (Aldosterone effect)
3) damage to organs (heart, liver, kidney)

Question 4

Functions of Testosterone

Answer 4

1) Development of organs of female reproductive tract+ 2 sex characters
2) Stimulates bone growth at epiphyseal plate
3) Promotes protein anabolism
4) Directly stimulates spermatogenesis

Question 5

Estrogen is required for?

Answer 5

Ovulation

Question 6

What stimulates growth, maintains, endometrium

Answer 6

Estrogen

Question 7

How many days is the Ovarian/Uterine Cycle

Answer 7

About 28 days

Question 8

What are examples of contraceptives

Answer 8

1) Oral contraceptives
2) Implants
3) Morning after pill

Question 9

How is placenta formed

Answer 9

It is formed from chorion (fetus) and endometrium (maternal)

Question 10

What are the right functions of placenta?

Answer 10

1) Exchange site

2) Secretes hormones

Question 11

What are the signals that trigger hormone secretion

Answer 11

1) Blood (humoral) Stimulates
2) Neural Stimulus
3) Hormonal Stimulus

Question 12

Describe the general adaptation syndrome in response to stress

Answer 12

It triggers a set of body chnages

Question 13

What does parathyroid hormone do?

Answer 13

Increases calcium in the blood

Question 14

What does calcitonin do?

Answer 14

Reduce blood calcium

Question 15

What does insulin do?

Answer 15

Lowers blood glucose by allowing cell transport glucose in

Question 16

Primarily cortisol is also called

Answer 16

Glucocorticoids

Question 17

What are the phases of stress

Answer 17

Phase 1: Alarm reaction (fight or flight response)
Phase 2 : Resistance Reaction
Phase3 : Exhaustion

Question 18

What are the main steroids of Adrenal Cortex

Answer 18

1) glucocorticoids (cortisol)
2) Sex hormones (androgens)
3) Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

Question 19

Permissive vasconstriction via epinephrine/norepinephrine so what response?

Answer 19

From Stress in the Glucocorticoids (cortisol)

Question 20

Catecholamines is commonly called

Answer 20

Adrenal Medulla

Question 21

What hormones do Adrenal Medulla produce?

Answer 21

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

Question 22

What are the functions of Adrenal Medulla?

Answer 22

Enhance sympathetic effects, stress regulation, Blood Pressure

Question 23

Adrenal Medulla is what phase in stress

Answer 23

Phase 1: Alarm Reaction

Question 24

Explain the all-or-none principle of an action potential?

Answer 24

ALL is if the threshold reached, AP is produce and NONE is below threshold so there’s no AP

Question 25

Rate of propagation depends on:

Answer 25

1) Fiber (axon) diameter

2) Myelination

Question 26

What is the mV of RMP of inside and outside the cell?

Answer 26

-70 mV inside of cell and 70 mV more negative than outside

Question 27

True factors of establishing RMP?

Answer 27

1) Na+/K+-ATPase (Na+/K+ pump)
2) org inside cell
3) more non-gated K+ channels than non-gated Na+ Channel