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Analytical Chemistry II > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

Define what is meant by system (under study) (3)

A
  • it has the analyte about which information is to be obtained
  • the info of the analyte is inherent in the physical and/or chemical characteristics of the analyte
  • the info obtained can be interpreted, manipulated and/or used as required by the analyst
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2
Q

Define analytical instrument (2)

A
  • it is what is used to get info about the analyte (from the system) – can be seen as a device that communicated ino from the analyte to the analyst
  • to get info analyte has to be stimulated somehow (ex. with electromagnetic, electrical, mechanical, and/or nuclear energy) to get a response from analyte
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3
Q

What are data domains?

A
  • various modes of encoding information
  • used to make a classification scheme to analyze and explain the measurement process
  • used to examine the flow of info inherent in the physical and chemical characteristics of the analyte to a readout
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4
Q

Give examples of data domains

A

meter pointer, chart recorder, digital device

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5
Q

What are the two main classifications of data domains?

A
  1. non-electrical

2. electrical

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6
Q

What measurements do electrical domains have

A

analog (current, voltage, charge), time (frequency, pulse width, phase), digital (count, serial, parallel)

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7
Q

What measurements do non-electrical domains have?

A

physical and chemical (mass, length, temp, colour), scale position, number (digital measurement)

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8
Q

What is the measurement

A
  • final numerical result as some function of the relevant physical or chemical property being measured
  • can be represented as a series of inter-domain conversions
  • beings and ends in the non-electrical domain
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9
Q

How can the measurement be in the electrical domain?

A
  • can be encoded through an input transducer
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10
Q

What is the out-put transducer

A

the read-out device that converts data in the electrical domain to the non-electrical domain

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11
Q

Define transfer functions of the transducers

A
  • mathematical relationships between the input transducer and the electrical signal and the out-put
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12
Q

Define detector

A

mechanical, electrical or chemical device that identifies, indicates, or records a change in a variable of the system

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13
Q

Define transducer

A
  • specific to devices that convert info in non-chemical domain to info in electrical domain and vice versa
  • a read-out device (ex. graph, pointer on a meter)
  • converts info in electrical domain to a domain that can be perceived and understood by analyst
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14
Q

Define sensor

A
  • device capable of monitoring chemical species continuously and reversibly
  • has a transducer with a substance that responds to physical or chemical characteristic of analyte
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15
Q

What information is required for selecting an analytical method (name 5 of 11)

A
  • accuracy
  • amount of sample available
  • concentration range of samples
  • possible interferences due to contaminants
  • phys and chem properties of the sample matrix
  • number of samples to be analysed
  • time for analysis
  • ease and convenience of method
  • knowledge and skill required
  • cost and availability of equipment
  • cost analysis
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16
Q

What is instrumentation selection based on?

A
  • if the instrument will do the task and give the info required as determined by the figures of merit of the instrument
17
Q

What are the figures of merit (total 6)

A
  1. precision
  2. bias
  3. sensitivity
  4. concentration range
  5. detection limit
  6. selectivity
18
Q

Define the figure of merit, precision

A
  • measure of the random error as defined by the absolute and relative standard deviations std dev of the mean, coefficient of variation and variance
19
Q

Define the figure of merit, bias

A

absolute and relative determinate (systematic) error

20
Q

Define the figure of merit, sensitivity

A

calibration and analytical sensitivity

21
Q

Define the figure of merit, detection limit

A

blank plus three times the std dev of a blank (many definitions)

22
Q

Define the figure of merit, concentration range

A

limit of quantitation (LOQ) to limit of linearity (LOL)

23
Q

Define the figure of merit, selectivity

A

coefficient of selectivity

24
Q

What is meant by spectroscopy

A
  • referring to “optical” spectroscopy
  • involves energy changes in matter (atoms, ions, molecules) due to absorption, emission, fluorescence, reflection, scattering, etc of electromagnetic radiation
  • can be considered the study of eectromagnetic radiation
25
Q

What is included in the spectroscopic category?

A

gamma ray, x-ray, UV/VIS, IR, microwave, electron spin, NMR, radio wave

26
Q

Why is mass spectroscopy NOT an optical spectroscopic method?

A

because it involves the interaction of electrons and ions with matter and the separation and detection of the resulting fragmentation ions and/or molecular ions results in spectra showing peaks for various components

27
Q

Define spectrophotometer

A
28
Q

Define spectrometer

A
29
Q

Define spectrograph

A
30
Q

Define spectroscope

A
31
Q

Explain what happens to electrons in the “normal” state

A
  • electrons are in the lowest molecular orbitals

- molecule said to be in ground state aka sate with the lowest energy

32
Q

Explain what is meant by “excited state” of electrons

A
  • when electrons gain energy (thermal energy, electromagnetic radiation), electron gets promoted to a higher molecular orbital
  • the valence electrons of molecule are in higher molecular orbital
33
Q

Explain quantized energy and the rules of quantum mechanics

A
  • the molecular orbitals
34
Q

What is the nature of emr/What is emr?

A
  • radiant energy/energy emitted by hot bodies like sun, electric bulb
  • has properties of both particles (called photons/ quanta) and waves

Analytical Chemistry II (2 decks)

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