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BAE 535 > MidTerm > Flashcards

MidTerm Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three keys to success in Precision Ag?

A

Information, technology and management

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2
Q

Precision ag is defined as:

A

A system designed to optimize ag production through crop information, technology and management practices

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3
Q

One of the most common starting points for farmers entering precision ag:

A

Swath Guidance

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4
Q

The 5 objectives of precision ag are:

A 
Energy Conservation
Soil/Ground Protection
Efficient Chemical Use
Improved product Quality
Increased Production Efficiency
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5
Q

What is Postharvest Control?

A

aspect that addresses the control/protection of product quality shortly after harvest but before delivery

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6
Q

What is site specific management?

A

Management of the field by recognizing differences across the field and breaking it into smaller zones

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7
Q

What is the farmers most valuable resource?

A

Information

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8
Q

What are the 2 tools that make precision ag feasible?

A

GPS and GIS

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9
Q

What is Spatial Variability?

A

Changes in measured properties over distance or depth

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10
Q

What is active remote sensing?

A

A remote sensing system that generates it’s own signal and monitors for a response

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11
Q

What is an embedded computer?

A

Computer designed for a specific purpose, has limited flexibility and software for it’s task

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12
Q

What is spatial resolution?

A

The smallest object that can be detected

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13
Q

What is temporal variability?

A

Changes in measured properties over time

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14
Q

What is physical variability?

A

Changes in measured physical/chemical properties

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15
Q

What is Feedback Analysis?

A

Input –> Analyzer –> Output
^ – Feedback ———-|

Continuous improvement due to feedback

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16
Q

What is a measurand?

A

Physical parameter of interest in a information system

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17
Q

What is a sensor designed to do?

A

Detect change in a quantity and convert it into signal

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18
Q

What is a transducer used for?

A

Convert signals into a more useable form

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19
Q

What do we use to transport information between systems?

A

USB drives, Wireless transfer, PCMCIA cards

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20
Q

What is a coordinate system?

A

A frame of reference from which measurements are made

Specifies units of measure on an axis from an origin

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21
Q

What is a geoid?

A

A mathematical model of the earth’s grav field, it is a reference for determining elevation. It roughly corresponds to mean sea level

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22
Q

What is georeferencing?

A

The act of turning an image into a map by linking points in the image to coordinates. Need 3 or more points

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23
Q

What is GNSS?

A

A space and land based system that allows a receiver to determine location based on the known position of space vehicles

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24
Q

What is the highest accuracy GPS?

A

RTK

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25
Q

What are L1, L2 and L5

A

GPS Frequencies

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26
Q

Position System Requirements:

A

Available at any point
Available any time
Should interface with equipment

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27
Q

How many satellites are needed to get a GPS fix?

A

4

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28
Q

GPS for civilians is called

A

SPS, standard point positioning

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29
Q

What is a C/A code?

A

Civilian receivers code

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30
Q

What is PPS?

A

Military GPS, precise point positioning

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31
Q

What is trilateration?

A

Determines the location of the receiver based on estimated distance for the satellite

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32
Q

The distance between a sat and a receiver can never be measured exactly
True/False?

A

True

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33
Q

NMEA 0183

A

Standard that defines GPS serial communications. Includes a baud rate specification (speed of transmission)

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34
Q

Most common GPS sentences are?

A

GLL
GGA
VTG

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35
Q

What is ‘true range’?

A

Distance between satellite and antenna

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36
Q

What is the unique identifier that a GPS receiver uses to identify which psuedorandom code it is tracking?

A

PRN

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37
Q

The use of 2 frequencies in a receiver allows for correction of:

A

Ionospheric effects

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38
Q

2DRMS means:

A

95% probability that observations will fall within 2 standard deviations

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39
Q

What is PDOP?

A

Position of Dilution of Precision, a type of error estimate. Less than 4 is excellent, over 8 is bad

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40
Q

What position of accuracy is needed for variable rate herbicide?

A

1 meter

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41
Q

What’s a good task for Point Guidance?

A

Locating a drain tile discharge point

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42
Q

Recommended accuracy for row crop planting?

A

10 cm

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43
Q

Recommended accuracy for seed bed formation?

A

5 cm

44
Q

Recommended accuracy for Yield Mapping?

A

10 meters

45
Q

Recommended accuracy for fertilizer?

A

30 meters

46
Q

2 types of guidance systems

A

Light bar and Map Screen

47
Q

2 Modes for GPS Guidance

A

Error (inches off from line) or Correction (inches to adjust)

48
Q

2 types of steering systems

A

Universal and Fully Integrated

49
Q

Advantages of GPS Guidance:

A 
High accuracy
reduced swath errors
works any time
easy to use
works in any weather
works well with spinner spreaders
50
Q

Definition of precision agriculture

A

a management system that is tech based, site specific, uses data to reach optimum profitability

51
Q

How to get started in precision ag

A 
Review existing info
Add more Data
Research tech
Add tech that fits (yield monitor, swath guidance, soil sampling)
Examine Results
Develop a strategy
52
Q

FMIS

A

GIS
Database,
Analytics
Business management

Office system can include book keeping, field management, decision support system

53
Q

Why do we need information on a field?

A 
Spatial variability (chg over distance)
Temporal variability (chg over time)
54
Q

Ways to acquire data

A

Real Time - sensors - yield sensor, crop sensor, temp control
Lab Analysis - soil tests. Predictive or Diagnostic
Field Observations - yield history, scout reports

55
Q

Real Time Data

A

Measurand - physical parameter of interest
Sensor - device that detects change as a signal
Transducer - converts signal to useable form
Processor - analyzes it
Output Display - user interface readout

Direct Sensor - needs physical contact
Remote sensor - no contact, maybe EM
Rate Sensor - tachometer, speed
Proximity Sensor - magnetic displacement
Force/Pressure sensor - strain, load, displacement
Flow Sensor - turbines, ultrasonic, electromagnetic
Temp Sensor - infrared bimetallic, thermocouplers
Chemical Property Sensors - PH, conductivity
Electromagentic - radiometers, measure reflected infrared

56
Q

In-field sensing

A

direct contact or proximity, but while in the field itself
make sure sensors are calibrated
identify measureable property

57
Q

Remote Sensing

A

Aerial, Satellite, drone
measures EM energy, UV, infrared, visible
Active (RADAR) or Passive (camera)
Spectral resolution - wavelengths detected
Coverage frequency - how often is data collected/repeated

58
Q

Rules about information

A 
Must be managed by type/application
Must be searchable
Must be formatted for analysis
Must be readily available
Must be understandable
59
Q

Field Computer

A

has GNSS receiver, has CAN interface, runs apps or control algorithms

60
Q

Function of cell modems and wifi on the farm

A 
Track location
Track service hours
Create auto steer guidelines
geofencing
Transfer sensor data
Send prescription maps
Upload yield data
61
Q

GIS

A

Computer system designed to collect, store and manipulate data
Georeferenced Data
Spatial Data can be vector or raster (tiff, gif, bmp)

62
Q

Raster Data

A

array of cells
Each cell is georeferenced
each cell has a fixed resolution
each cell is a single attribute

63
Q

Aerial Images

A

zoom factor is tied to pixel count

one pixel = 1 meter or 10

64
Q

Coord System

A

framework used to define position of points

Lat/Long/evelation

65
Q

datum

A

a reference from which measurements are made
geomatic datum - uses ellipsoid (horizontal or vertical)
horizontal datum - NAD83, WGS84
vertical datum - used for elevation, tides

66
Q

State Plane

A 
Cartesian coords.  northing, easting, elevation
N
|
| _ _ _ _ _ _ _  E
0,0
67
Q

Different Feet

A

survey ft - 0.30480061 meter

international ft 0.3048 meter

68
Q

Geodetic height

A

height above ellipsoid

69
Q

elevation

A

height above sea level h = H + N

ellipsoid height = ortho height + geoid height

70
Q

Georeferencing photos

A 
Input control points
choose coord system
minimize residuals (difference between actual control points and coords predicted)
71
Q

normalized map

A

starts with 100, and then shows deviation from that (high/low)

72
Q

FMIS Analysis

A

Comparison Analysis
Correlation - -1 to 1, statistics
profit/loss, expense/income estimates

73
Q

Files need for shapefile

A

shp
shx
dbf

projection optional

74
Q

PNT

A 
Position, navigation and timing system
'aid in determination of location, provide guidance, and precise coordination of time'
1) provide location
2) available on demand
3) available anywhere
4) must interface w/ equipment
75
Q

Types of PNT

A

Dead Reckoning - orienteering, uses bearings
Laser Systems - transmitters/reflectors. Uses triangulation with 2+ transmitters, need line of sight
GNSS - GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, Beidou

76
Q

GNSS

A

Space and land based system for location, guidance and timing
GPS: Space - 24 satellites plus backups. In medium earth orbit., orbit earth twice a day
Shifts west a bit every day. 6 orbital planes, broadcast 2 frequencies L1 and L2, plus new L5
Control - monitors satellites, position of each is maintained
User - receiver interprets signal

77
Q

GPS Signal contents

A 
Pseudorandom Nosie (uniquely identifies satellite), C/A Code (C for civies, P for military)
NAV data message: ephemeris (broadcast by all satellites, provides precise location of satellite) and almanac (where each satellite should be) inside
78
Q

Limits of GPS

A

Line of sight
low power signals - not go through solid objects
tree cover a problem

79
Q

Pseudorandom Range

A

Estimate of distance from satellite

80
Q

Carrier phase

A

time difference between when signal was sent and received

81
Q

trilateration

A

determine position from known points
4 satellites needed for a unique point
plus reduces clock error

82
Q

autonomous GPS

A

based on only GPS
Single Point Positioning
horizontal accurate to 8m
vertical accurate to 13m

83
Q

Types of Augmented GNSS

A

Differential (DGNSS)
Precise Point (PPP)
Real Time Kinematic (RTK)

84
Q

Can improve GPS error by:

A

Averaging multiple observations
applying differential correction by a reference receiver (known other locations)
applying correction by predictive modeling of error (PPP)

85
Q

DGNSS

A

references receivers at known locations to transmit a correction signal which is picked up by a differential receiver
removes clock error and orbital error
reduces ionosphere error and troposphere error
1) signal to receiver and fixed reference at same time
2) fixed receiver calculates error in position
3) fixed receiver transmits error out to diff receiver
4) mobile receiver calculates more precise location
Diff signals can come from land or space
Coast Guard or DOT, private stations, commercial (Omnistar, Terrastar)
WAAS (US) - wide area augmentation system
EGNOSE
MSAS (Asia)

86
Q

PPP

A

correction in real time w/o base stations
uses predicted model of orbit and atmosphere
correction/model from the satellitte
have to wait for it to converge - sometimes 5 minutes

87
Q

RTK

A

position from carrier phase
number of wavelengths between sat and receiver
accurate to 2 cm horizontal, 3 cm vertical
high speed/low latency
need 5 satellites
uses local base station good for 12 miles

88
Q

RTK base station

A

fixed or portable
or subscription to a tower cluster
CORS covers whole state, NC realtime network

89
Q

NTRIP

A

access via cell or dsl or sat. multi-base or single

90
Q

NMEA Sentences

A 
GGA - fix data - 4 = RTK
GLL  - lat long
RMC
VTG - ground/speed
ZDA - time/date, UTC
plus a checksum
91
Q

Baud Rate

A

needs to be fast enough to transfer data, but too slow garbles it
excess speed uses too much processor

rate = (bytes per sentence) x upload rate (Hertz) X 8 bits/byte

max 82 bytes per sentence

9600, 19200, 38400

92
Q

Pass to PAss accuracy

A

paralell swatsh, repeatability accuracy within 15 minutes

93
Q

Lightbar setup

A

Needs clear antenna view
Set swath width
set sensitivity and error vs correction mode

94
Q

universal auto steer

A

turns the steering wheel via a motor

can retrofit for any tractor

95
Q

fully integrated steering

A

interfaces with hydraulics and electrical. Kits are model specific

96
Q

Universal motor install

A

Install support bracket
install motor
install terrain compensator - needs no vibrations, parallel to rear axle (may or may not be on top of it)

97
Q

wheelbase

A

center of axle to center of axle

98
Q

antenna height

A

use manufactorer reference point

99
Q

angle per turn

A

one full turn of the wheel = number of degrees axle rotates (can self-calculate)

100
Q

override sensitivity

A

how much you need to touch wheel before auto steer disengages

101
Q

online aggressiveness

A

how crisp it engages/stays on target

102
Q

maximum angle

A

must be with X degrees of guidline before auto steer engages

103
Q

accuracy check

A 
Program A-B line
stop and flag tires
turn around
drive back to flags
should go between flags
104
Q

Advantages of GPS

A 
high accuracy
works well w/ spinner spreaders
less chemical use/more efficient
any weather
any time
105
Q

Implement setup

A 
hitch type - draw bar or 3 pt
width  - rows x row spacing
overlap/skip  (skip aka alley)
left/right offset from tractor
front/back offset referenced to antenna
106
Q

Section Control

A

on-off control for planters, sprayers, spreaders
switching triggered by field location
each sprayer has a clutch and can disengage/engage on its own. indivduals or groups
Spreaders have no granular control

107
Q

Application Record Map

A

‘as applied’ map, good record for fertilizer application

BAE 535 (1 decks)

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