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juvenile justice > midterm > Flashcards

midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Graham v Florida (2010)

A

rules life without parole is unconstitutional except for murder

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2
Q

Miller v Alabama (2012)

A

rules life without parole is unconstitutional, no matter the crime

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3
Q

Houses of Refuge

A

Programs for impoverished children, originated in England, became prison like over time

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4
Q

Orphan Trains

A

Got kids out of cities, sent to Midwest to work on farms

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5
Q

Cottage Reformatories

A

Small facilities that mimicked a large family

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6
Q

John Augustus

A

creator of probation in Massachusetts in 1841

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7
Q

Progressive Era “Reformers”

A

groups of people who were social activists of the 1800’s

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8
Q

The Child Savers

A

sought to restore the values of the American family by rescuing delinquents from the streets

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9
Q

when & where was the first juvenile court made

A

Created in Cook County, Illinois (1899)

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10
Q

Instead of juveniles being “arrested” they call it…

A

custody

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11
Q

Instead of it being “indictment” its…

A

petition

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12
Q

Instead of “trial” its …

A

hearing

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13
Q

instead of conviction its…

A

adjudication

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14
Q

Instead of it being named “sentence”

A

commitment

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15
Q

Juveniles are not “offenders” they are

A

delinquents

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16
Q

what year were juvenile courts established in every state?

A

1925

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17
Q

Ex Parte Crouse (1838)

A

Court has a legal obligation to remove children from improperly supervised households

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18
Q

People v Turner (1870

A

State should only intervene in extreme circumstances

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19
Q

Commonwealth v Fisher (1905)

A

Juvenile court has right to sentence as many years even if it might be more if sentenced in an adult court

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20
Q

Kent v US (1966)

A

Parents have rights too for both juveniles and the adults involved

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21
Q

In re Gault (1967)

A

it was the first time the Supreme Court ruled that juveniles facing prosecution have the same legal rights as adults in criminal court, like the right to an attorney, right to remain silent, etc.

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22
Q

In re Winship (1970)

A

innocent until reasonable doubt to prove otherwise

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23
Q

McKeiver v Pennsylvania (1971)

A

No right to jury

24
Q

Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)

A

Police send reports about crimes and arrests to the FBI, which combines to publish the UCR. Data collected on age, race, gender and arrest charge

25
Q

National Crime and Victimization Survey (NCVS)

A

Interviews about 135K households aged 12 and above

26
Q

Self Report Surveys

A

Surveys developed by researchers

27
Q

Cesare Beccaria

A

believed people are rational and if laws (and consequences) are clear, there will be less crime

28
Q

Jeremy Bentham

A

believed people are rational but also seek pleasure

29
Q

Rational choice theory

A

weighting pros and cons

30
Q

Routine activity theory

A

already a likely offender, absence of a capable guardian, a suitable target

31
Q

School of Positivism

A

some outside factors can change who we are and what we think

32
Q

Cesare Lombroso

A

“positivist” researcher, wanted to find correlations between criminals with their physical features. Did Not believe in free will and free thoughts but that someone committed a crime because they are genetically different.

33
Q

Theory of Atavism

A

criminal offenders are revolutionary throwbacks to previous stages of human evolution

34
Q

Body Type Theory Mid 1900’s

A

By William Sheldon
Ectomorph= skinny, soft people
Mesomorph- athletic, body most consistent with criminality
Endomorph- bigger, stocky, higher in fat, not likely to engage in crime

35
Q

The Chicago School

A

First sociology program in the U.S

36
Q

Robert Park and Ernest Burgess

A

studied the city of Chicago and focused on the question on how these cities are formed (1920’s)

37
Q

Concentric zones

A

Park and Burgess created these zones which distinguished one area from another

38
Q

Theory of Social Ecology

A

argued, like in nature, humans are competing for resources in the same area

39
Q

Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay-1940’s

A

Applied the concept of concentric zones to understand juvenile delinquency

40
Q

Theory of Social Disorganization

A

Environments that lack stability and cohesion and foster criminality

41
Q

Why is crime so high in inner city and poor areas?

A

Because people in these areas are in a state of anomie and experience strain

42
Q

Robert Merton (1938)

A

To relieve strain
Deviance to achieve goals
OR reject goals and replace them with deviant goals

43
Q

General Strain Theory

A

Robert Agnew (1985) argued failure to achieve goals which caused anger & frustration resulted in delinquency

44
Q

Social Learning

A

Edwin Sutherland

Believes crime is learned and happens through interactions with others

45
Q

Subculture Theory

A 
Albert Cohen studied lower class boys
Rejection of middle class values
46
Q

Social Bond (Control) Theory

A

Travis Hirschi

Weak bonds to community lead to delinquency

47
Q

4 categories of police youth interaction

A

Youth initiated contact, police initiated contact, contact resulting in arrest and contact due to victimization

48
Q

4th amendment

A

search & seizure

49
Q

5th amendment

A

due process, double jeopardy, self incrimination

50
Q

6th amendment

A

speedy & public trial

51
Q

8th amendment

A

excessive bail, cruel and unusual punishment

52
Q

14th amendment

A

No state can deprive any person of liberty without due process

53
Q

Terry Stops

A

passing check ins
parole or probation check
stop and frisk

54
Q

2 Proactive Policing Measure to Prevent Juvenile Crime

A

Community based interventions

Community based policing operations

55
Q

Atkins V Virginia (1986)

A

Death penalty is not allowed for someone who has an intellectual disability as it violates the constitution

56
Q

Roper v Simmons (2004)

A

no capital punishment for juveniles

57
Q

Ways juveniles can be sent to adult court

A

Judicial Waiver (most common)
Prosecutorial Discretion
Statutory Exclusion
Reverse Waivers

juvenile justice (1 decks)

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