midterm

Question 1

Graham v Florida (2010)

Answer 1

rules life without parole is unconstitutional except for murder

Question 2

Miller v Alabama (2012)

Answer 2

rules life without parole is unconstitutional, no matter the crime

Question 3

Houses of Refuge

Answer 3

Programs for impoverished children, originated in England, became prison like over time

Question 4

Orphan Trains

Answer 4

Got kids out of cities, sent to Midwest to work on farms

Question 5

Cottage Reformatories

Answer 5

Small facilities that mimicked a large family

Question 6

John Augustus

Answer 6

creator of probation in Massachusetts in 1841

Question 7

Progressive Era “Reformers”

Answer 7

groups of people who were social activists of the 1800’s

Question 8

The Child Savers

Answer 8

sought to restore the values of the American family by rescuing delinquents from the streets

Question 9

when & where was the first juvenile court made

Answer 9

Created in Cook County, Illinois (1899)

Question 10

Instead of juveniles being “arrested” they call it…

Answer 10

custody

Question 11

Instead of it being “indictment” its…

Answer 11

petition

Question 12

Instead of “trial” its …

Answer 12

hearing

Question 13

instead of conviction its…

Answer 13

adjudication

Question 14

Instead of it being named “sentence”

Answer 14

commitment

Question 15

Juveniles are not “offenders” they are

Answer 15

delinquents

Question 16

what year were juvenile courts established in every state?

Answer 16

1925

Question 17

Ex Parte Crouse (1838)

Answer 17

Court has a legal obligation to remove children from improperly supervised households

Question 18

People v Turner (1870

Answer 18

State should only intervene in extreme circumstances

Question 19

Commonwealth v Fisher (1905)

Answer 19

Juvenile court has right to sentence as many years even if it might be more if sentenced in an adult court

Question 20

Kent v US (1966)

Answer 20

Parents have rights too for both juveniles and the adults involved

Question 21

In re Gault (1967)

Answer 21

it was the first time the Supreme Court ruled that juveniles facing prosecution have the same legal rights as adults in criminal court, like the right to an attorney, right to remain silent, etc.

Question 22

In re Winship (1970)

Answer 22

innocent until reasonable doubt to prove otherwise

Question 23

McKeiver v Pennsylvania (1971)

Answer 23

No right to jury

Question 24

Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)

Answer 24

Police send reports about crimes and arrests to the FBI, which combines to publish the UCR. Data collected on age, race, gender and arrest charge

Question 25

National Crime and Victimization Survey (NCVS)

Answer 25

Interviews about 135K households aged 12 and above

Question 26

Self Report Surveys

Answer 26

Surveys developed by researchers

Question 27

Cesare Beccaria

Answer 27

believed people are rational and if laws (and consequences) are clear, there will be less crime

Question 28

Jeremy Bentham

Answer 28

believed people are rational but also seek pleasure

Question 29

Rational choice theory

Answer 29

weighting pros and cons

Question 30

Routine activity theory

Answer 30

already a likely offender, absence of a capable guardian, a suitable target

Question 31

School of Positivism

Answer 31

some outside factors can change who we are and what we think

Question 32

Cesare Lombroso

Answer 32

“positivist” researcher, wanted to find correlations between criminals with their physical features. Did Not believe in free will and free thoughts but that someone committed a crime because they are genetically different.

Question 33

Theory of Atavism

Answer 33

criminal offenders are revolutionary throwbacks to previous stages of human evolution

Question 34

Body Type Theory Mid 1900’s

Answer 34

By William Sheldon Ectomorph= skinny, soft people Mesomorph- athletic, body most consistent with criminality Endomorph- bigger, stocky, higher in fat, not likely to engage in crime

Question 35

The Chicago School

Answer 35

First sociology program in the U.S

Question 36

Robert Park and Ernest Burgess

Answer 36

studied the city of Chicago and focused on the question on how these cities are formed (1920’s)

Question 37

Concentric zones

Answer 37

Park and Burgess created these zones which distinguished one area from another

Question 38

Theory of Social Ecology

Answer 38

argued, like in nature, humans are competing for resources in the same area

Question 39

Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay-1940’s

Answer 39

Applied the concept of concentric zones to understand juvenile delinquency

Question 40

Theory of Social Disorganization

Answer 40

Environments that lack stability and cohesion and foster criminality

Question 41

Why is crime so high in inner city and poor areas?

Answer 41

Because people in these areas are in a state of anomie and experience strain

Question 42

Robert Merton (1938)

Answer 42

To relieve strain Deviance to achieve goals OR reject goals and replace them with deviant goals

Question 43

General Strain Theory

Answer 43

Robert Agnew (1985) argued failure to achieve goals which caused anger & frustration resulted in delinquency

Question 44

Social Learning

Answer 44

Edwin Sutherland | Believes crime is learned and happens through interactions with others

Question 45

Subculture Theory

Answer 45

``` Albert Cohen studied lower class boys Rejection of middle class values ```

Question 46

Social Bond (Control) Theory

Answer 46

Travis Hirschi | Weak bonds to community lead to delinquency

Question 47

4 categories of police youth interaction

Answer 47

Youth initiated contact, police initiated contact, contact resulting in arrest and contact due to victimization

Question 48

4th amendment

Answer 48

search & seizure

Question 49

5th amendment

Answer 49

due process, double jeopardy, self incrimination

Question 50

6th amendment

Answer 50

speedy & public trial

Question 51

8th amendment

Answer 51

excessive bail, cruel and unusual punishment

Question 52

14th amendment

Answer 52

No state can deprive any person of liberty without due process

Question 53

Terry Stops

Answer 53

passing check ins parole or probation check stop and frisk

Question 54

2 Proactive Policing Measure to Prevent Juvenile Crime

Answer 54

Community based interventions | Community based policing operations

Question 55

Atkins V Virginia (1986)

Answer 55

Death penalty is not allowed for someone who has an intellectual disability as it violates the constitution

Question 56

Roper v Simmons (2004)

Answer 56

no capital punishment for juveniles

Question 57

Ways juveniles can be sent to adult court

Answer 57

Judicial Waiver (most common) Prosecutorial Discretion Statutory Exclusion Reverse Waivers