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Geography 1110 > midterm 1110 > Flashcards

midterm 1110 Flashcards

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1
Q
  1. What is geography?

a. What is the difference between human and physical geography?

A

the study of the physical features of the earth and its atmosphere, and of human activity as it affects and is affected by these, including the distribution of populations and resources, land use, and industries.

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2
Q

What is meant by scale?

a. How does scale differ from map scale?
b. What are the three different ways of representing scale on a map?

A
  1. Putting the earth in proportions
    a. Map scale refers to the relationship (or ratio) between distance on a map and the corresponding distance on the ground.
    b. graphic (or bar), verbal, and representative fraction (RF).
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3
Q

What is a map projection and provide a type of inherent distortion?

A

A map projection is a systematic transformation of the latitudes and longitudes of locations from the surface of a sphere or an ellipsoid into locations on a plane.
distortions include distance, direction, shape, and area.

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4
Q

Meridians are associated with latitude or longitude?

A

longitude

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5
Q

Parallels are associated with latitude or longitude?

A

latitude

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6
Q

Which parallel has the greatest circumference and why?

A

the equator. 40,000 km

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7
Q

\What is the degree of latitude/longitude of the prime meridian?

A

0 degree latitude and 180 degrees longitude

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8
Q

What is GPS an acronym for, and why is it used to track time?

A

Global positioning System
GPS tracking system can potentially give both real-time and historic navigation data on any kind of journey. GPS provides special satellite signals, which are processed by a receiver. … These monitoring stations help in tracking signals from the GPS satellites that are continuously orbiting the earth.

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9
Q

What is GIS an acronym for, and explain how it operates?

A

geographic information system.
is a computer system for capturing, storing, checking, and displaying data related to positions on Earth’s surface. By relating seemingly unrelated data, GIS can help individuals and organizations better understand spatial patterns and relationships.

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10
Q

What kind of information is collected from remote sensing satellites?

A

Optical remote sensing satellites use reflected light to detect electromagnetic energy on the Earth’s surface

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11
Q

What is meant by a “sense of place”?

A

Places said to have a strong “sense of place” have a strong identity that is deeply felt by inhabitants and visitors

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12
Q

Provide an example of a functional region

A

functional region is an area organized to function politically, socially, and economically as a single unit.
examples: midwest and big apple in US

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13
Q

Provide an example of a formal region

A

A nation is a formal region; it is a particular political entity and may have a common language. The Great Plains region is an example of a landform region; it too is considered a formal region.
example: canada, United States

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14
Q

How do formal and predominant regions differ?

A

formal regions, which are defined formally by government or other structures, such as cities, states, and mountain ranges;
functional regions, which consist of a central place and the surrounding areas that are dependent upon that place

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15
Q

What is meant by time/space compression?

A

refers to the set of processes that cause the relative distances between places (i.e., as measured in terms of travel time or cost) to contract, effectively making such places grow “closer.

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16
Q

Provide an example of an economic distance

A

identifies Cultural, Administrative, Geographic and Economic differences or distances between countries that companies should address when crafting international strategies. It may also be used to understand patterns of trade, capital, information, and people flow

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17
Q

Using your birthday as an example; explain the concept of psychological distance

A

Psychological distance is distinct from objective distance and from perceptions of objective distance. One’s next birthday might sometimes seem “just around the corner” and other times seem “ages away” even though the known date is fixed.

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18
Q

Explain the difference between expansion and relocation diffusion

a. What is an example of hierarchical diffusion?
b. How does contagious diffusion differ from stimulus diffusion?

A

Relocation diffusion is the spread of an idea or innovation through the physical movement of people, while expansion diffusion does not require movement but is rather the spread of an idea or innovation through a snowballing effect.

a. The spread of Christianity from the middle east to Africa, North America, etc. Disease cases, such as AIDS, rapidly rising from diffusion.
b. Contagious diffusion is the rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout a population. … Stimulus Diffusion is the spread of an underlying principle, even though the characteristic itself fails to diffuse. As the characteristic spreads, it is a given a new from by each group is reaches

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19
Q

How does density and concentration differ?

A

Concentration is the spread of objects in a given area, density is the frequency of objects in a given area

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20
Q

culture

a. What is meant by the culture values?
b. Provide an example of a cultural behaviour

A

a body of material traits, customary beliefs, and social forms that together constitute the distinct tradition of a group of people
a. Cultural values are the core principles and ideals upon which an entire community exists. This is made up of several parts: customs, which are traditions and rituals; values, which are beliefs; and culture, which is all of a group’s guiding values.

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21
Q

What is a hearth and why is it often not applicable to popular culture?

A

cultural hearth: The source or place of origin of a major culture; an area where cultural traits develop and form which cultural traits diffuse
not done

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22
Q

Explain what is meant by globalization and provide an example of globalization .

A

the process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale.
example of globalization is Nutela, which gets its ingredients from several different countries, combined into one delicious products. We also have other things: computers, smartphones, TVs, cars.

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23
Q

Describe what determines folk clothing and a piece of folk clothing that has evolved into popular clothing

A

popular culture: Most prominent example in the realm of clothing is blue jeans; many people in foreign countries are willing to depart with a week’s earning just for a pair of Levi’s jeans

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24
Q

Distance decay

A

The diminishing importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from it’s origin

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25
Q

How do we classify languages?

a.Provide an example of a language family, branch, and group?

A

There are two kinds of classification of languages practiced in linguistics: genetic (or genealogical) and typological. The purpose of genetic classification is to group languages into families according to their degree of diachronic relatedness.
a. the Celtic, Germanic, Slavic, Italic, and Indo-Iranian language families are branches of a larger Indo-European language family.

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26
Q

Why is language important to culture?

A

Language is intrinsic to the expression of culture. As a means of communicating values, beliefs and customs, it has an important social function and fosters feelings of group identity and solidarity. It is the means by which culture and its traditions and shared values may be conveyed and preserved.

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27
Q

Describe a folk sport and what makes it a folk sport.

A

Hurling is played by a small amount of people on Ireland.

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28
Q

What form of writing system does English use?

a.What form of writing system do the Altaic language family currently use in Turkey?

A

phonemic (or alphabetic)

a. Turkish belongs to the Altay branch of the Ural-Altaic linguistic family

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29
Q

What is meant by lingua franca?

A

A lingua franca is a language or way of communicating which is used between people who do not speak one another’s native language.

30
Q

What is the underlying reasoning for banning the burqa and niqab in western countries?

A

religion

31
Q

What is meant by the word terroir?

How does this factor into modern food?

A

the complete natural environment in which a particular wine is produced, including factors such as the soil, topography, and climate.

32
Q

Describe a few taboo foods and why they are taboo?

A

Taboos are technically defined as a practice “proscribed by society as improper or unacceptable.” … For Brazilians, it is considered taboo for those who are ill to consume predatory fish. Jamaicans generally believe it is taboo for children to eat certain foods and feel it affects who they will be as an adult.

33
Q

What are some factors that have led to the evolution of popular food culture?

A

Some factors that have an influence on a region’s cuisine include the area’s climate, the trade among different countries, religiousness or sumptuary laws and culinary culture exchange.

34
Q

What is meant by folk housing, provide an example?

A

A group’s unique folk customs develop through centuries of relative isolation from customs practiced by other cultural groups. Even in areas that share similar climates and available building materials, folk housing can vary because of minor differences in environmental features.

35
Q

How has popular culture changed housing?

A

people want to live in apartments and nice houses because that is seen as popular and modern

36
Q

What is a dowry and how is it associated with folk culture?

A

property or money brought by a bride to her husband on their marriage, it was and still is practiced in some parts of India. the reason why its folk culture is because it has been around for ages.

37
Q

What are the impacts of popular culture on folk culture?

A

Landscape Pollution Although folk culture is not automatically mild in environmental impact, popular culture tends to ignore local environments because of its spatial extent, including the modification of the natural environment.

38
Q

What are some issues of sustainability in both folk and popular culture?

A

Elements of folk and popular culture face challenges in maintaining identities that are sustainable into the future. … When people turn from folk to popular culture, they may also turn away from the society’s traditional values.

39
Q

Describe the distribution of the Romance branch?

A

Romance branch created: Italian, Spanish, French and portugeuse

40
Q

Describe what isogloss means and provide an example?

A

a line on a dialect map marking the boundary between linguistic features. An example of an isogloss is the line on a map that shows the division of two populations which have different pronunciations for a a specific vowel.

41
Q

What is an official language?

A

An official language, also called state language, is a language given a special legal status in a particular country, state, or other jurisdiction.

42
Q

What is the difference between pidgin and creole languages?

A

A Creole is a fully-developed language. A Pidgin is not. A pidgin arises when speakers of two different languages encounter one another and have a need for limited communications. … Unlike a pidgin, a Creole is a native language to its speakers who acquired it as children.

43
Q

Balto-Slavic is an example of what language family, and the most commonly spoken language from this branch is ____________?

A

Indo-European family

russian

44
Q

Describe the process that led to the evolution of modern English

A

English language developed as a result of several invasions of Britain. The first involved three tribes called the Angles, the Jutes and the Saxons. A mix of their languages produced a language called Anglo-Saxon, or Old English.

45
Q

The majority of English words derived from what language branch?

A

Germanic languages, particularly Norse (a North Germanic language), and to a greater extent by Latin and French. English has developed over the course of more than 1,400 years.

46
Q

Compare and contrast the differences between the Nomadic Warrior and Sedentary Farmer theories

A

The Nomadic Warrior Theory suggests that Kurgans migrated by means of military superiority and the Sedentary Farmer Theory describes much earlier people that diffused into Europe and South Asia along with agricultural practices

47
Q

What is unique about Hinduism?

A

Hinduism is a way of life, a culture and not an organized religion like Islam or Christianity. … Hinduism is a Culture and all the eastern religions like Buddhism, to some extend Jainism, Sikhism came from Hinduism. Judaism is also a culture/religion from which organized religions like Islam and Christianity came.

48
Q

Where was Christianity founded?

A

Christianity began in the 1st century AD after Jesus died as a Jewish sect in Judea but quickly spread throughout the Roman empire. Despite early persecution of Christians, it later became the state religion.

49
Q

Explain what religious fundamentalism is and provide an example

A

undamentalism is defined as strict adherence to some belief or ideology, especially in a religious context, or a form of Christianity where the Bible is taken literally and obeyed in full. When a person follows every possible rule of the Bible, both literal and implied, this is an example of fundamentalism.

50
Q

Explain what is meant by population concentrations and how this differs from population density?

A

Population density describes the number of individuals occupying an area in relation to the size of the area they occupy.Two-thirds of the world’s inhabitants live in four regions—East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Europe (Figure 2.1.1). The four population concentrations occupy generally low-lying areas, with temperate climate and soil suitable for agriculture.

51
Q

What is a population cartogram (map)?

A

A cartogram is a map in which some thematic mapping variable – such as travel time, population, or GNP – is substituted for land area or distance. The geometry or space of the map is distorted, sometimes extremely, in order to convey the information of this alternate variable.

52
Q

Explain what population growth is?

A

he “population growth rate” is the rate at which the number of individuals in a population increases in a given time period, expressed as a fraction of the initial population.

53
Q

What is meant by natural increase?

a. What factors are incorporated or used to determine the NIR?
b. What is meant by the doubling time?

A

the % by which population grows

a. birth rate- death rate
b. Doubling Time is the period of time required for a quantity to double in a size or value. It is applied to population growth, in inflation, resource extraction, consumption of goods, and many other things that tend to grow over time.

54
Q

What is the expected population of Earth in 2100?

A

11 billion people

55
Q

What role did Dr. John Snow play in the formation of the science of epidemiology?

A

he concluded that contagious diseases were spread by tiny parasites. Cholera was spread by contaminated water.

56
Q

Explain what a religious branch is, and how it differs from a denomination
a. Provide two examples of each?

A

a large and fundamental division within a religion. A religious denomination is a division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations in a single legal and administrative body. A religious sect is a relatively small group that has broken away from an established denomination.
sunni and shiite (Muslim)

57
Q

What percentage of the world is nonreligious or atheist?

A

about 15%

58
Q

What percentage of the world is Muslim?

a. What is the difference between Muslim and Islam?

A

24%

Islam is the act of submitting to the will of God whereas a Muslim is person who participates in the act of submission.

59
Q

What is the largest ethnic religion?

A

Shinto is the ethnic religion of the Japanese people

60
Q

Describe the concentration of Islam, where is this religion concentrated?

A

Middle East and North Africa

61
Q

What two countries have the largest concentration of Jewish people?

A

Israel and US

62
Q

i. Who is Martin Luther?
ii. Who is the Pope?
b. Islam?
i. Where (country) is the greatest concentration of Shiite Muslims found?
c. Buddhism?

A

a. Priest who came to reject several teachings and practices of the Roman Catholic Church; in particular, he disputed the view on indulgences.
b. the Bishop of Rome and ex officio leader of the worldwide Roman Catholic Church

63
Q

What are the three main reasons to migrate?

a. Provide an example of each reason using various push and pull factors?

A

ost people migrate for economic reasons. Cultural and environmental factors also induce migration, although not as frequently as economic factors. People decide to migrate because of push factors and pull fac- tors.
a. opportunity, safety

64
Q

What was the originator of Sikhism, when was he born?

a. Who was the originator

A

Guru Nanak (1469–1539), the founder of Sikhism, was born in the village of Rāi Bhōi dī Talwandī, now called Nankana Sahib (in present-day Pakistan). His parents were Khatri Hindus.

65
Q

What is an intervening obstacle, provide an example?

A

An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration. Example: As the Hernandez family makes their way to the US, they find themselves in Mexico City with a good job and economic status and, thus, decide to stay.

66
Q

Where was Islam founded?

a. Name two places that are sacred to Muslims?

A

Mecca
Despite concerns about the reliability of early sources, most historians believe that Islam originated in Mecca and Medina at the start of the 7th century, approximately 600 years after the founding of Christianity.
Masjid al-Haram (“The Sacred Mosque”), is a large mosque in the city of Mecca, and the largest in Islam. It surrounds the Kaaba, the place which all Muslims face each day in prayer, considered by Muslims to be the holiest place on Earth.

67
Q

Name the originator of Buddhism and where and when was he was born?
a. What is the significance of the Bodhi tree?

A

Siddhārtha Gautama was the historical founder of Buddhism. The early sources state he was born in the small Shakya (Pali: Sakka) Republic, which was part of the Kosala realm of ancient India, now in modern-day Nepal.
a. Siddartha became the Buddha, the enlightened one, and the fig tree became the Bodhi tree, the tree of enlightenment. The Bodhi tree has come to represent a number of symbols in Buddhism. The tree is associated with the path to enlightenment.

68
Q

Name the originator of Islam and where and when was he born?

A

Muhammad was the founder of Islam. April 22, 571 AD, Mecca, Saudi Arabia

69
Q

What is the name of the sacred Sikh temple?

a. What is the name of the holy book contained in this temple?
b. What is common characteristic of all Sikh temples?

A

golden temple

a. Guru
b. All people belonging to different faiths sit together to share a common meal, regardless of any dietary restrictions.

70
Q

What are the different means of measuring population density?
a. What is the difference between physiological density and agricultural density?

A

Arithmetic density- is the number of people per square unit of land Physiologic density- is the number of people per square unit of farmland Agricultural density- is the number of farmers per unit of farmland. 4.
a. physiological density is the number of people per unit of arable land. The population density measured as the number of farmers per unit area of arable land.

71
Q

Explain the various components of Stage 5 in the ETM?

a. What continent has the greatest prevalence of HIV and why?
b. What continent has the greatest prevalence of tuberculosis, and why?

A

evolution, poverty , and improved travel. It shows a decline in population from low death and birth rates. SARS, Avian Flu, N1H1, and Tuberculosis are all examples of diseases in stage 5

a. South Africa
b. Kenya

72
Q

Explain the factors that lead to rural to urban migration?

a. Provide an example of where this is occurring?

A

in Canada people are moving from east to west. more resources, opportunity, etc.

Geography 1110 (4 decks)

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