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soc 150 > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Significant Symbol

A

a gesture that is called out which can be reciprocated and understood by another individual

example: when we say cat everyone KNOWS what that means/is

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2
Q

Sociology

A

the scientific study of the interactions between individuals and society and the society and individuals

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3
Q

Society

A

a large group of people living in the same area and participating in a common culture

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4
Q

Agency

A

our actions and decisions in the world and our ability to act

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5
Q

Social Structure

A

things that exist outside of our control that exert a force on our lives

example: just like physical structures, for example a solid wall does not let us got through but our social structure allows us to recognize going through walls is not normal

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6
Q

Sociological Imagination

A

the capacity to think systematically about how many things we experience as personal problems are really social issues that are widely shared by others born in the same time/location as us

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7
Q

Institution

A

when a group is working towards a goal under rules and specific roles

example: institution of marriage, school, government, religion

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8
Q

Breaching Experiment

A

an experiment that examines peoples reactions to a disruption of a process

example: disrupt a process and watch how people react and try to repair the disruption

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9
Q

Two Revolutions (Breaching Experiment)

A

The French Revolution

The Industrial Revolution

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10
Q

Epistemology

A

what we think we know about the world

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11
Q

Empiricism

A

the branch of epistemology that holds knowledge which comes from observation

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12
Q

Rationalism

A

a branch of epistemology that holds knowledge which comes from cognition

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13
Q

What are the 2 elements of an empirical study?

A
  • Theory: a statement about how and why specific facts are related
  • Hypothesis: a prediction about what we are going to discover
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14
Q

What are the 3 theoretical perspectives of sociology?

A
  • Functionalism
  • Conflict Theory
  • Symbolic Interactionism
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15
Q

Funtionalism

A

views society as a complex system whose parts work together to form solidarity and stability

example: like anatomy/human body, the blood pumps and the liver works and our brain thinks to make us live

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16
Q

Conflict Theory

A

views social structures as arising through conflict between opposing parties. focuses on the way groups dominate, control, or resist other groups.

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17
Q

Symbolic Interactionism

A

views society as a process shaped and constructed through interactions between individuals, groups, and institutions

-looks at the negotiation of society

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18
Q

What are examples of quantitive methods?

A

experiments and surveys (deal with numerical responses)

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19
Q

What are examples of qualitative methods?

A

in depth interviews and ethnography (writing down word responses)

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20
Q

Experimental Research

A

a research method for investigating cause and effect under highly controlled conditions

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21
Q

What are some limitations of experiments?

A
  • WIERD (western educated industrialized rich democracy)

- tricky to experiment with people

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22
Q

What is survey research?

A
  • you go in knowing exactly what you’re asking
  • have to have prior knowledge
  • must ask the SAME questions to each person you talk to
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23
Q

Ethnography

A

a research method where investigators observe people while joining them in their routine activities

-look at what people say and how they behave

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24
Q

What are the different stages of doing ethnogrpahy?

A
  • jotting down observations
  • expanding your ideas
  • going way in depth with many details
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25
Q

Typification

A

a process of creating a standard. social construct gets based on social assumption.

-the mixing of labels and assumptions

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26
Q

Object

A

something which your attention is focused on

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27
Q

How do we interact with the physical world?

A

With our 5 senses

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28
Q

Social Construct of Reality

A

the interactive process by which knowledge is produced and codified making it specific to a certain group of society

example: we see a desk as a desk where other cultures may see a desk as a tool or a toy (same object with different meanings)

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29
Q

Social Construct

A

EVERYTHING IS A SOCIAL CONSTRUCT

an interpreted object that was invented by individuals and is shaped by the social forces present in the time and place of its creation

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30
Q

The Definition of The Situation

A

the process of sense-making required to determine how one should act and to predict how others may act

example: if two people are alone intensely staring at each other will they fight or kiss? we must define the situation/read the room

31
Q

Impression Management

A

trying to shape how others see us

32
Q

Expressions Given

A

expressions that one gives in order to intentionally convey information

33
Q

Expressions Given Off

A

expressions that one gives off as a byproduct of behavior presumably exhibited for reasons other than conveying information

34
Q

What are the three elements to self concept?

A
  • the imagination of our appearance to another person
  • the imagination of their judgment of that appearance
  • some sort of self feeling like pride or mortification
35
Q

The Internal Dialouge

A

the conversations we have had with ourselves in our minds, both verbal and non-verbal

36
Q

Generalized Other

A

an organized and generalized perceived attitude of a social group

37
Q

Diagram of the “Process of Self”

A

The agent self (“I”) goes to the generalized other and the generalized other goes to the objectified self (“Me”)

38
Q

The Agent Self “I”

A

the acting subject whose attention is focused on taking action

39
Q

The Objectified Self “Me”

A

the object of one’s own actions, with attention focused on one’s own real or imagined actions in the eyes of others

40
Q

What are the three stages of self-development?

A

preparatory stage, play stage, and game stage

41
Q

Preparatory Stage

A
  • occurs around ages two or below

- children begin to imitate people around them

42
Q

Play Stage

A
  • occurs between ages two and six
  • children begin to develop skills in communication through symbols
  • taking their first steps into role taking
43
Q

Game Stage

A
  • occurs around 8 or 9

- consider several actual tasks and relationships simultaneously

44
Q

Role Taking

A

the process of mentally assuming the perspective of another and responding from that imagined view

45
Q

Significant Other

A

those persons who are of sufficient importance in an individual’s life to impact sense of self

46
Q

Culture

A

the values, norms, and goos that characterize a given group

47
Q

Culture Shock

A

the disorientation experienced when coming to contact with a fundamentally different culture

48
Q

Material Culture

A

includes physical objects that members of a society create, use, and share and that influence the ways in which people live

examples: food, music, clothes

49
Q

Non-Material Culture

A

made up of the shared set of meanings that people in a society use to interpret and understand the world

examples: rules, symbols, customs, values

50
Q

Values

A

our ideas of what is worthy of seeking in life, what is good or bad, and what is beautiful and ugly

51
Q

Norms

A

more specific rules and expectations that come from our values and tell us what we should, ought, and must do

52
Q

What are the four types of norms?

A
  • folkways
  • mores
  • taboos
  • laws
53
Q

Folkways

A

norms that are not strictly enforced and aren’t crucial for societies survival

example: walking with the flow of traffic rather than against

54
Q

Mores

A

norms that are seen as essential to our core values which must be conformed to protect the moral order

examples: cheating on a test, cheating on a partner

55
Q

Taboos

A

norms that are so strongly ingrained that even the thought of their violation makes us uneasy

example: insect and cannibalism

56
Q

Laws

A

norms that are defined by a political authority that has the power to punish violators

example: we must pay our fine or we go to jail

57
Q

Capital

A

any factor of production that is not wanted for itself but for its ability ot help in producing other goods

58
Q

Economic Capital

A

economic resources such as money or property that can be exchanged or leveraged to obtain other goods

59
Q

Symbolic Capital

A

the resources available to an individual on the basis of honor, prestige, or recognition (cool points)

60
Q

Social Capital

A

opportunities or resources gained through networks to which one belongs

61
Q

Cultural Capital

A

cultural signals such as education, ways of speaking, or taste in art that offers a person access to status or power

62
Q

Doxa

A

the learned, fundamental, deep-founded, unconscious beliefs, and values, that are taken as self-evident universals within a society

such as…slavery, gay marriage, jobs

63
Q

The Sphere of Opinion

A

the universe of things that may be openly contested and discussed

64
Q

Orthodoxy

A

the position held by those who wish to return to the original doxa, in which belief, truth or way of life was taken for granted

65
Q

Heterodoxy

A

the position held by those who want to move away from the old doxa towards a new belief or way of life

66
Q

Nomos

A

an individuals fundamental assumptions about how the universe works, its purpose, and its order (gives us orientation and guidance in the world)

67
Q

Anomie

A

the lack of nomos and lack of guidance in the world

68
Q

What are the two categories of objects?

A
  • sacred

- profane

69
Q

Sacred

A

things that are worthy of awe and special treatment and are not mundane or everyday parts of life

70
Q

Profane

A

everything that is NOT sacred

71
Q

Altruistic Suicide

A

too much integration

72
Q

Anomic Suicide

A

not enough regulation

73
Q

Fatalistic Suicide

A

too much regulation

74
Q

Egoistic Suicide

A

not enough integration

soc 150 (1 decks)

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