Midterm Flashcards
What is life expectancy vs lifespan
Life expectancy has improved over the past 150 years.
• Life expectancy for men for both males and females in Canada
continues to rise.
Life expectancy and IMR are both measures of population health
• Life expectancy is an average; the inclusion of a high IMR in
calculating life expectancy artificially decreases life expectancy
Lifespan is the number of years that, as a species, we are biologically wired to live • The maximum human lifespan has remained more or less the same for thousands of years; life expectancy, on the other hand, continues to rise • Life expectancy ≠ Lifespan • Jeanne Calment was a French supercentenarian who lived to be 122! • ~120 is thought to be the maximum human lifespan, but we don’t know with certainty. Researchers are learning more through studies of super-centenarians.
What caused increase life expectancy between 1920 and 2010
The large increase in life expectancy between 1920 and
2010 was due to public health achievements (like
antibiotic use and vaccines) as well as a decreasing
infant mortality rate (IMR), ~9% in 1920; ~2% in1960; and
~0.5% in 2007
What is health
The overall condition of the body or mind and
the presence or absence of illness or injury
• Historically viewed as the absence of disease (i.e. more of a
state than a process)
• According to the World Health Organization
(WHO): “a state of complete physical, mental
and social well-being and not merely the
absence of disease or infirmity”.
What is the old model vs new mldel of health. Explain
Historically, a medical model of health predominated
• Health was viewed as the absence of disease
• You see your physician when you have signs or symptoms of
disease
• Signs: something you can see
• Symptoms: something you feel
• In the medical model, the physician is responsible for your
health, which is achieved through prescribed treatment
• In this model, the goal is to prevent morbidity (sickness) and
mortality (death)
• Focused on the disorder rather than on the person
1970s: A major shift in the concept of health occurred with
the emergence of the field of Health Promotion
- “The process of enabling people to increase control
over and to improve their health” -WHO
• Involves empowerment, community support, healthy public
policy, supportive environments, knowledge translation,
identification of risk factors
• Unlike the medical model, focused on prevention instead
of treatment, empowers the individual to be responsible
for their health
• Relates the main causes of mortality in a population to
known risk factors
What are the 3 groups of preventing health and what are their jobs
At the personal level, it is the responsibility of the
person to change their health behaviours to reduce
risk
• At the community level, health promoters can target
high risk groups and focus on prevention and/or
early detection
• At the health-care provider level, physicians can act
as a resource to raise awareness and impart
knowledge of risk factors
What are the social dterminants of health
- Income
- Education
- Job security
- Early childhood development
- Food insecurity
- Housing
- Social exclusion
- Social safety net
- Health services
- Indigenous status
- Gender
- Ethnicity
- Disability
What is wellness
Wellness involves optimal health and vitality, encompassing
all the dimensions of wellbeing
• Largely determined by decisions you make about how you live
• e.g. You can reduce your risk of cancer later in life by eating healthy,
exercising and having available screening tests
• Enhanced wellness involves controlling risk factors that
contribute to disease or injury
• e.g. smoking, drug and alcohol use or abuse, physical inactivity,
poor nutritional choices
• Like health, viewed as more of a process than a state
• You can and must play an active role in decisions related to
each dimension of your wellness!
What 7 dimensions of wellness provide a holistic view on health
- Physical: __________________
- Emotional: _________________
- Intellectual: _________________
- Interpersonal: _______________
- Spiritual: ___________________
- Environmental: ______________
- Financial: __________________
What are the leading causes of death in canada
Cancer and heart disease
What factors imrpve the likelyhold lf behaviour change
Self-efficacy
Internal locus of control/reinforcement
Self-talk
Support
Identify and overcome barriers
What are smart goals
Specific Measurable Attainable Reasonable Time bound
What is the hierarchy of evidence
- Experimental: Uses the scientific method and a
well-designed research study - Epidemiological: Seeks to find relationships
between variables by looking at trends within
populations (observations only) - Clinical: Evidence from health care
professionals and clinicians - Personal: Something you experienced
personally - Anecdotal: Something someone else
experienced and told you about
What is an example of experimental evidence
Scientific method
The ultimate study design includes:
- A randomized study group
- Double-blinding & placebo
- Cross-over
What are the steps of epidimiological evidence (smoker example)
- Strength of association: Is smoking is strongly associated with
lung cancer? Yes. - Dose-response: Does the risk for lung cancer increase the more
cigarettes a person smokes? Yes. - Consistency: Do many studies link smoking to lung cancer? Yes.
- Temporally correct: Is the timing right? Yes. Lung cancer doesn’t
develop overnight, but usually after years or decades. - Specificity: Is the increased risk is specific to smokers? Yes.
- Biological plausibility: Is there a mechanism that could explain
the cause and effect? Yes. (See Unit 5, Cancer)
Explain clinical evidence
Clinical evidence comes from the experience of
clinicians (physicians, dentists, chiropractors,
psychologists, athletic trainers, and so on).
• Often, clinical evidence is consistent with scientific
evidence; however, many clinical procedures have
not been tested scientifically.
• In many cases, the clinicians have taken science
courses but have in most cases they not been
trained as research scientists.
• Clinicians and scientists often work together to
improve healthcare.
Explain personal and anecdotal evidence
Personal experience
• Something you have experienced yourself
• e.g. Maybe taking Tylenol on an empty stomach
makes you nauseous, so you don’t take Tylenol
without food
Anecdotal evidence
• Something someone else tells you happened to them
• e.g. Jenny McCarthy (TV personality) has contributed
to the spread of misinformation that wrongly connects
vaccinations and autism
• As a result of so-called anti-vaxxers, we now have the
highest levels of measles infections seen in decades
• Measles is preventable and the MMR vaccine is safe.
How to asses credibility
What is the source How often is the site updated Is the site promotional What do the other sources say Does this site conform to a set of criteria for accuracy
What are the 5 guiding principles of the Canada health act
Public administration Comprihensiveness Universality Portability Accessibility
Describe the importance of self medication
Self-medication with over-the-counter (OTC) treatments is an important
part of healthcare
• Non-prescription OTC drugs are medications that Health Canada has
determined to be safe for use without a physicians prescription
• During any six-month period, about two-thirds of Canadians use one or
more OTC drugs
• Many OTC drugs are highly effective in relieving symptoms and some
are effective in curing illnesses (many were formerly prescription drugs)
• Generic drugs must meet the same Health Canada standards as their
brand name (often more expensive) counterparts
• Any drug has potential side effects; always read labels and follow
directions carefully
• Do not exceed the recommended dose and use caution if you are
taking other medications or supplements
What is environmental health
The collective interactions of humans with the environment and the short and long run concequences of those interactions
What factors contribute to population growth
Fertility rate Fertility rates and infant mortality rates are highest in the least developed countries Lack of family planning resources An increase in the standard of living typically leads to a fall in the rate Lower death rates Better medical care Better socio-economic status
What are the main environmental impacts of humans
Energy Resource Use and Management Air Pollution and Water Pollution Ozone Depletion Climate change/Global Warming Toxic Substance and Hazardous Waste Management Noise and light pollution
What types of energy are there and explain
Non-renewables: Oil, gas, coal, hydro- electric, nuclear About 41% of the energy we use in Canada comes from oil (Natural Resources Canada, 2020)
Renewables:
Solar, wind, water and wave, geothermal,
biomass and bio fuels from renewable
sources
About 17% of the energy we use in Canada
comes from renewables (Natural Resources
Canada, 2020)
Alternate Fuels:
Ethanol
What are the impacts of human energy consumption
Pollutants De-forestation Waste products Sewage Solid waste Toxic waste (e.g. heavy metals, PCBs, pesticides, radioactive waste) Extraction methods can pose further environmental risks Decreased bio-diversity Eco-system impacts
How do we reduce energy consumption
Use public transit, car pool Turn the heat down wear a sweater Turn off lights Use high-efficiency lighting Hang clothes to dry Wash and dry dishes by hand Choose renewable energy sources Consider e-vehicles
What is municipal vs hazardous waste
Municipal= biodegradable, recycling, e-waste
Hazardous=nuclear biological and chemical
What are some affects of pollution
Ozone pollution
Thinning lf the ozone
Acid rain
Global warming and greenhouse affect
What is nitrogen oxide mixed with sunlight
Ozone… and ground level ozone is the primary component of smog which leads to astma and lung infection
What is particule matter and what is it linked too
Ash smoke pollen and dust
Asthma bronchitis and allergies
Carbon monoxide
Very poisonous and linked to headaches, impaired visuals and increased risk of CVD
Sulfur oxides
Main cause of acid rain
Produced by combustion of oil and other fuels
Linked to lung and cardiovascualr disease
Nigrogen oxides
Also a component of acid rain
Precursor for ozone
Produced by engine exhausts
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCS)
Destroys ozone layer
Coolants
Foaming
Aerosol sprays
Solvants
Ehat are the main sources of chemical pollution
Pesticides asbestos lead mercury PCBs trihalomethanes BPA
What are the main sources of radiation
X rays Radon Cell phones Microwave ovens Computor monitos Nuclear weapons and energy
What is pain threashold for sound
120 decibles
What happens at 80 decibles over long periods
Hearing loss
When does light pollution occur
When articial illumination enters the night sky and reflects off airborn water droplets and dust partciles
What does light pollution affect
Sleep
Melatonin
Migratory flight path of birds
What is emotional vs psyc health
Emotional & Psychological Health
Emotional health: Feelings, Moods
Psychological health: Thoughts
Accurate view of reality
Ability to respond to life challenges
Ability to develop rational strategies for living
Our capacity to think, feel and behave in ways
that contribute to our ability to enjoy life and
manage challenges
What is the maslow pyramid of needs
1960s: Abraham Maslow described a new ideal of mental health that encouraged individuals to fulfill their potential Defined a hierarchy of needs in order of decreasing importance Physiological needs Safety Being loved Maintaining self esteem Self-actualization
What is a psyc disorder
A mental disorder is a persistent disturbance or dysfunction
in behaviour, thoughts or emotions that causes significant
distress or impairment
Historically often conceptualized as a result of religious or
supernatural forces, possession by demons or spirits; often
cruelly punished (e.g. institutionalization)
Such views now largely replaced by medical views
Disorders are now viewed as having biological and
environmental causes, defined symptoms, diagnoses and
possible cures
Stigmas surrounding mental illness remain
What are the categories of mental health disorders
Anxiety and phobic disorders (~12% of Canadians)
Panic disorders (~2-4%)
Obsessive compulsive disorder (~2%)
Depressive and bipolar (mood) disorders (~15-20%)
Psychotic disorders (e.g. Schizo
Suicide (4000/year)
1/5 canadiens will have mhi in their life
1/2 people who feel they suffer from axiety have never seen a doctor
What is GAD
Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Chronic, irrational worry about daily events (work, social relationships, finances) Extreme agitation, fatigue, feelings of sadness and depression; nausea, trembling, muscle tension, headache Affects ~2.5% of Canadians Treatments: therapy (e.g. CBT), benzodiazepines, antidepressants
What is OCD
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Obsessions (e.g. cleanliness) Compulsions (e.g. must keep everything clean) Rituals (e.g. Lysol in diagonal motion, vinegar in circular motion) ~2% of NorthAmericans Treatments: CBT, antidepressants Howie Mandel has described his OCD challenges elated to germs Leonardo DiCaprio has described his challenges with compulsions
What is panic disorder
Panic Disorder:
Recurrent panic attacks
without warning
Chest pain, heart palpitations,
shortness of breath, dizziness, feeling
of impending doom
Treatments: CBT, anti-anxiety drugs
Agoraphobia: A type of panic disorder
that involves individual avoiding social
situations (e.g. riding the bus or flying)
due to fear of having a panic attack and not being able to escape or acess medical aid
Phobias
Marked, persistent, excessive fear and avoidance of specific objects, activities or situations Social phobias: paralyzing fear related to social situations (e.g. public speaking) Affects 8-13% of Canadians Specific (simple) phobias: e.g. fear of spiders, heights, dark, water Can cause extreme anxiety and panic 13% of Canadians will have a phobia Preparedness Theory describes how fear may have benefited our ancestors
Depressive disorders
Depressive symptoms:
feelings of helplessness, hopelessness, extreme guilt
disturbed sleep; changes in eating patters; weight loss
restlessness or fatigue
anhedonia; loss of enjoyment of usual activities
inability to enjoy life
suicidal thoughts
affect 11% of Canadians aged 15 and older
Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD; 15% of Canadians)
Postpartum Depression (~1/4 new mothers)
Depressive disorders are associated with an imbalance of neurotransmitters
Bipolar disorder
Bipolar disorder (formerly called manic depressive) Periods of depression, followed by mania Mania: extreme euphoria, rapid speech, lack of need to sleep; grandiosity Affects 1-3% of Canadians Typically starts in adolescence or early adulthood Treatments: CBT; lithium carbonate; anticonvulsants, tranquilizers
Schizophrenia
Can range from mild to severe A psychotic (break from reality) disorder that profoundly impairs sense of reality Onset is typically between age 16-30 Complex set of causal factors Genetic factors may predispose Social isolation, drug use, traumatic event(s) may exacerbate/accelerate progression Disorganized thoughts, inappropriate emotions, delusions, hallucinations (e.g. hearing voices), deteriorating function; sometimes catatonia Affects ~1% of the population
Symptoms of schizophrenia
Positive (symptoms present that should be absent)
Hallucinations (auditory, visual, taste)
Delusions (patently false beliefs, e.g. I am Joan of Arc)
Disorganized speech (e.g. I am taking a mental rest
after a carter assignment of quill. You know, a penwrap.
[ ] I am made of flesh and blood.
Grossly disorganized behaviour (e.g. childlike
silliness, masturbation in public)
Negative (symptoms absent that should be present)
Lack of motivation
Blunted feelings
Depression
Social withdrawal
What are the types od therapists
Psychiatrists: Have a medical degree (M.D);
can prescribe drugs
Psychologists: Have an advanced degree in
psychology (Ph.D.; M.Sc.); can offer
behavioural therapy (e.g. CBT) but not drugs
Social workers: Training in counselling and
usually licensed and registered
Counsellors: Various kinds; often, no set
specialized training or licensing required
What are the types of theraputics
Anti depressants Mood stabalizers Antipsychotics Anxiolytics Stimulants
What is cognitive behavioural therapy
Variety of techniques that work towards changing negative patterns of thought and action to positive
Suicide
Second leading cause of death for those aged 15-34 in Canada Often associated with depressive disorders or major life crises Feelings of hopelessness, rejection, or lack of self-worth 3x more likely in men; 6x times higher among Indigenous youth ~15% of Canadian adults report considering suicide
Main components of stress
Stress: Any situation that disrupts homeostasis
Homeostasis: state of dynamic equilibrium
e.g. regulation of body temperature, blood pH, glucose levels
Stressors shift our body away from homeostasis
can be physiological, psychological, or environmental
General Adaptation Syndrome: how our body
responds to stress
Eustress is positive stress and promotes high-level
functioning
Distress is negative stress and decreases
performance
Sleep
Most adults need 7-9 hours of sleep each night to
stay healthy and perform optimally
Sleep is an active and dynamic state; individuals
cycle between REM (dreaming) and non-REM
states several times per night
Non-REM sleep occurs in successive stages
Sleep is important for:
1. clearing the brain of wastes
2. learning and memory
3. proper immune function
Ways to minimize stress
Ensure you have a support system 2. Improve you communication skills 3. Be kind and nurturing to others 4. Develop healthy exercise, eating and sleeping habits 5. Develop healthy coping techniques (e.g. meditation, music) 6. Learn to identify and moderate stressors and develop resilience
What are the characteristics of addiction
Reinforcement Compulsion or craving Loss of control Escalation Negative consequences
What are the types of addictive behaviour
Substance use disorder Gambling disorder Social media disorder Gaming disorder Compulsive buying or shopping Work addiction Compulsive exercise Sex addiction
What are the routes of administration
Injecting/smoking drugs is more likely to
cause dependence
Strong stimulus-response pairing
They wear off more quickly
Users may take more frequent doses
Injecting drugs is more likely to transmit
infectious diseases such as hepatitis and HIV
Smoking drugs can damage the air passages
See table in slides
How do drugs affect the brain
Changes in brain chemistry Altered effects of neurotransmitters Some increase the effects of dopamine in pleasure pathway Nicotine, cocaine, alcohol, heroin and amphetamines all affect dopamine levels
Ehat factors influence drug effects
Pharmacological properties (e.g. composition)
Dose-response function (e.g. intensity)
Time-action function (e.g. lag time)
Drug use history (e.g. first time or not)
Route of administration (e.g. oral or injection)
Physical factors (e.g. weight)
Psychological factors (e.g. setting)
Stimulants
CNS stimulants speed up the activity of the nervous and/or muscular system Some examples include: Caffeine Nicotine Cocaine Amphetamines Ecstasy Ritalin
Caffine
Most popular psychoactive drug Coffee, tea, cocoa, energy drinks Mild stimulant, effects at low doses are relatively harmless Excess consumption can cause shaking, difficulty concentrating, insomnia, and irregular heartbeat Withdrawal can cause irritability, drowsiness and headaches
Nictone
Stimulant drug in cigarettes and e-cigs Tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of disease, disability and death Smoking is strongly associated with CVD and lung cancer Carcinogens in cigarette smoke damage DNA, and poisons weaken tumor fighters Chronic smoking can also cause bronchitis, emphysema and reproductive complications If you quit before age 30, health can become close to that of a non-smoker
E cigs and vaping
Uses a mouthpiece, heating element, battery and liquid Not yet known to be safer than traditional cigarettes Vapour still may contain harmful chemicals or unsafe levels of nicotine (currently unregulated) May help with quitting smoking, may also perpetuate addiction WHO does not recommend use until studies determ
Cocaine
Potent CNS stimulant Derived from coca plant Rapid heart/breathing rate, decreased appetite Users may experience feelings of euphoria, alertness, competency, power, invincibility reward pathway (dopamine) Short lasting and ends abruptly Repeated use can lead to insomnia, weight loss, impotence Overdose can cause death due to heart irregularities “ crack” a less pure freebase form
Amphetamines
Powerful stimulants; effects similar to cocaine; highly addictive Methamphetamine; Can be made from household ingredients, therefore cheap Cause high levels of dopamine Promote tolerance, powerfully addictive, very high relapse rate Chronic use may lead to severe weight loss, heart attack, stroke, paranoia, psychosis, violent behavior. Amphetamine psychosis: psychotic features including paranoia, visual and auditory hallucinations, and delusions
Mdma ecstasy
X", "molly"; stimulant and mild hallucinogen Mood elevator (increases serotonin) Euphoria, increased energy, heightened sense of belonging oming down' associated with serotonin imbalances, promoting depression In a club/rave setting can produce dangerously high body temperature and potentially fatal dehydration Especially dangerous when tolerance develops and user to take drug at a higher dose or mix with other drugs
Hallucinogens
A group of psychoactive drugs that alter perceptions (e.g. visual, auditory), feelings and thoughts. Some examples include: ) MDMA (primarily a stimulant) DMT Ketamine PCP LSD Psilocybin Generally, less addictive
LSD PCP PSILOCYBIN
LSD PCP (angel dust); psilocybin (magic mushrooms)
are hallucinogens
These drugs alter perception, feelings and/or thoughts
Typically ingested, effects last ~8+ hrs
Risks of irrational acts while on the drug; LSD users may
experience flashbacks
Tolerance develops, but with little physical dependence or
withdrawal symptoms (generally not addictive)
Opioids
Opioids are a class of drugs that relieve pain, cause drowsiness and euphoria Opium, heroin, methadone, morphine, codeine, Demerol, oxycodone, fentanyl Derivatives or synthetic analogues opium from the opium poppy Some prescribed for pain but most are powerfully addictive Relaxation, euphoria, slowed breathing, slurred speech, impaired balance Higher doses can cause stupor, unconsciousness, coma and death Ongoing opioid (fentanyl) crisis in BC Naloxone can reverse effects
Cannabis
Can be classified as a CNS depressant,
hallucinogen or stimulant (various effects)
45% of Canadians have tried cannabis (use
is legal in Canada, see pg. 635)
Active compound (THC) acts on
cannabinoid receptors
Acute effects: mild euphoria, heightened
perception, drowsiness, red eyes
Chronic effects:
May interfere with memory/learning
Associated with reproductive dysfunction
May promote schizophrenia in those susceptible,
especially if used during adolescence
Biggest health risk is effects on airways
Marijuana smoke contains carcinogens
Benifits of cannabis
May relieve nausea, vomiting, chronic pain
May help treat glaucoma, epilepsy,
anorexia, MS, arthritis and migraines
Safest way to consume is probably
ingestion or with a vaporizer; smoking
joints is probably the most harmful
Recreational marijuana use is now legal in
Canada; logistics of sales and approving
business licences is ongoing
Alchohol
Alcohol is a CNS depressant, though it may initially feel like a stimulant Most highly abused psychoactive substance Acute effects include mild euphoria, relaxation, altered judgement, impaired motor skills Binge drinking and/or chronic use associated with many health risks
Alcohol absorption
Alcohol is not digested, it is absorbed directly into the blood through the stomach or small intestinal wall Several factors influence the rate of alcohol absorption and metabolism: Sex (Male vs Female) Size (Weight ad BMI) Fruit sugar Food in stomach, especially fats Liver enzyme activity
Short term risks of alcohol
Alcohol affects judgement and changes mood
Consumption (especially to excess) can result in:
memory loss
decreased blood sugar levels; flushing, sweating;
indigestion
slurred speech, blurred vision, impaired motor skills
impaired sexual function
increased likelihood of riskier behaviours, violence,
suicide
increased urine output and dehydration
hangover; withdrawal symptoms
alcohol poisoning; in extreme cases, death
Long term risks of alchohol
Addiction CVD Cirrhosis of the liver Cancers Malnutrition Mental illness Brain damage Impaired immune function Negative social effects Reproductive effects (impotence, infertility) Fetal alcohol syndrome (in offspring) Increased chances of harm to ones self and others (e.g. riskier behaviours, accidents, violence, suicide)
How many people will get and die from cancer
Men
45 get
29 did
Women
42 get
24 die
Describe the basic biology of cancer
Cancer is the abnormal uncontrolled multiplication of cells due to
genetic (DNA) mutations that disrupt the cell cycle
Abnormal cells continue to divide and create other abnormal cells
Eventually, this forms neoplasms (tumours) that can spread
Tumours can be benign (does not spread) or malignant
(spreads and can be life threatening)
Malignant tumour cells can invade blood or lymphatic vessels
and spread to distant sites and produce secondary tumors; this
is called cancer metastasis
Death can occur when cancer affects a major organ or system in
the body (e.g. lungs) to the point where organ function is
significantly compromised
Different types of treatment may be effective
How can cancer damage the body
Tumours, whether benign or malignant, can block a
blood vessel, compromise a nerve, or otherwise
interfere with normal body function
Immune system cancers can leave the body more
vulnerable to negative effects of infection
Blood cancers (e.g. leukemia) do not produce tumours
but have the same fundamental property of
uncontrolled multiplication
Advanced tumours have a blood supply and can use up
supplies of energy and nutrients meant for healthy cells
They can also metastasize from their original tissue to
another area of the body, compromising function
What are the main types of cancer and their incidence in each sex
Skin (non-malignant, nearly all cured; so not included) Breast (#1 incidence F) Prostate (#1 incidence M) Lung, bronchi (#2 F; #3 M) Colorectal (#2 M; #3F) Uterine, cervical, ovarian (F) Bladder (M)
Describe skin cancer
Most are carcinomas; grow slowly, easy to treat Malignant melanoma is the rarest but most deadly form of skin cancer Risk factors include: Fair skin and hair, light eyes Tendency to develop freckles and burn in the sun History of childhood sunburn or intense sun exposure Family history of melanoma Large number of moles (200+; 50+ if < age 20) or atypical moles Melanoma is 20x more common in light-skinned (i.e. white) individuals Complete the Sun Sensitivity Test! Key point: Use sunscreen, even when lighter skin tone
Describe breast cancer
Risk factors: age, genetics, age at onset of menstruation (menarche) Lifetime exposure to estrogen Most common cancer in females (after non-malignant skin cancer) If caught early, survival rate >80% Dangerous when it metastasizes (e.g. via lymph nodes close to the breasts) forming secondary tumours Screening: mammograms Treatment: surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, others
Describe surgical removal of cancer
Some localized cancers can be removed by surgery Surgical excision is the oldest type of cancer treatment, and is effective against many types In surgical treatment of breast cancer, often, the tumour and adjacent lymph nodes are removed (e.g. lumpectomy, mastectomy)
Describe lung cancer
Leading mortal cancer in Canada Smoking is the #1 risk factor; followed by second hand smoke, asbestos, pollution 5-year survival rate < 20% No effective screening stages Typically caught too late (usually by CT scanning or x-ray) Treatment is difficult even in early stages Risk for non-smokers is 5-10% that of smokers
Describe prostate cancer (males)
Walnut-sized gland near the bladder Secretes fluid that becomes part of semen Most common cancer in males (after non- malignant skin cancer) Like breast cancer, becomes deadly when it spreads If detected early, ~95% survival rate
Often has no symptoms Risk factors: age, obesity, physical inactivity, history of STIs; (possibly) diets with excess animal fats, low plant matter Common symptom: changes in urinary frequency or flow Regular screening age >50 Screening methods: Digital rectal exam Prostate-specific antigen test Treatment options: surgery to remove prostate radiation, cryotherapy, drugs
Describe collorectal cancer
Begins with polyps, which may progress
through several stages and become
cancerous.
Screening: endoscopy
Starts with the formation of non-cancerous growths called
polyps in the intestine
Risk factors include older age, male sex, inflammatory
bowel disease and family history; obesity, smoking,
alcohol abuse, red/processed meats may increase risk
Symptoms may include:
Change in bowel movements
Pain/tenderness in abdomen
Blood in feces
Can be detected with endoscopic techniques such as
colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy
Fecal blood screening is recommended (age >50)
Describe cervical cancer (females)
The cervix is between the uterus and the vagina The leading risk factor for cervical cancer is human papilloma virus (HPV) HPV vaccine (Gardasil®) helps prevent infection First indicated for females aged 9-26 As of September 2017, males aged 9-26 as well Screening: regular Pap tests aid early detection of pre-cancerous cells
HPV causes virtually all cervical cancers
Transmitted by skin-skin contact (not just sexual intercourse)
Condoms NOT as effective in preventing transmission
There are many types of HPV
High-risk types cause cancer
Low-risk types cause plantar warts and genital warts
HPV is endemic in human populations
If you are sexually active, you will be exposed to HPV
Females should have Pap tests once they are sexually active
An early detection method that detects pre-cancerous lesions
HPV vaccines only protect against some types of HPV
Vaccinated females still need to have Pap tests
Vaccination BEFORE sexual experience is key
Current B.C. schedule mandates first HPV vaccination at age 11
both females and males
Describe cancer prevention strategies
Half of cancers can be prevented
~ 80% of cancers are caused by environmental factors
Primary prevention (personal level):
-hand smoke
Reduce exposure to carcinogens
e.g., UV light, radiation, asbestos, acrylamide
Cancer-smart nutrition
-rich fruits & vegetables (e.g., vitamin C, D,
folate); reduce foods; limit
alcohol intake; keep a healthy weight
Receive available vaccinations (e.g. HPV)
Get screenings for early detection (secondary prevention)
How do u detect cancer early
Screening involves general examinations (e.g.
mammography) done on apparently healthy populations
to identify those who may potentially have a disease
Testing is done on those who are believed to have a
disease. It involves more specific tests (e.g. biopsies/
microscopic examinations) to more thoroughly identify
the presence of a disease (cancer, or otherwise)
A biopsy involves removal of tissue that is suspected
to be diseased for further examination
Testing is more invasive, time consuming, and costly
to test an entire
population for any disease, cancer or otherwise.
What are the possible treatments of cancer
- Surgical removal
- Chemotherapy
- Radiation therapy
- Immunotherapy
- Gene therapy
- Hormone therapy
What is chemotherapy
Use of drugs to target and kill cancer cells An option when cancer may have spread Traditional drugs work by targeting cells that are rapidly dividing Affects not only cancer cells but normal body cells that tend to divide more often (hair follicles, lining of stomach and intestine) Such drugs can cause hair loss, fatigue and nausea
What is radiation therapy
Useful for localized tumors Beams are focused from several directions resulting in a higher dose at the tumour to kill cancer cells Radiation damages DNA Can also kill healthy cells, leading to side effects Often used in combination with surgery or chemotherapy
What is immunotherapy
Stimulating the immune system with drugs Giving immune system components (e.g. antibodies) Cancer vaccines: Prevention: effective for cancers caused by an infection (e.g. HPV, HepB) Treatment: effective against some cancers (e.g. prostate); boost immune system in those already diagnosed with cancer
What is hormone therapy
Effective against cancers that are helped by hormones (e.g. breast, prostate, ovarian cancer) Drugs that block hormone receptors or lower hormone levels e.g. drugs that block estrogen receptors or lower estrogen levels
What is gene therapy
Modifying the genetic material of cancer cells Modifying genetic material of immune cells Use of altered viruses to deliver genetic material
What is the most easily way to calculate body weight
BMI
What percentage of people are overweight in canada
64
What are the risks of excess body fat
Increase risk of CVD and diabetes and cancers
Decreases in kidney and gallbladder
Joint and bone disorders
Incontinence and physc risks
What are the two shapes
Apple (android)
Pear (gynoid)
What are the causes of obesity
Food consumption Food production Physiology Individual physical actuvity Evnvironmental ohycial activity Individual physcology Social physcology
What are the dangers of obesity
Stroke Heart disease Cancer Diabetes Hyperstension High blood cholesterol Psychological disorders
What is ideal weight
The weight at which ones health risk is the lowest
Lifestyle should play a big role
YOU SHOULD LIKE YOUR LIFE
Are fad diets good? Why?
No. Because they are unsestainable
What are the gudilines for sound weight control
Sensible diet
Change eating habits
Psychological modification
Physical activity
Describe a sensible diet
Eat nuttricious dense foods
Fruits and veggies
Reduce chaloric intake… if thats your goal
Describe change in eating habits
Use smaller plates Eat slow Wait before earing more Leave tempting foods out of sight Avoid shopping while eating Avoid mindless eating
Explain psychological modification
Believe in ability to change
Change relationship with food
Challenge negative patterns and thought
Support is key
Describe physical activity
Increase basal metabolic rate
Maintain muscle mass and reduce fat mass
Promote self esteem
Regularity is key
What are the two main eating disorders and describe them
Anorexia nevosa
does not eat enough
Leads to amenorrhea intolerant to cold, low BP, CV AND GI, endocrine and skeletal disorders
Bulimia nervosa
Binge eating followed by vomiting or laxitives
Risks: eroision in tooth enamel, damage to esophagus distrubed salt balance, kidney liver snd heart damage and depression
