Midterm Flashcards
Ways to be proactive in reflecting
o Ask for supervision
When a helping and a supervisor sit down to review the helper’s problems and success with their client
o Develop a support group from fellow learners
o becoming a client yourself
o keeping a personal journal
What does being a reflective practitioner mean
means that you make a commitment to personal awareness of your automatic reactions and prejudices by taking time to think back on these reactions and perhaps to record them in a journal or discuss them with a supervisor or colleague
what does reflection train
- Reflection trains one to be open to contemplation, to consider alternative plans of action, to become resourceful, and to be inquisitive in one’s lifestyle as well as in one’s work
define helping
- Helping a term that encompasses all the activities we use to assist another person, whether we have a therapeutic relationship or not
what does helping require
- Helping only requires a person desiring help (a client), someone willing and able to give help (a helper), and a conducive setting
define interviewing
- Interviewing: a conversation between an interviewer and an interviewee
define situational interview
when an interview may also be used to test the interviewee’s skills, poise, ability to think in a live setting
what is counselling and psychotherapy
- Counselling and psychotherapy are professional helping services provided by trained individuals who have contracts with their clients to assist them in attaining their goals
what was psychotherapy originally defined as
o Psychotherapy was used to describe the process of helping clients who were troubled by mental disorders
what was counselling originally defined as
o Counseling used to believe in seeing each individual as a unique person rather than as a diagnostic label
define coaching
- Coaching: new term on the mental health scene. Allows individuals without therapeutic degrees to practice professional helping and “coaching” sounds a lot more pleasant than counselling or therapy
a development process whereby an individual meets on a regular basis to clarify goals, deal with potential stumbling blocks and improve their performance. It is an intervention that is highly personal and generally involves a one-on-one relationship between coach and client
o Support listener
o Encourages the attainment of specific achievable goals
o Overlaps with counselling
o Unregulated and can possibly pose ethical concerns if oversight is not present
what are the elements of an effective coach
empathy, active listening, ability to size up people, diplomacy and tact, patience towards people, concern for welfare of others, self-confidence, non-competitiveness with team members and enthusiasm
an effective helper should:
o Be positive, accepting views of other people
o Have good self-esteem and is secure and a mentally healthy person
o Have good self-care skills
o Both creative and intellectually competent
what are the 6 therapeutic factors that cut across theoretical persuasions
- Maintaining a strong helper/client relationship
- Increasing the client’s motivation and expectations of help
- Enhancing the client’s sense of mastering or self-efficacy
- Providing new learning experiences
- Raising emotional arousal and promoting emotional expression
- Providing opportunities
what are therapeutic building blocks
- A phrase used to describe the basic helping skills
what are the basic helping skills/ therapeutic building blocks
- invitation skills
- reflecting skills
- advanced reflecting skills
- challenging skills
- goal setting skills
what are invitational skills
- Invitational skills are the basic means by which the helper invites the client into a therapeutic relationship
what are reflection skills
let the client know that you have heard their stories
o Reflections are condensed version of the facts and emotions the client has conveyed
what are advanced reflection skills
help a client move even deeper than the reflecting skills do. They include reflecting meaning and summarizing. Hunches that helpers make and repeat to their clients to see whether they understand the unique impact of their client’s problems beyond the basic facts and feelings
what are challenging skills
- Challenging skills: push the clients to recognize discrepancies in their statements. They identify incongruities in a client’s story and may give information on client strengths and weaknesses
what are goal-setting skills
begin to narrow the focus by using questions to identify a goal and boiling down the problem
what are the stages of the helping process: road map
relationship building assessment goal-setting intervention and action evaluation and reflection
what is the relationship building stage of the helping process: road map
- Relationship building is when the helper uses invitation and reflecting skills to build a trusting relationship
o Might take a session or two
what is the assessment stage of the helping process: road map
- Assessment, the helper collects information, and the client provides it through answers to questions or data from intake forms or tests
what is the goal setting stage of the helping process: road map
- Goal setting, the client participates by thinking about and agreeing to the goals that are mutually determined
what is the intervention and action stage of the helping process: road map
- Intervention and action, the helper identifies and implements helping techniques to accomplish of the treatment goals
what is the evaluation and reflection stage of the helping process: road map
- Evaluation and reflection, the helper invites the client to think about the progress being made, and together they detect whether to continue the helping relationship
What are perry’s stages of counsellor development
Dualistic
Multiplistic
Relativistic
what is the dualistic stage of perry’s stages of counsellor development
o When we are a novice we go through a dualistic phase where we believe that there is a wrong and right way to do counselling
o Problematic way of thinking because counselling is an art form and we often get stuck on what is right thing to say
what is the multiplistic stage of perry’s stages of counsellor development
o Acknowledging that there is multiple right answers to a specific situation but still being a little unclear on which answer is preferred
what is the relativistic stage of perry’s stages of counsellor development
o Occurs when the individual is more experienced and you start to realize that there are various responses that can be given. Certain situations require certain responses and choosing those responses based on your knowledge and expertise
3 key qualities of a counsellor/psychotherapist
- Humility
- Compassion
- Critical thinking
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define multiple heritage
when clients identify with more than one culture
define acculturated
to what extent are clients embedded in the family’s historical culture and how important (salient) is their culture to them
define culturalism immersion
when you immerse yourself in another tradition by living for weeks or months in that cultural milieu
define power-over
a cultural arrangement in which difference is stratified into dominant and subordinate, superior and inferior. In these power-over arrangements, the dominant group protects its status and perpetuates its presumed entitlements through tactics ranging from obfuscation and exclusion to violence and extermination.
define microagressions
- Subtle communications of attitudes of superiority that put other people down or a denigration
define broaching
an invitation to discuss cultural different and it also paves the way for the client to discuss the role of race or culture in the therapeutic relationship and in relation to the client’s problems
define ascribed credibility
- Given to someone who is older, credentialed, and experienced
- Already has credible status through culture, past experience, credentials
o Ex. a lesbian women picking a therapist who is also a lesbian
o Ex. a worker at an AA meeting who has delt with alcohol abuse problems in the past has an ascribed credibility
achieved credibility
- When the client sees the helper as having the ability to help because the helper has demonstrated these skills
define attachment theory
At the top of the human drive is the need to attach, it is a fundamental need rooted in our survival
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what does REPLAN stand for
- R: relationship located at the center of the diagram to emphasize that the other factors depend on the power of the client/helper relationship for their effectiveness
- E: enhancing efficacy and self-esteem
- P: practicing new behaviours
- L: lowering and raising emotional arousal
- A: activating client expectations, hope, and motivation
- N: providing new learning experiences
define social intelligence
having empathy and understanding the intentions of others and also possessing the social skills to respond appropriately
what are the key alliance tasks
safe haven
secure base
what is the safe haven key alliance task
o Empathic responsiveness to client vulnerability and distress
o When the client is in distress and the therapist responds with the proper empathic attunement
what is the secure base key alliance task
o Active support for client individuation and differentiation (growth)
o Being the support system and cheerleader for growth in your client
o Motivating the client towards individuation, growth, differentiation, or whatever is going to best for your client
o The therapist is providing the client with an experience of healthy attachment during the therapy session
define client-induced countertransference
o Common responses elicited from most people client comes into contact with
o Ex. a client who is rude during therapy, means that they are probably like that to everyone. The therapist might thinks oh god, I do not want to talk with them. The therapist is experiencing client induced countertransference because the client pulls that reaction out of most people they encounter because they are rude
therapist countertransference
o Particular responses elicited from therapist based on therapist’s past
o Ex. the client reminds the therapist of their sister, the therapist might like the client more.
what does the therapist bring into the alliance
interpersonal factors, technical skills, and intrapersonal factors
what does the client bring into the alliance
interpersonal factors and intrapersonal factors
steps to addressing client transference in session
- Convey acceptance of client response without retaliation or defensiveness
- Explore client’s feelings non-judgementally
- Use self-involving statements to convey relational impacts of the encounter
aspects of carl rogers legacy
empathy
congruence
positive regard
define theory of mind
is the ability to embody other people’s perspective to realize that although I have my singular consciousness so does everybody else
define cognitive empathy
understand other people’s emotional states, take their perspective, but yourself in their shoes (ex. theory of mind)
define affective empathy
mentally stimulate and feel other people’s emotional states
define tutorial stance
- A tutorial stances means that the helper becomes a learner, seeking to understand the client- recognizing that the helper must learn from the client what it is like to be that person
what is empathy not
- It is not merely supporting and agreeing with the client
- Is not pretending to understand
- Is not taking on your client’s problems
- is not sympathy
- Is not a one-time behaviour
what has self-disclosure has shown to
o Produce positive outcomes for clients
o Increase trust in the relationship
o Make the helper more attractive
o Deepen client self- disclosure and encourage expression of feeling
define self-involving statements
occurs when the helper shares his or her thoughts and emotions about the client
helper self-disclosure
when the helper relates factors about himself or herself
what are the mistakes with self-disclosure
- The helper’s self-disclosure is too deep. Thus, the client has to react to the helper, rather than focus on parallels between his or her own story and the helper’s.
- Self-disclosure is poorly timed. When a person has gone through a traumatic event, it is a poor time to get him or her to focus on the helper’s story. Rather, the client should be encouraged to disclose more.
- The helper’s self-disclosure does not match the client’s experience.
how to deal with clients who express strong feelings of anger
- Convey acceptance of client’s remarks but don’t retaliate
- Explore the client’s feelings
- Utilize self-involving statements to help the client become aware of the helper’s genuine thoughts and emotions about the client and the client’s behaviour
- Use the experience to help the client to find new and better ways of expressing feelings and meeting their needs
what are the four branches of emotional intelligence
perceiving emotion
understanding emotion
managing emotion
reasoning with emotions
what does the perceiving emotion branch of emotional intelligence mean
o Noticing emotions within yourself or within others
what does the managing emotion branch of emotional intelligence mean
o Emotional regulation
o Up regulating emotions that feel muted and down regulating emotions that feel too intense
what does the reasoning with emotion branch of emotional intelligence mean
o Using that emotion to reason
o How does understanding my emotions give me more data that I can utilize moving forward
define emotional intelligence
honing in our capacity to use emotions as guides and not to be slaves to them
What can emotions teach us/ tell us/ help us with
self-organization information processing goal-setting action readiness orientation to environment information on needs and values
what is an emotion scheme
- we have emotion scheme that are based on our life experience, our biological, and our cultures
- ex. if you have experience extremely traumatic things in your life, you might not feel safe around people. Thus, your emotion scheme is going to look for fear and danger in your environment. Maybe having difficulty trusting people, difficulty feeling safe, etc.
define primary emotion
the direct initial reaction to the situation. The emotion that is initially felt
define secondary emotion
a response to the initial reaction to the situation
a response to the primary emotion
define adaptive emotions
orient us to problem solving
need to be accessed/unleashed
define maladaptive emotions
unchanging, stuck
need to be regulated and transformed
stages of emotional work in therapy
arriving to the emotion
processing & leaving the emotion
what is the processing & leaving stage of emotional work in therapy
o Noticing primary adaptive emotions
o Using adaptive emotions as guides to action
o Generating alternate responses: transforming maladaptive into adaptive (counterconditioning)
o Reflecting: integrating cognition & affect to make sense of experience
define generating alternate responses
transforming maladaptive into adaptive (counterconditioning)
define reflecting
cognition & affect to make sense of experience
what is the arriving stage of emotional work in therapy
o Awareness o Naming o Describing o Deepening o Tolerating o Accepting
define counterconditioning
o Replacing a painful emotion with a different emotion
pairing something that is unpleasant with something that is pleasant
what are the stages of processing emotions through exposure and extinction
- Exposure to the conditioned feared stimulus (speaking about, facing your painful emotion)
- Performance of conditioned response (feeling the painful emotion)
- Absence of unconditioned stimulus (see that nothing bad happens)
what is approach-approach
i want two things but securing one means i loose the other
what is avoidance-avoidance
i want to avoid two things, but avoiding one means i must approach the other
what is approach-avoidance
I both want and fear something at the the same time (a ‘feared’ goal)
what is double approach-avoidance
Like approach-avoidance “I both want and fear something at the the same time (a ‘feared’ goal)”
but there are two conflicts at play
define acknowledgement responses
minimal encouragers to acknowledge what they are saying
define maintenance responses
facilitative statements to maintain response
what are Carkhuff’s level of empathy
Level 1: low level
Level 2: moderately low level
Level 3: reciprocal level of empathic responding
Level 4: moderately high level of empathic responding
Level 5: high level of empathic responding
what is Level 1 of Carkhuff’s level of empathy
- Level 1: low level
o Little or no awareness of feeling
what is Level 2 of Carkhuff’s level of empathy
- Level 2: moderately low level
o Showing some awareness
what is Level 3 of Carkhuff’s level of empathy
- Level 3: reciprocal level of empathic responding
o Accurate reflection of client’s message reflected at the level in which it was given
what is Level 4 of Carkhuff’s level of empathy
- Level 4: moderately high level of empathic responding
o Reflecting not only the accurate feeling but implicitly message
what is Level 5 of Carkhuff’s level of empathy
- Level 5: high level of empathic responding
o Accurate reflection of feeling, plus underlying feelings in greater breadth and depth, may also include interpretation and relationship to overall story
what is the third ear
- sensing what another is experiencing
- Deep sense of listening
- Not just an intellectual exercise, it is a level of attunement like really paying attention and really tapping into what’s happening for the person
- Listening deeply for all verbal and non-verbal information
what is active listening
- Attending and encouraging without intruding on the client’s telling of the story
what is the first and most important indicator of listening
eye contact
what does SOLER stand fro
- S: sit straight
- O: open posture
- L: lean towards the client
- E: eye contact
- R: relaxed posture
what can attentive silence do
- Allowing for small periods of silence gives the client moments for reflection and the helper time for processing.
- At times, silence is often the most appropriate response, such as when a client is experiencing a great loss
- Experiences helpers use silence to allow the client to reflect, communicate empathy, and take time to think
- Ensure the discomfort
the 3 guidelines regarding touch
- Touch should be appropriate to the situation
- Touch should not impose more intimacy than the client can handle
- Touch should not communicate a negative message
define encouragers
- Encouragers are words that helpers use to bolster the client’s courage to confide
define door-openers
non- coercive invitation to talk o What’s on your mind? o What were your thoughts on that? o Tell me about that o Generally positive, nonjudgmental response made during the initial phase of contact
define minimal encouragers
brief supportive statements
o I see, right, okay, hmm
o Verbal responses that show interest and involvement but allow the client to determine the primary direction of the conversation
o They communicate that the listener is on tract
o If minimal encouragers are not used enough, the client feels stranded and uncertain
define door closers
o Feeling judged or shamed
o Evaluative or judgemental responses
o Ex. “when will you ever learn?” “I suppose you are going to sulk again this morning, aren’t you?”
what is the problem with Why questions
asking the client why he or she behaves or feels a particular way is very enticing because this inquiry seems very psychological and appears to be getting to the root of the problem
o The assumption here are:
1. The client knows why and
2. That knowing why will be helpful
what are the assumptions related to why questions
o The assumption here are:
- The client knows why and
- That knowing why will be helpful
problems with leading questions
give the answer in the question, manipulative. They have an embedded message. Usually disguised attempts to push through the client’s acceptance of the helper’s agenda
problems with excessive questioning
clients may feel interrogated and bombarded
problems with multiple questions
two or more questions asked at the same time; can be confusing
