Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Overt vs Covert

A

Overt- behavior that can be seen by others

Covert- cannot be seen by others

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2
Q

Pavlov’s work

A

Classical conditioning w/ dogs

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3
Q

Thorndike’s work

A

law of effect- cat box

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4
Q

Watson’s work

A

Stimulus response - little albert

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5
Q

Skinner’s work

A

Operant conditioning - rat boxes

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6
Q

Deficit

A

Lack of something- studying, exercising, etc

Reinforce

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7
Q

Excess

A

Too much of something bad- drinking, smoking

Punish

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8
Q

Goal setting types

A

Frequency, duration, intensity

Should be achievable, monitored, visible

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9
Q

Short Circuiting

A

Cutting corners-

Forgetting to write down the French fries you ate, etc

Can enlist a manager so you don’t short circuit

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10
Q

Self monitoring bias

A

Similar to short circuiting

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11
Q

Behavioral assessment

A

Antecedents, behavior, consequence

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12
Q

Natural reinforcement, intrinsic reward natural monitoring

A

Over time you will have an intrinsic reward and you will be better at self monitoring

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13
Q

Functional assessment

A

An assessment of the contingencies responsible for behavioral problems

Antecedents and consequences

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14
Q

Questions for functional assessment

A

Problem behavior? Antecedents? Consequences?
Possible alternative behaviors?
What is motivating the behavior? Reinforcing it?
What has been tried before?

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15
Q

Social vs automatic

A

Social pressure/ wanting something from others

The behavior is reinforcing/ intrinsic

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16
Q

Social positive reinforcement example

A

attention

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17
Q

Social negative reinforcement

A

Escaping

Stopping distracting attention from someone

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18
Q

Automatic positive reinforcement example

A

Sensory stimulation

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19
Q

Automatic negative reinforcement

A

escape from negative conditions

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20
Q

Direct Assessment

A

Record when behavior is happening

More accurate

Most behavior modification

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21
Q

Indirect Assessment

A

Not direct observation

Happens after behaviors occur

Questionarres/ interviews

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22
Q

Continuous recording

A

Best way to observe

Frequency, duration, intensity

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23
Q

Percentage correct recording

A

Number of times the behavior occurs compared to the number of opportunities

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24
Q

Interval recording

A

Record the behavior at different time intervals

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25
Q

Wime sample recording

A

Interval in which you record only a moment of an interval

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26
Q

Product recording

A

tangible outcome (homework recording)

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27
Q

A B Design

A

Not replicated

Baseline - Intervention

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28
Q

ABAB reversal design

A

Will it reverse after treatment? Is it ethical to remove treatment? Can you?

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29
Q

Alternating treatments design

A

Alternate days with treatment and no treatment

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30
Q

Multiple baselines across subjects

A

Same treatment same behavior, multiple subjects

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31
Q

Multiple baselines across behaviors

A

Same subject, multiple behaviors

Baseline and treatment phases for each

32
Q

Multiple baselines across settings

A

Same subject, same behavior, different settings

33
Q

Contngency

A

A causal relationship

34
Q

Non contingent

A

a behavior not caused by something

35
Q

Response contingent

A

Caused by the response

36
Q

Delay gradient

A

A delay in the behavior and the response decreases the effectiveness of the consewuence

37
Q

Bribery

A

Getting a reinforcement before the behavior

38
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

Taking something (undesirable) away, which increases the good behavior

Take slack off the leash if the dog walks close to you

Escape contingency

39
Q

Aversive stimulus

A

Undesirable stimulus

Removal increase the likelihood of the behavior

Very Ill Advised!!

40
Q

Inappropriate natural contingency

A

a natural response to a behavior that is not intended to reinforce, but it does

41
Q

Performance management contingency

A

Naturally reinforce behaviors that you want to see

Not intentional, but you still reinforce

42
Q

Primary reinforcement

A

Naturally unconditioned, has biological importance

Food, sex

43
Q

Secondary reinforcement

A

Have to be trained to respond

Money

44
Q

Neutral reinforcement

A

Tokens, that are exchanged for secondary reinforcement

Stamps/ tokens in the classroom

45
Q

Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible behavior

A

The alrernative behavior is physically imcompatible with the main behavior = want to reinforce that good behavior

Cannot happen at the same time

46
Q

Differential Reinforcement of alternative behavior

A

Increases desirable behavior (reinforcement) while decreasing undesirable behavior (punished)

If the desirable behavior happens atleast some of the time, want to increase it

47
Q

Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior (Zero rate)

A

Reinforce the absence of a (bad) behavior rather than reinforcing an alternate behavior

A form of extinction

48
Q

Momentary zero rate

A

behavior only has to be absent at the end of the interval

49
Q

Whole interval zero rate

A

Behavior must be absent for the whole interval

50
Q

Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates of Responding

A

Reinforce lower rates of (bad) behavior rather than total absence

51
Q

Differential Punishment

A

Punishing one (bad) behavior and withholding punishment from the other (good behavior)

Decreasing one behavior and increasing another

52
Q

Response cost (token economy)

A

Losing tokens if there is an undesirable behavior

53
Q

Positive punishment

A

To give something undesirable to decrease a behavior

Overcorrection, restraint

LAST RESORE IN BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION

54
Q

Negative punishment

A

To take away a reinforcer to decrease a bad behavior

Time outs, response cost

55
Q

Conditioned vs unconditioned punishers

A

Unconditioned- Punishers that require no conditioning to be effective- painful stimuli

Conditioned- Punishers that must be conditioned - stink eye from parent

56
Q

Positive practice (positive punishment)

A

The person has to practice the correct behavior

57
Q

Restitution (positive punishment)

A

The person has to correct the behavior and put the environment back to its original form or better

Graffiti wall

58
Q

Contingent exercise (positive punishment)

A

Physical exercise as aversive stumulis

59
Q

Response blocking (positive punishment)

A

Physically blocking the behavior from happening

60
Q

Restraint (positive punishment)

A

Making the person immobile from doing the bad behavior

61
Q

Time Outs - exclusionary (negative punishment)

A

Removal from the reinforcing environment

62
Q

Time outs- non exclusionary (negative punishment)

A

Removal from reinforcements, but stays in the room

63
Q

Response cost (negative punishment)

A

Removing a reinforcer because of problem behavior

Speeding ticket, allowance loss

64
Q

Extinction

A

A previously reinforced behavior stops occurring because it is no longer being reinforced

Control of the reinforcer

Most effective when an alternative behavior is being reinforced

65
Q

Extinction burst

A

Increase in responding during extinction

behavior gets worse before it gets better

66
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

Behavior reappears after being extinguished

Usually occurs in a similar situation

Need to be careful that reinforcers don’t occur during spontaneous recovery

67
Q

Positive reinforcement extinction

A

Removing the positive consequences

68
Q

Negative reinforcement extinction

A

The aversive (undesired) stimulus no longer allows for escape

69
Q

Recovery

A

Stopping the punishment of a previously decreased behavior makes the behavior increase in frequency again

70
Q

Shaping

A

Development of a new behavior by successive reinforcement of closer approximations

Successive approximation

Unstructured environment

71
Q

Method of shaping

A

Select final behavior

Select starting behavior

Select appropriate reinforcer

72
Q

Fading

A

Gradual change over reinforcers so the behavior continues but without the reinforcers

Slowly removing prompts after behavior is established

73
Q

Chaining

A

Sequence of stimuli and responses the chain on each other, all leading to one end behavior

Structured environment

74
Q

Behaviors in the same response class

A

Share the same function/ reinforcer/ similar in one dimension

75
Q

Differential reinforcement of communication

A

Person uses communication skills to get the same reinforcement as the problem behavior

Learn to ask for what they want