Midterm Flashcards
Overt vs Covert
Overt- behavior that can be seen by others
Covert- cannot be seen by others
Pavlov’s work
Classical conditioning w/ dogs
Thorndike’s work
law of effect- cat box
Watson’s work
Stimulus response - little albert
Skinner’s work
Operant conditioning - rat boxes
Deficit
Lack of something- studying, exercising, etc
Reinforce
Excess
Too much of something bad- drinking, smoking
Punish
Goal setting types
Frequency, duration, intensity
Should be achievable, monitored, visible
Short Circuiting
Cutting corners-
Forgetting to write down the French fries you ate, etc
Can enlist a manager so you don’t short circuit
Self monitoring bias
Similar to short circuiting
Behavioral assessment
Antecedents, behavior, consequence
Natural reinforcement, intrinsic reward natural monitoring
Over time you will have an intrinsic reward and you will be better at self monitoring
Functional assessment
An assessment of the contingencies responsible for behavioral problems
Antecedents and consequences
Questions for functional assessment
Problem behavior? Antecedents? Consequences?
Possible alternative behaviors?
What is motivating the behavior? Reinforcing it?
What has been tried before?
Social vs automatic
Social pressure/ wanting something from others
The behavior is reinforcing/ intrinsic
Social positive reinforcement example
attention
Social negative reinforcement
Escaping
Stopping distracting attention from someone
Automatic positive reinforcement example
Sensory stimulation
Automatic negative reinforcement
escape from negative conditions
Direct Assessment
Record when behavior is happening
More accurate
Most behavior modification
Indirect Assessment
Not direct observation
Happens after behaviors occur
Questionarres/ interviews
Continuous recording
Best way to observe
Frequency, duration, intensity
Percentage correct recording
Number of times the behavior occurs compared to the number of opportunities
Interval recording
Record the behavior at different time intervals
Wime sample recording
Interval in which you record only a moment of an interval
Product recording
tangible outcome (homework recording)
A B Design
Not replicated
Baseline - Intervention
ABAB reversal design
Will it reverse after treatment? Is it ethical to remove treatment? Can you?
Alternating treatments design
Alternate days with treatment and no treatment
Multiple baselines across subjects
Same treatment same behavior, multiple subjects
Multiple baselines across behaviors
Same subject, multiple behaviors
Baseline and treatment phases for each
Multiple baselines across settings
Same subject, same behavior, different settings
Contngency
A causal relationship
Non contingent
a behavior not caused by something
Response contingent
Caused by the response
Delay gradient
A delay in the behavior and the response decreases the effectiveness of the consewuence
Bribery
Getting a reinforcement before the behavior
Negative reinforcement
Taking something (undesirable) away, which increases the good behavior
Take slack off the leash if the dog walks close to you
Escape contingency
Aversive stimulus
Undesirable stimulus
Removal increase the likelihood of the behavior
Very Ill Advised!!
Inappropriate natural contingency
a natural response to a behavior that is not intended to reinforce, but it does
Performance management contingency
Naturally reinforce behaviors that you want to see
Not intentional, but you still reinforce
Primary reinforcement
Naturally unconditioned, has biological importance
Food, sex
Secondary reinforcement
Have to be trained to respond
Money
Neutral reinforcement
Tokens, that are exchanged for secondary reinforcement
Stamps/ tokens in the classroom
Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible behavior
The alrernative behavior is physically imcompatible with the main behavior = want to reinforce that good behavior
Cannot happen at the same time
Differential Reinforcement of alternative behavior
Increases desirable behavior (reinforcement) while decreasing undesirable behavior (punished)
If the desirable behavior happens atleast some of the time, want to increase it
Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior (Zero rate)
Reinforce the absence of a (bad) behavior rather than reinforcing an alternate behavior
A form of extinction
Momentary zero rate
behavior only has to be absent at the end of the interval
Whole interval zero rate
Behavior must be absent for the whole interval
Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates of Responding
Reinforce lower rates of (bad) behavior rather than total absence
Differential Punishment
Punishing one (bad) behavior and withholding punishment from the other (good behavior)
Decreasing one behavior and increasing another
Response cost (token economy)
Losing tokens if there is an undesirable behavior
Positive punishment
To give something undesirable to decrease a behavior
Overcorrection, restraint
LAST RESORE IN BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION
Negative punishment
To take away a reinforcer to decrease a bad behavior
Time outs, response cost
Conditioned vs unconditioned punishers
Unconditioned- Punishers that require no conditioning to be effective- painful stimuli
Conditioned- Punishers that must be conditioned - stink eye from parent
Positive practice (positive punishment)
The person has to practice the correct behavior
Restitution (positive punishment)
The person has to correct the behavior and put the environment back to its original form or better
Graffiti wall
Contingent exercise (positive punishment)
Physical exercise as aversive stumulis
Response blocking (positive punishment)
Physically blocking the behavior from happening
Restraint (positive punishment)
Making the person immobile from doing the bad behavior
Time Outs - exclusionary (negative punishment)
Removal from the reinforcing environment
Time outs- non exclusionary (negative punishment)
Removal from reinforcements, but stays in the room
Response cost (negative punishment)
Removing a reinforcer because of problem behavior
Speeding ticket, allowance loss
Extinction
A previously reinforced behavior stops occurring because it is no longer being reinforced
Control of the reinforcer
Most effective when an alternative behavior is being reinforced
Extinction burst
Increase in responding during extinction
behavior gets worse before it gets better
Spontaneous recovery
Behavior reappears after being extinguished
Usually occurs in a similar situation
Need to be careful that reinforcers don’t occur during spontaneous recovery
Positive reinforcement extinction
Removing the positive consequences
Negative reinforcement extinction
The aversive (undesired) stimulus no longer allows for escape
Recovery
Stopping the punishment of a previously decreased behavior makes the behavior increase in frequency again
Shaping
Development of a new behavior by successive reinforcement of closer approximations
Successive approximation
Unstructured environment
Method of shaping
Select final behavior
Select starting behavior
Select appropriate reinforcer
Fading
Gradual change over reinforcers so the behavior continues but without the reinforcers
Slowly removing prompts after behavior is established
Chaining
Sequence of stimuli and responses the chain on each other, all leading to one end behavior
Structured environment
Behaviors in the same response class
Share the same function/ reinforcer/ similar in one dimension
Differential reinforcement of communication
Person uses communication skills to get the same reinforcement as the problem behavior
Learn to ask for what they want
