MIDTERM Flashcards

Question

What is the record acronym?

Answer 1

SOAP note format

Answer 2

S: Subjective (history of injury/illness) O: Objective (information gathered during evaluation) A: Assessment (opinion of injury based on information gained during evaluation) P: Plan (short and long term goals of rehab)

Answer 3

Add Tx after O. Tx means treatment Ask them to follow up with you ``` When typing: Can have spaces and gaps S:… O… Tx… ``` Blue or black pen if writing. Don’t leave any blanks to let people write other things in. If there is spaces and gaps draw a line through. Ex. S:… O:... Tx…

Answer 4

physical injury or wound that is produced by an external or internal force

Answer 5

external force or forces acting on internal tissue

Answer 6

ability of a tissue to resist a load

Answer 7

internal resistance to an external load

Answer 8

extent of deformation of tissue under loading

Answer 9

change in shape of a tissue

Answer 10

property that allows a tissue to return to normal following deformation

Answer 11

elastic limit of tissue

Answer 12

deformation of tissues that exists after the load is removed

Answer 13

deformation of tissues that occurs with application of a constant load over time

Answer 14

exceeding the ability to withstand stress and strain, causing tissue to break down (when injury occurs)

Answer 15

external forces directed on the body that result in internal alteration in anatomical structures that are of sufficient magnitude to cause damage or destruction to that tissue

Answer 16

How much force vs how much strain The stiffer, the more deformation We want athletes to be flexible

Answer 17

``` Compression Tension Shearing Bending Torsion ```

Answer 18

External loads applied toward one another in opposite directions

Answer 19

A force that pulls or stretches tissue. Equal and opposite external loads that pull a structure apart

Answer 20

Equal but not directly opposite loads are applied to opposing surfaces to move in parallel directions relative to one another

Answer 21

4 point: two force pairs act at opposite ends of a structure 3 point: three forces cause bending (2 forces on same side and one force on the other side of bone) When an already bowed structure is axially loaded Ex. deadlifting can cause a disk injury

Answer 22

Twisting in opposite directions from the opposite ends of a structure Think of wringing out a dish cloth.

Answer 23

1) Acute or Traumatic Injuries: something initiated the injury process E.g.: direct blow 2) Chronic or Overuse Injuries: when it doesn’t heal properly (sometimes athletes do not notice right away) E.g.: repetitive dynamic use over time

Answer 24

Skeletal Muscle Synovial joints Bone

Answer 25

Tendon | Fascia

Answer 26

Ligament Bursa Meniscus Labrum

Answer 27

Composed of contractile cells, called fibers Produce movement Have connective tissue covering

Answer 28

Band of dense connective tissue that attaches a skeletal muscle to a bone Usually cord-like, but occasionally broad/flat (aponeurosis) Sometimes covered by a tendon sheath whose layers slide along each other as the tendon moves to decrease friction (ex. in wrist)

Answer 29

Dense sheet of connective tissue that lines the body wall In the limbs, fascia separates each region into compartments whose muscles tend to have similar actions and innervation Around some joints, there are thickened bands of fascia called retinacula that help keep tendons anchored down Ex. meat video when he pulls the meat around.

Answer 30

``` Strains Cramps Guarding Spasm Soreness Tendinitis/Tendinosis Tenosynovitis Contusion ```

Answer 31

involuntary muscle contractions (dehydration)

Answer 32

muscle contraction in response to pain

Answer 33

reflex reaction caused by trauma

Answer 34

caused by overexertion in exercise (ex: DOMS)

Answer 35

inflammation of a tendon and its synovial sheath

Answer 36

blunt force to an area

Answer 37

Stretch, tear or rip to muscle or adjacent tissue May range from minute separation of connective tissue to complete tendinous avulsion or muscle rupture

Answer 38

some fibers have been stretched resulting in tenderness and pain

Answer 39

number of fibers have been torn, usually a depression or divot is palpable, some swelling and discoloration result (1%-99% torn)

Answer 40

Complete rupture of muscle or musculotendinous junction, significant impairment, with initially a great deal of pain that diminishes due to nerve damage

Answer 41

Gradual onset, with diffuse tenderness due to repeated microtrauma and degenerative changes Inflammation of the tendon Obvious signs of swelling and pain (heat and redness) Crepitus

Answer 42

Sticking of tendon due to accumulation of inflammatory by-products on irritated tissue (creaking sounds that occurs between tendon and inflammation)

Answer 43

Without proper healing tendinitis may begin to degenerate and result in tendinosis Less inflammation, more visibly swollen with stiffness and restricted motion Sometimes a tender lump will appear (the frays of torn tendon) Tendinopathy

Answer 44

refers to either tendinitis or tendinosis (something is going on with the tendon)

Answer 45

a.k.a. bruise Result of sudden blow to body Hematoma results from blood and lymph flow into surrounding tissue Chronically inflamed and contused tissue may result in generation of calcium deposits (myositis ossificans) Prevention through protection of contused area with padding

Answer 46

Highly movable joints

Answer 47

Thick band of dense connective tissue that is especially resistant to forces acting in a particular direction Present in most synovial joints Can be extracapsular (outside the articular capsule) or intracapsular (inside the articular capsule They are non-contractile tissue, if contracted they will not go back to normal shape.

Answer 48

Pad of fibrocartilage between the articular surfaces that absorbs shock & increases the stability of the joint Present in select synovial joints (e.g., knee joint- medial and lateral meniscus)

Answer 49

Ring of fibrocartilage surrounding the “socket” of ball-and-socket joints that increases the stability of the joint Present in the hip joint and shoulder joint

Answer 50

Fluid-filled sac-like structure located between tissues (e.g., bones/ligaments, bones/tendons) to reduce friction Present throughout the body

Answer 51

Ligament Sprains Dislocation and Subluxations Osteoarthritis: wearing down of hyaline cartilage Bursitis

Answer 52

Stretch, tear, or rip of ligament Occurs when stress is applied to a joint that forces motion outside its normal limits

Answer 53

some stretching of ligament fibers. Some pain, minimal loss of function, no abnormal motion, and mild point tenderness

Answer 54

some tearing of ligament fibers. Pain, moderate loss of function, swelling, and instability with tearing and separation of ligament fibers (1%-99% torn)

Answer 55

total tearing of the ligament. Extremely painful, inevitable loss of function, severe instability and swelling, and may also represent subluxation

Answer 56

Separation of bony articular surfaces bone is forced out of alignment and stays out until it is manually or surgically reduced

Answer 57

Separation of bony articular surfaces bone is forced out of alignment but goes back into place- some people are just more prone to this because of their anatomy Should get some type of rehab so that this does not keep occurring and can strengthen the surrounding muscle.

Answer 58

Inflammation of a bursa- caused by impingement in area such acromial area Can be acute or chronic Ex. hit to area or gradual.

Answer 59

Contains osteocytes (bone cells) fixed in intercellular matrix Outer surface is compact tissue, inner aspect is cancellous bone

Answer 60

Open fracture Closed fracture Greenstick fracture Spiral fracture Avulsion fracture Comminuted fracture Stress fracture

Answer 61

displacement of the fracture causes bone to break through tissues (painful for even things like wind hitting it because nerves are exposed)

Answer 62

little movement or displacement, does not penetrate superficial tissue (need ends to touch so might use like screws to make ends touch using surgery)

Answer 63

incomplete break in bones that have not completely ossified (typically in younger children who have more cartilage in their bones)

Answer 64

S-shaped separation (happens when one part of bone is planted and then spiral/twisting motion breaks bone)

Answer 65

separation of bone fragment from its cortex at an attachment of a ligament or tendon

Answer 66

three or more fragments at the fracture site (ex. car accident)

Answer 67

Result from overuse Commonly occur in weight-bearing bones of leg or foot Pain usually begins as a dull ache that becomes progressively worse over time

Answer 68

Standing erect Head level and eyes facing forward Upper limbs at the sides of the body with palms turned forward Feet are flat on the floor and feet are facing forward

Answer 69

Inflammatory response Fibroblastic repair Maturation-Remodeling phase

Answer 70

Acute 0-5 days Inflammation present to protect, localize, and rid the body of damaged tissue to prepare the next phase of healing Critical to the entire healing process If it does not accomplish what it is supposed to or it does not subside, normal healing cannot take place

Answer 71

``` Swelling Heat- compare joints and see if there’s extra heat on a joint Altered function Redness Pain ```

Answer 72

Subacute 3-21 days Healing and restoration of damaged tissue Regenerative activity leading to scar formation

Answer 73

15+ days Strength of scar tissue continues to increase May take 1 or more years to be 100% Continual remodeling of new tissue in response to movement and body’s demand Thickening and increased strength of tissues

Answer 74

Extent of injury Edema- thickened swelling Hemorrhage Poor Vascular Supply Separation of Tissue Muscle Spasm Atrophy Corticosteroids Keloids and Hypertrophic Scars Infection Humidity, Climate, Oxygen Tension Health, Age, and Nutrition

Answer 75

Cartilage: limited, up to 18 months Ligament: remodeling stage, up to 12 month Grade 1: 7-14 days Grade 2: 6-8 weeks Grade 3: may require surgery Tendon: 4-5 weeks Muscle: 6-8 weeks Bone: 3-8 weeks

Answer 76

Hematoma formation- blood accumulates creating the hematoma Soft Callus- new blood vessels form and create mesh work, rejoins fractured bones together Hard Callus- when the soft callus becomes the bony callus Remodeling- bony callus is remodeled to create strong bone

Answer 77

Mechanism of injury could indicate a fracture Audible “crack” Severe pain Inability to move joint/limb Deformity present

Answer 78

Vacuum Air SAM (ie soft splint) Rigid (ie quick splint) Traction

Answer 79

Immobilize around suspected fracture Immobilize joint above Immobilize joint below

Answer 80

Immobilize bone segment above the injury Immobilize bone segment below the injury

Answer 81

Dress any wounds prior to applying splint Splint in position found Splint prior to moving the athlete Splint should not allow any movement of injured body part to move

Answer 82

1) Stabilize segment in position found 2) Check pulse, motor, sensation distal to injury 3) Gather appropriate material 4) Apply splint Utilize padding if necessary Minimal movement should occur during application 5) Recheck pulse, motor, sensation 6) Reassure athlete throughout application 7) Transportation 8) Follow up instructions

Answer 83

``` An intervention that helps healing. Examples: Ice Heat Massage Interferential Current (feeling sensations rather than the pain) Ultrasound Muscle Stim TENS ```

Answer 84

Therapeutic modalities can be an effective adjunct to various techniques of therapeutic exercise. Knowledge of the healing process is critical. A variety of modalities can be utilized by sport first aiders, including: cryotherapy, and massage

Answer 85

Thermal conductive energy. Electrical energy. Electromagnetic energy. Sound energy. Mechanical energy. Energy can be absorbed, refracted, reflected, or transmitted. Energy must be absorbed to produce physiological response.

Answer 86

Physiological effects of heat depend on type of heat energy applied, intensity of energy, duration of exposure, and tissue response. Heat must be absorbed to increase molecular activity.

Answer 87

Increased collagen extensibility; decreased joint stiffness; reduce pain; relief from muscle spasm; reduction of edema and swelling; increased blood flow.

Answer 88

Increases extensibility of collagen Pain relief Muscle spasm Assists with healing process

Answer 89

Activates gate control mechanism Gate Control Mechanism: The nervous system telling you that you have pain Rubbing it has sensory nerves that go to the pain and it focuses on the rubbing. So the brain feels sensation over pain

Answer 90

Increased blood flow reduces ischemia

Answer 91

Raises tissue temperature, increases metabolism resulting in reduction of oxygen tension, lowering pH, increasing capillary permeability and releasing bradykinins and histamine resulting in vasodilation Parasympathetic impulses stimulated by heat are also believed to be a reason for vasodilation

Answer 92

Conduction Convection Radiation

Answer 93

Heat is transferred from a warmer object to a cooler one. Dependent on temperature and exposure time. Temperatures of 116.6°F(47 °C) will cause tissue damage, and temperatures of 113° F (45 °C) should not be in contact with the skin longer than 30 minutes. Examples include moist hot packs, paraffin, ice packs, and cold packs.

Answer 94

Transfer of heat through movement of fluids or gases. Temperature, speed of movement, and conductivity of the part impact heating. Example: whirlpools.

Answer 95

Heating is transferred from one object through space to another object. Examples: shortwave diathermy, infrared heating, and ultraviolet therapy.

Answer 96

Subacute or chronic inflammatory conditions Reduction of subacute or chronic pain Subacute or chronic muscle spasm Decreased range of motion Hematoma resolution Reduction of joint contractures (decreased ROM)

Answer 97

*do not apply this modality Acute injuries Impaired circulation Poor thermal regulation Anesthetic areas Abdomen or low back during pregnancy

Answer 98

*just be careful when applying modality Areas of decreased sensation Around the eyes or testicles

Answer 99

Silicate gel pads submersed in 72-77oC (160-170o F) water Maintains heat for 20-30 minutes; must use 6 layers of terry cloth to protect skin

Answer 100

Used for general muscle relaxation and reduction of pain-spasm-ischemia-hypoxia-pain cycle Limitation - unable to heat deeper tissues effectively

Answer 101

Pack removed from water; covered w/ 6 layers of toweling which are removed as cooling occurs; area treated for 15-20 minutes Athlete must be comfortable and should not lay on pack

Answer 102

Varying sizes used to treat a variety of body parts Tank w/ turbine that regulates flow Agitation (amount of movement) is controlled by air emitted from pump

Answer 103

Combination of massage and water immersion Provides conduction and convection Swelling, muscle spasm and pain

Answer 104

Temperature is set according to treatment goals Athlete should be set up to be reached by agitator (8-12” from agitator) Do not place directly on injured site

Answer 105

Must be careful with full-body immersion Proper maintenance is necessary to avoid infection As volume of body part immersion increases, temperature should decrease. Safety is a major concern -Electrical outlets Contraindicated for acute injuries due to gravity dependent position

Answer 106

Used in first aid treatment of trauma to the musculoskeletal system When applied intermittently w/ compression, rest and elevation it reduces many adverse conditions related to inflammation and the reactive phase of an acute injury

Answer 107

Conduction Degree of cooling depends on the medium, length of exposure, and conductivity. At a temperature of 38.3°F (3.5°C) muscle temperature can be reduced as deep as 4cm. Tissues with a high water content are excellent conductors. Most common means of cold therapy are ice packs and ice immersion. Wet ice is a more effective coolant due to the energy required to melt ice. * Hunting response. - Measured temperature change. - Does not represent a change in circulation.

Answer 108

Vasoconstriction Blood viscosity Decreases extent of hypoxic injury to cells Decreases metabolic rate and vasoconstriction decreases swelling associated w/ inflammatory response Decreases free nerve ending excitability and peripheral nerve. Decreases muscle spasm.

Answer 109

Reflex action of smooth muscle due to sympathetic nervous system and adrenal medulla

Answer 110

Increases with extended cooling

Answer 111

Decreases cell metabolic rate and the need for oxygen through circulation, resulting in less tissue damage

Answer 112

Analgesia caused by raising nerve threshold.

Answer 113

Muscle becomes more amenable to stretch as a result of decreased GTO and muscle spindle activity

Answer 114

Acute injury or inflammation Acute, chronic, or postsurgical pain Prevent edema formation

Answer 115

Circulatory insufficiency Cold hypersensitivity/hives Anesthetic skin Open wounds

Answer 116

Over the carotid sinus Over areas of infection Near the eyes Over superficial nerves *Never want to put ice on both sides of neck because it can cause issues with brain function (carotid arteries) Don’t want to freeze fluid in eye Dont want to freeze nerves

Answer 117

Stage, Response, Estimated Time after Initiation: Stage: 1 Cold Sensation 0-3 minutes Stage: 2 Mild burning, aching 2-7 minutes Stage: 3 Relative cutaneous numbness 5-12 minutes

Answer 118

Foam cup with frozen water - creating a cylinder of ice (towel will be required to absorb water)

Answer 119

Used over small muscle areas (tendons, belly of muscle, bursa, trigger points)

Answer 120

Ice is rubbed over skin in overlapping circles (10-15 cm diameters) for 5-10 minutes Patient should experience sensations of cold, burning, aching, & numbness: when analgesia is reached the treatment is finished

Answer 121

Communication with patient is key!

Answer 122

Variety of basins or containers can be used, small whirlpool Temperature should be 10-16oC (50-60 o F)

Answer 123

Circumferential cooling of a body part

Answer 124

Patient immerses body part in water and goes through three stages of cold response Treatment may last 10-15 minutes Once numb, body part is removed

Answer 125

Cold treatment makes collagen brittle -- must be cautious with return to activity following icing Be aware of allergic reactions and overcooling

Answer 126

Wet ice (flaked ice in wet towel) Crushed or chipped ice in self sealing bag Chemical Cold packs Gel pack Liquid pack

Answer 127

Ice is applied to body part, wrap with flexiwrap or tensor to hold in place and to add compression Treatment may last 15-20 minutes Once numb, ice bag is removed

Answer 128

Avoid excessive cold exposure With any indication of allergy or abnormal pain, treatment should be stopped When using gel packs, a single layer of toweling should be used Crushed or flaked ice can be directly applied to skin

Answer 129

Systematic manipulation of soft tissue.

Answer 130

Mechanical responses Occur as a direct result of pressures and movements. Encourages venous flow and mild stretching of superficial tissue

Answer 131

Increases circulation Reflex effect

Answer 132

removal of metabolites, overcoming venostasis Increased circulation through reflexive and mechanical stimuli Capillary dilation, stimulation of cell metabolism, decreasing toxins, and increase lymphatic and venous circulation

Answer 133

Relaxation can be induced by slow superficial stroking of skin Stimulation achieved by quick brisk strokes, causing contraction of tissue Primarily psychological impacts

Answer 134

Improve circulation Chronic conditions Musculotendinous adhesions Trigger points Edema reduction Post event recovery

Answer 135

Acute injury or inflammation Open wounds Anesthetic skin Skin conditions/infected areas Varicose veins or hematoma Allergies to massage cream Prior to sporting event!!

Answer 136

Stroking divided into light and deep. Can be used as a sedative or to move fluids. Multiple stroking variations exist. Pressure variations.

Answer 137

Kneading. Involves picking up skin between thumb and forefinger and rolling and twisting in opposite directions. Used for deep tissue work.

Answer 138

Used around joints and in areas where tissue is thin. Areas with underlying scarring, adhesions, spasms, and fascia. Goal is to stretch underlying tissue, develop friction, and increase circulation. Movement is across the grain of the affected tissue. Avoid treatment with acute injuries.

Answer 139

Cupping Hacking Pinching

Answer 140

Produces invigorating and stimulating sensation. Series of percussion movements rapidly duplicated at a constant tempo.

Answer 141

Used to treat heavy muscle areas; similar to cupping.

Answer 142

Lifting of small amounts of tissue between thumb and first finger in quick and gentle pinching movements.

Answer 143

Usually confined to a specific area Massage lubricants Positioning of athlete Exhibit confidence Develop confident, gentle approach to massage Stroke towards heart to enhance lymphatic and venous drainage Superficial->Deep->Superficial Proximal ->Distal -> Proximal

Answer 144

Rarely given to full body: full-body massage is time consuming, generally not feasible. Five-minute treatment can be effective.

Answer 145

Enables hands to slide and move easily over body, reducing friction. Rubbing dry area can irritate skin. Mediums include: powder, lotion, oil liniments.

Answer 146

Area must be easily accessible and must be relaxed. (ex. prop up on pillow)

Answer 147

Good body positioning (clinician and athlete) and develop good technique

Answer 148

Due to direct physical contact, professionalism must be maintained at all times. Critical when dealing with patient of opposite sex. Be sure that area being treated is the only area exposed. An additional athlete or colleague should also be present. Record any therapeutic modalities administered in your SOAP notes.

Answer 149

1. What is the injury problem? 2. What are the risk factors? 3. Introduce preventative measure(s) 4. Evaluate preventative measure(s)

Answer 150

Understand the common injuries that occur in your sport, age, gender About 60-70% of sport-related injuries are in the lower extremity

Answer 151

Intrinsic Extrinsic Modifiable Non-modifiable

Answer 152

Sport Specific Venue/Environment Athlete Specific Coaching Specific Specific to Mechanism of Injury

Answer 153

Exercises that train the nervous and muscular systems to work together to produce optimal muscle activation patterns.

Answer 154

Support dynamic joint stability Decrease joint forces Improve motor programming Improve movement patterns

Answer 155

Bodyweight Partner-resistance Little to no equipment Controlled Focus on correct technique – Movement quality over quantity Long-term outcome: Building joint resiliency over time if done consistently

Answer 156

Aerobic Balance Strength Agility

Answer 157

Jogging Side shuffles Kaeroke/Grapevine High knees Heel kicks Skipping (forward, backward, sideways)

Answer 158

Single leg balance Hard floor --> foam pad Hands on hips --> ball tosses (or sport specific equipment) Eyes open --> eyes closed RDL’s/airplanes Partner taps

Answer 159

``` -Planks Front Side Side with rotations Plank taps Leg lifts ``` -Lunges Forward Backward Side lunges -Nordic Hamstring Curls

Answer 160

Starts and Stops Zig Zag Running Change of direction Jumping Single leg hops

Answer 161

Monitor technique!! Be sport specific Perform regularly Different anatomical planes Use progressions and regressions

Answer 162

Injury tracking Improved skill Improved performance

Answer 163

Absorbs force Acts as a stable base of support

Answer 164

26 Seven tarsals Five metatarsals Fourteen phalangeal bones

Answer 165

ligaments and fascia

Answer 166

Tarsal bones that form the ankle Talocrural joint

Answer 167

Navicular, cuboid, and three cuneiforms bones

Answer 168

Tibia (border, medial malleolus) Fibula (head, lateral malleolus) Talus (dome)

Answer 169

Assist the foot in supporting the bodyweight and absorb shock of weight bearing

Answer 170

Stretches from the first to the fifth metatarsal

Answer 171

Extends across the transverse tarsal bones

Answer 172

Originates along the medial border of the calcaneus Extends forward to the distal head of the first metatarsal Typically biggest arch

Answer 173

Follows the same pattern as the medial longitudinal arch

Answer 174

Thick white band of fibrous tissue originating from the medial aspect of the calcaneus at the distal end of the metatarsals

Answer 175

Deltoid Ligament- medial ankle sprain Anterior Inferior Tibiofibular Ligament (AITF)-high ankle sprain Anterior Talofibular Ligament (ATF) Calcaneofibular Ligament (CF) Posterior Talofibular Ligament (PTF)

Answer 176

Tibalis Anterior Extensor Hallucis Longus (EHL) Extensor Digitorum Longus (EDL) Peroneus Tertius

Answer 177

Gastrocnemius Soleus Achilles Tendon

Answer 178

Tibialis Posterior Flexor Digitorum Longus (FDL) Flexor Hallucis Longus (FHL)

Answer 179

Peroneus Brevis Peroneus Longus

Answer 180

Were you wearing a brace or tape during time of injury? Training surfaces or changes in footwear? Changes in training, volume or type? Does footwear increase discomfort?

Answer 181

Thickening of Achilles Watch gait, are they limping? Is there pes planus (flat arch)/cavus (high arch)?- balance on one foot test Are there structural deformities? Look at shoe wear patterns on older shoe

Answer 182

Dorsalis Pedis Pulse: between extensor digitorum and hallucis longus tendons Posterior Tibial Pulse: behind medial malleolus along Achilles tendon

Answer 183

Plantarflexion Occurs at the talocrural joint Dorsiflexion Occurs at the talocrural joint Inversion Occurs at the subtalar joint Eversion Occurs at the subtalar joint Supination Combination of Inversion of heel, adduction or forefoot, and plantarflexion Pronation Combination of eversion of the heel, abduction of the forefoot, dorsiflexion

Answer 184

Ankle Sprains - Inversion - Eversion Syndesmotic (high ankle) Muscle Strains Fractures Achilles Tendon Rupture Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome (Shin Splints) Achilles Tendinitis Plantar Fasciitis

Answer 185

Commonly considered a hinge joint because it’s principle movements are flexion and extension Not a true hinge joint because of the rotation that occurs at the tibia

Answer 186

ligaments, joint capsule, and muscles surrounding the joint

Answer 187

weight bearing and mobility in locomotion

Answer 188

Femur: lateral and medial femoral condyles Tibia: plateau, tuberosity, shaft/crest Patella: superior, medial & lateral borders Fibula: fibular head/neck, shaft

Answer 189

``` Prepatellar Suprapatellar Intrapatellar -Deep -Superficial ```

Answer 190

Did your knee collapse? Did you knee lock up? Did swelling occur? Does your knee give way?

Answer 191

Watch gait, are they limping? Genu valgum and genu varum Hyperextension and hyperflexion Patella alta and baja Do the knees look symmetrical? Is there obvious swelling? Atrophy?

Answer 192

Flexion Extension Internal Rotation External Rotation

Answer 193

Ligament Sprains - MCL - LCL - ACL - PCL Muscle Strains Meniscus Tear Bursitis Patella Dislocation/Subluxations Patellar Tendinitis

Answer 194

Iliopsoas Rectus femoris Sartorius

Answer 195

Gluteus (maximus, medius, minimus) Hamstrings (Biceps femoris, Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus)

Answer 196

Adductors (brevis, longus, magnus) Pectineus Gracilis

Answer 197

Tensor fascia latae Iliotibial band

Answer 198

Piriformis Quadratus Femoris Obturator Internus Obturator Externus Gemellus Superior Gemellus Inferior

Answer 199

Snapping/Popping? Clicking?

Answer 200

Pelvis anterior or posterior tilted? PSIS, ASIS, iliac crest levels Standing on 1 leg Internal or External rotation

Answer 201

Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Internal Rotation External Rotation

Answer 202

Groin Strain (adductor or hip flexor) Dislocated Hip Hip Labral tear Sciatica/Piriformis Syndrome Hip Pointer (contusion)

Answer 203

Sternoclavicular joint (SC) Acromioclavicular joint (AC) Coracoclavicular joint (CC ligaments – trapezoid and conoid, coracoacromial) Glenohumeral joint (GH)

Answer 204

Crepitus, numbness, distortion in temperature? Clicking or grinding? What provides relief?

Answer 205

Rounded shoulders Kyphotic T-Spine Acromion Processes Clavicles Scapulae (elevated, rotated, winged) Scapulohumeral rhythm

Answer 206

Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Horizontal Adduction Horizontal Abduction Internal Rotation - 0 degrees - 90 degrees External Rotation - 0 degrees - 90 degrees

Answer 207

Fractures - Clavicle - Scapula - Humerus AC joint Sprain Shoulder subluxation or dislocation Labral tear Impingement Bursitis Bicep Tendinitis