Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PHD > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Define necroptosis

A

-cell death initiated by engagement of TNF receptors
o Receptor-interacting protein (RIP) kinases activated, initiating a series of events that results in necrosis
o Has both characteristics of apoptosis and necrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Process of uterine expansion during pregnancy is…

A
  • myometrial smooth muscle hypertrophy

- endometrium does increase in size due to hyperplasia, but it remains a thin lining to the uterine wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Characteristics of reversible cell injury

A
  • cellular swelling
  • ribosomal/polysomal detachment
  • plasma membrane changes (blebbing)
  • nuclear (chromatin clumping)
  • myelin figures (aggregation of peroxidized lipids)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Characteristics of irreversible cell injury

A
  • breakdown of plasma membrane (troponin leaks outside of the cells, influx of Ca2+)
  • Mitochondrial damage
  • rupture of lysosomes, autolysis
  • nuclear degradation (pyknosis- nuclear condensation), karryorrhexis (nuclear fragmentation)
  • amorphous densities in mitochondria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Fat necrosis is usually seen in…

A

-pancreatic and breast tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are Langhan cells?

A

activated macrophages may fuse, forming multinucleate giant cells to contain an offending agent that’s difficult to eradicate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Interferon gamma release assay test is used for….

A

The interferon gamma release assay (IGRA) test is a blood test used to see whether a person has been exposed to the tuberculosis (TB) bacteria. The IGRA test is used to diagnose TB infection.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Give examples of caseating necrosis.

A
  • Tuberculosis

- often associated with granulomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What ion has a role in irreversible cell death?

A
  • Ca2+ accumulating in the mitochondria, cytosol, and rough ER
  • activates degradative enzymes, ATPases, proteases, phospholipases.. etc
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Role of glutathione

A
  • antioxidant
  • Glutathione is capable of preventing damage to important cellular components caused by reactive oxygen species, such as free radicals, peroxides, lipid peroxides, and heavy metals.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are some enzymes that protect us from free radicals?

A

catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, antioxidants (vitamin A, C, E)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is hemosiderin?

A

Storage form of iron from excess local or systemic accumulation of ferritin, and by itself does not cause cell injury until large amounts are present, as with hemochromatosis

-an iron-storage complex that is composed of partially digested ferritin and lysosomes. The breakdown of heme gives rise to biliverdin and iron. The body then traps the released iron and stores it as hemosiderin in tissues.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What’s associated with caseous necrosis?

A
  • granulamatous inflammation

- tuberculosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Reperfusion injury

A

When blood supply cut off to an organ (i.e. heart, coronary artery occluded, tissue starts dying). Once tissue dies, cell membrane becomes damaged, and enzymes will leak out into the blood (troponins). This indicates irreversible injury to the cell. If the blood is returned to the organ, oxygen has also returned to the organ with inflammatory cells, too. Inflammatory cells reacting with dead tissue and oxygen can generate free radicals, with further damages cardiac myocytes.
◦ Usually vignette of patient who gets MI, cardiac enzymes increase, taken to cardiac cath lab, after artery is open, cardiac enzymes continue to rise
◦ Blood still inflamed and has free radicals, which allows for continued injury to occur
◦ Injury that arises due to reperfusion bc of free radical generation

-Elevated CK indicates myocardial necrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does an apoptotic cell look like?

A
  • shrunken
  • deeply eosinophilic cytoplasm, basophilic nucleus
  • cell membrane remains intact
  • chromatin condensation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is lipofuscin?

A

pigmented residue representing undigested cellular organelles in autophagic vacuoles, much like old clothes in a closet

-increases with age in the cell cytoplasm, mainly in cardiac myocytes and hepatocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are endonucleases?

A

-generated following caspase activation and and lead to nuclear fragmentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What types of granules are formed from autophagy?

A

Lipofuscin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What two findings indicate alcohol-induced hepatocyte damage?

A

decreased serum albumin levels and increased prothrombin time

-alcohol is a hepatotoxin acting via increased acetaldehyde accumulation that promotes hepatic steatosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

When would you see hemosiderin in liver biopsy?

A

usually with blood transfusions- excess iron

21
Q

Describe the biochemistry mechanism of phagocytosis. What could cause issues in this pathway?

A

O2 -> (enz NADPH Oxidase) -> O2- [superoxide] -> (enz Superoxide dismutase) -> H2O2 [hydrogen dioxide] -> (enz myeloperoxidase) -> HOCl [bleach]

in Chronic Granulomatous disease, there’s an NADPH oxidase defect… usually, humans have some bacteria which produce H2O2 for us, but if the bacteria is catalase +, it’ll destroy H2O2 and screw up the pathway (i.e. S aureus, P cepacia)

Use Nitro blue Tetrazolium test - doesn’t turn blue if NADPH oxidase isn’t working

22
Q

What cytokines do macrophages secrete?

A

IL-10, TGF beta

23
Q

What is xanthine oxidase associated with?

A

formation of ROS

24
Q

Where do positive CD8+ T cells usually live?

A

Single positive CD8+ T cells reside primarily in lymphoid organs and circulation.

25
Q

What types of T cells are in the thymus?

A

However most of the cells in the thymus are immature double positive T cells that express both CD4 and CD8 molecules.

26
Q

To differentiate into Th2 cells, helper T cells produce…

A

T cells that produce Th2 cytokine profile are usually referred to as CD4+ T cells that produce IL-4 & IL-2=== which then produce IL4, IL5, IL6 ==== which activates eosinophils and IgE class switching

27
Q

To differentiate into Th1 cells, helper T cells produce…

A

IFN gamma and IL 12 === which then produce IFN gamma, IL2 === which activates macrophages and cytotoxic cells

28
Q

To differentiate into Th17 cells, helper T cells produce…

A

TGF beta, IL6, IL6 == which then produce IL17, IL21, IL22 === induce neutrophilic inflammation

29
Q

post streptoccal glomerulonephritis, ‘caused from which type of hypersensitivity

A

antibodies generated against streptococcal antigens form immune complexes that are deposited in the glomeruli

=type 3 hypersensitivity

30
Q

M-CSF responsible for….

A

Macrophage-colony stimulating factor is responsible for recruitment of inflammatory cells.

31
Q

IFN-alpha responsible for…

A

IFN-alpha is responsible for activation of anti-viral killing mechanisms

32
Q

IL-3

A

T cell growth factor; supports growth and differentiation of bone marrow stem cells; functions like GM-CSF

33
Q

IL-4

A

Th2 cytokine that promote B cell differentiation to IgG 1, IgG3, and IgG4 (Th2 isotypes).

Ain’t too proud 2 BEG 4 help.

T helper 2 cells, growth of B cells, Class switching IgE and IgG

34
Q

IL-5

A

promotes growth and differentiation of B cells. Enhances class switching to IgA. Stimulates growth and differentiation of eosinophils

I have 5 BAEs

5= b cells, switch to A, Eosinophils

35
Q

Name 4 antigen presenting cells

A

APCs: B cells, dendritic cells, Langerhans cells, macrophages.

36
Q

Functions of NK cells

A

-Lymphocyte member of innate immune system.
-Use perforin and granzymes to induce apoptosis of virally infected cells and tumor cells.
-Activity enhanced by IL-2, IL-12, IFN-α, and IFN-β.
-Induced to kill when exposed to a nonspecific activation signal on target cell and/or to an absence
of an inhibitory signal such as MHC I on target cell surface.
-Also kills via antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CD16 binds Fc region of bound IgG,
activating the NK cell).

37
Q

IL-1

A

Causes fever, acute inflammation. Activates endothelium to express adhesion molecules. induces chemokine secretion to recruit WBCs. Also called osteoclast activating factor

38
Q

IL-2

A

stimulates growth of helper, cytotoxic, and regulatory T cells, and NK cells

39
Q

C3a

A

chemoattractant for neutrophils

40
Q

Leukotriene A4

A

lipid inflammatory mediator

41
Q

IL-8

A

chemokine associated with neutrophil chemotaxis

Clean up on aisle 8. Neutrophils recruited by IL-8 to clear infections

42
Q

TGF-alpha

A

inhibits proliferation and differentiation of T cells and activated macrophages.

43
Q

TNF (tumor necrosis factor)

A

Activates endothelium. Causes WBC recruitment, vascular leak.

Causes cachexia in malignancy.
Maintains granulomas in TB.
IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α can mediate fever and sepsis.

44
Q

What causes fever?

A

‣ Pyrogens cause MACROPHAGES to release IL-1 and TNF
• Go to blood stream, hit perivascular cells
‣ Increase COX activity in perivascular cells of hypothalamus
‣ Increased PGE2, raises temperature set point
‣ Macrophages -> IL-1 & TNF -> perivascular cells of hypothalamus: COX activity increase -> increases PGE2, temperature increase

45
Q

CD19 tells you..

A

CD19 is a B cell cluster of differentiation antigen

and CD20, CD21, CD40

46
Q

CD3 tells you…

A

T cells (and CD28)

47
Q

NK cells markers…

A

CD 16, CD 56

48
Q

When do you see granulation tissue?

A

Granulation tissue is the early repair response to a wound or other physical injury such as a burn by the proliferation of fibrocytes and small blood vessels, often forming a rough, red (vascularized) surface over the injured area.

49
Q

Polymeric Ig receptor

A

The poly Ig receptor is responsible for the binding and transport of the secretory immunoglobulins – IgA and IgM. It is found on secretory epithelium, notably in the lactating breast, as well as mucosal surfaces.

Ig A produced by plasma cells in the lamina propria of the mucosal tissue is bound by the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor which then helps to transport the IgA to the lumen by the process of trancytosis to be released in to the mucosal secretions

PHD (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions