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Bio 1406 > midterm > Flashcards

midterm Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

cells are _______

A

characteristic of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms

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2
Q

in comparison to eukaryotes, prokaryotes _______.

A

are smaller

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3
Q

a localized group of organisms that belong to the same species is called a _____.

A

population

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4
Q

when your body temperature rises on a hot day, the neural and hormonal mechanisms activate sweating. evaporation of sweat leads to cooling of the body surface. this is an example of _______.

A

negative feedback regulation

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5
Q

characters are transmitted from parents to offspring. _______ are the units of inheritance.

A

genes

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6
Q

the process by which the information in a gene direct the synthesis of a protein is called _____.

A

gene expression

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7
Q

which branch of biology is concerned with the naming and classifying of organisms?

A

taxonomy

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8
Q

you are suffering from Streptococcus throat infection. you share the following with the bacteria that is responsible for your condition.

A

you both are made up of cells

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9
Q

How does a scientific theory differ from a scientific hypothesis?

A

theories are usually an explanation for a more general phenomenon; hypotheses typically address more specific issues

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10
Q

the best experimental design _______.

A

includes a large sample size and a control, and alters only one condition between the controls and the experimental condition

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11
Q

a controlled experiment ______.

A

includes at least two groups, one of which does not receive the experimental treatment

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12
Q

all the organisms on your campus make up _____.

A

a community

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13
Q

A controlled experiment is one that

A

test experimental and control groups in parallel

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14
Q

why is a scientific topic best discussed by people of varying points of view, from different subdisciplines, and representing diverse cultures?

A

robust and critical discussion between diverse groups improved scientific thinking

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15
Q

trace elements are those required by an organism in only minute quantities. which of the following in a trace element that is required by humans and other vertebrates, but not by other organisms such as bacteria or plants?

A

iodine

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16
Q

atoms have no electric charge because they have _______.

A

an equal number of protons and electrons

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17
Q

an ion with 6 protons, 7 neutrons, and a charge of 2+ has an atomic number of _____.

A

6

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18
Q

a(n) ______ has charge but negligible mass, whereas a(n) ______ has mass but no charge.

A

electron; neutron

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19
Q

the left to right order of elements in the periodic table is based on their _________

A

atomic number

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20
Q

a neutral atom has 2, 8, and 8 electrons in its 1st, 2nd, and 3rd energy levels. this information ________.

A

does not tell us about the atomic mass of the element

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21
Q

can the mass of an element vary?

A

yes. adding or losing neutrons will change the atomic mass without forming a different element

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22
Q

when are atoms most stable?

A

when all of the electron orbitals in the valence shell are filled

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23
Q

a salamander relies on hydrogen bonding to stick to various surfaces. therefore, a salamander would have the greatest difficulty clinging to a ________.

A

surface of hydrocarbons

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24
Q

bonds between two atoms that are equally electronegative are ________.

A

nonpolar covalent bonds

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25
Q

what is the difference between covalent bonds and ionic bonds?

A

covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms; ionic bonds involve the electrical attraction between charged atoms

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26
Q

the atomic number of chlorine is 17. the atomic number of magnesium is 12. what is the formula for magnesium chloride?

A

MgCl2

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27
Q

Van der Waals interactions may result when _______.

A

electrons are not asymmetrically distributed in a molecule

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28
Q

you are asked to indicate the type and number of atoms in a molecule. which representation would work best?

A

molecular formula

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29
Q

in the term trace element, the adjective trace means that ______.

A

the element is required in very small amounts

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30
Q

the reactivity of an atom arises from _____.

A

the existence of unpaired electrons in the valence shell.

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31
Q

the partial negative charge in a molecule of water occurs because ________.

A

the electrons shared between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms spend more time around the oxygen atom nucleus than around the hydrogen atom nucleus

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32
Q

water molecules can form hydrogen bonds with ______.

A

compounds that have polar covalent bonds

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33
Q

water has many exceptional and useful properties. which is the rarest property among compounds?

A

solid water is less dense than liquid water

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34
Q

a dietary Calorie equals 1 kilocalorie. one kilocalorie equals ______.

A

1000 calories, or the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1 degree C

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35
Q

hydrophobic substances such as vegetable oil are ______.

A

nonpolar substances that repel water molecules

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36
Q

melting of ice and thus reduced feeding opportunities for polar bears is occurring because of the _______.

A

increase in CO2 and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere

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37
Q

carbon dioxide in the atmosphere dissolves with the raindrops. the pH of raindrops is ________.

A

slightly acidic

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38
Q

which of the following is a hydrophobic material?

A

wax

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39
Q

measurements show that the pH of a particular lake is 4.0. what is the hydroxide ion concentration of the lake?

A

10^-10 M

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40
Q

the element present in all organic molecules is _______

A

carbon

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41
Q

the kind and number of bonds an atom can form depends on ________

A

its electron configuration

42
Q

why is carbon so important in biology?

A

it can form a variety of carbon skeletons and host functional groups

43
Q

how many electrons does one atom of carbon share to complete its valence shell?

A

4

44
Q

why are hydrocarbons insoluble in water?

A

the majority of their bonds are nonpolar covalent carbon-to-hydrogen linkages

45
Q

which 2 functional groups are always found in amino acids?

A

carboxyl and amino groups

46
Q

amino acids are acids because they always possess _______ as the functional group?

A

carboxyl

47
Q

organic chemistry is currently defined as

A

the study of carbon compounds

48
Q

The difference between an aldose sugar and a ketose sugar is _________.

A

the position of the carbonyl group

49
Q

what does the term insoluble fiber refer to on food packages?

A

cellulose

50
Q

a molecule with the chemical formula C6H12O6 is probably a _________.

A

monosaccharide

51
Q

in carbohydrates, the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is _______.

A

2:1

52
Q

humans can digest starch but not cellulose because _________.

A

humans have enzymes that can hydrolyze the alpha-glyosidic linkages of starch but not the bets-glyosidic linkages of cellulose

53
Q

cooking oil and gasoline are not amphipathic molecules because they ___________.

A

do not have a polar or charged region

54
Q

the label on a container of margarine lists “hydrogenated vegetable oil” as the major ingredient. hydrogenated vegetable oil ________

A

is solid at room temperature

55
Q

the central rule of molecular biology states that ________.

A

DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is translated into protein

56
Q

one of the primary functions of RNA molecules is to _______.

A

function in the synthesis of proteins

57
Q

if carbon-14 labeled uracil is added to the growth medium of cells, what macromolecules will be labeled?

A

RNA

58
Q

you disrupt all hydrogen bonds in a protein. what level of structure will be preserved?

A

primary structure

59
Q

which domains of life are classified as prokaryotes?

A

bacteria and archaea

60
Q

which structure is common to plant and animal cells?

A

mitochondrion

61
Q

what is the function of the nuclear pore complex found in eukaryotes?

A

it regulated the movement of proteins and RNAs into and out of the nucleus

62
Q

a cell with a predominance of rough endoplasmic reticulum is most likely ________.

A

producing large quantities of proteins for secretion

63
Q

which organelle often takes up much of the volume of a plant cell?

A

central vacuole

64
Q

which organelle is the primary site of ATP synthesis in eukaryotic cells?

A

mitochondrion

65
Q

cyanide binds with at least one molecule involved in producing ATP. if a cell is exposed to cyanide, most of the bound cyanide is likely to be localized within the _______.

A

mitochondria

66
Q

cilia and flagella bend because of __________.

A

a motor protein called dynein

67
Q

cells require which of the following to form cilia or flagella?

A

tubulin

68
Q

what is a primary function of integrins?

A

transmitting signals from the extracellular matrix to the cytoskeleton

69
Q

in plant cells, the middle lamella __________.

A

glues adjacent cells together

70
Q

the liver is involved in detoxification of many poisons and drugs. which of the following structures is primarily involved in this process and, therefore, abundant in liver cells?

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

71
Q

for a protein to be an integral membrane protein, it would have to be _______.

A

amphipathic, with at least one hydrophobic region

72
Q

a phospholipid bilayer with equal amounts of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids displays a specific permeability to glucose. what effect will increasing the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in the bilayer have on the membrane’s permeability to glucose?

A

permeability to glucose will increase

73
Q

the membranes of winter wheat are able to remain fluid when it is extremely cold by ____________.

A

increasing the proportion of unsaturated phospholipids in the membrane

74
Q

an animal cell lacking carbohydrates on the external surface of its plasma membrane would likely be impaired in which function?

A

cell-cell recognition

75
Q

what kinds of molecules pass through a cell membrane most easily?

A

small and hydrophobic

76
Q

when a plant cell, such as one from a tulip leaf, is submerged in a hypertonic solution, what is likely to occur?

A

plasmolysis will shrink the interior of the cell

77
Q

the sodium-potassium pump is called an electrogenic pump because it _________.

A

is used to drive the transport of glucose against a concentration gradient

78
Q

the voltage across a membrane is called the _________.

A

membrane potential

79
Q

diffusion of ions across membranes through specific ion channels is driven by ________.

A

ion electrochemical gradients

80
Q

a decrease in entropy is associated with which type of reaction?

A

dehydration

81
Q

a chemical reaction that has a positive △G is best described as _________.

A

endergonic

82
Q

why do hydrolysis reactions occur more readily in solution than dehydration reactions?

A

hydrolysis reactions are exergonic and increase entropy of the system

83
Q

which of the following molecules is most similar in structure to ATP?

A

an RNA nucleotide

84
Q

when chemical, transport, or mechanical work is done by an organism, what happens to the heat generated?

A

it is lost to the environment

85
Q

how does a noncompetitive inhibitor decrease the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction?

A

by binding to an allosteric site, thus changing the shape of the active site of the enzyme

86
Q

in addition to activating or inhibiting enzymes through allosteric regulation, what other means does a cell use to control enzymatic activity?

A

localization of enzymes into specific organelles or membranes

87
Q

what happens to glucose molecule when it loses a hydrogen atom as the result of an oxidation-reduction reaction?

A

the glucose molecule is oxidized

88
Q

when a molecule of NAD+ gains a hydrogen atom, the molecule becomes ________.

A

reduced

89
Q

the oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is directly involved in which of the following processes or events?

A

accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain

90
Q

in glycolysis, for each molecule of glucose oxidized to pyruvate, __________

A

two molecules of ATP are used, and four molecules of ATP are produced

91
Q

which kind of metabolic poison would most directly interfere with glycolysis?

A

an agent that closely mimics the structure of glucose but is not metabolized

92
Q

which electron carrier(s) function in the citric acid cycle?

A

NADH and FADH2

93
Q

where are the proteins of the electron transport chain located?

A

mitochondrial inner membrane

94
Q

in chemiosmosis, what is the most direct source of energy that is used to convert ADP and inorganic phosphate to ATP?

A

energy released from movement of protons through ATP synthase, down their electrochemical gradient

95
Q

approximately how many molecules of ATP are produced from the complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose in aerobic cellular respiration?

A

30-32

96
Q

why is glycolysis considered to be one of the first metabolic pathways to have evolved?

A

it does not involve organelles or specialized structures, does not require oxygen, and it present in most organisms

97
Q

high levels of citric acid inhibit the enzyme phosphofructokinase, a key enzyme in glycolysis. citric acid binds to the enzyme at a different location from the active site. this is an example of ________.

A

allosteric regulation

98
Q

the immediate energy source that drives ATP synthesis by ATP synthase during oxidative phosphorylation is the ______.

A

H+ concentration gradient across the membrane holding ATP synthase

99
Q

which metabolic pathway is common to both fermentation and cellular respiration of a glucose molecule?

A

glycolysis

100
Q

the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain that functions in aerobic oxidative phosphorylation is _____.

A

oxygen

Bio 1406 (1 decks)

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