Midterm Flashcards
Two techniques that increased stream habitat damage caused by forestry?
Steam, diesel, gas machinery
Three negative consequences from logging on stream habitat?
Increase in sedimentation, altered drainage systems, loss of LWD cause habitat loss and stream simplification, hill slope failures, channelization, loss of fish passage, oligotrophication, thermal stress
At what rate of LWD in streams is lost and how long will the deficient last?
10%, 75-100 years
Two effects of decreased LWD on stream ecology and habitat
loss of refugia in heavy flows for fish, loss of leaf litter recruitment which supplies nutrients in the stream
Two processes that LWD is naturally recruited into steam
High winds, erosion
Two changes in urbanized watersheds that allow contaminated rainwater to low into streams rivers and lakes
Removal of vegetation, impervious surfaces
What are some modifications in urban watersheds to improve conditions?
Galleries, created wetlands, detention ponds, ,swales
What do infiltration galleries, created wetlands, detention ponds, ,swales do to urban watersheds?
Intercept overland and storm drain flows to allow water to slowly seep into ground and back into water courses
What year did the Fish-Forestry Clear-Cut Guidelines come into effect in COASTAL bc
1998
What year did the Fish-Forestry Clear-Cut Guidelines come into effect in INTERIOR bc
1995
What did the Fish-Forestry Clear-Cut Guidelines do?
Prohibited riparian logging to streambank
What is the stream order classification called and how does it work?
Strahler, when two streams meet they go up in number, two headwater streams becoming 2nd order
Meandering streams have a sinuosity of?
Greater than 1.5
What is a stream called when it is no longer degrading or agrading?
A graded stream
What is dynamic equilibrium of a stream?
The ability for a stream to transport all of its water and most / all of its sediment
What are the 4 parameters that adjust when a channel is trying to establish equilibrium?
Slope, depth, width, grain size
Rank following channel types in decreasing order of steepness: riffle pool, cascade pool, step pool
Step pool, cascade pool, riffle pool
What channel type will you have highest abundance and diversity of fish and why?
Riffle pools since it provides diversity of habitat and diversity of velocities through out the stream which provides refugia
Where in the drainage basin are there most often debris flows?
Headwaters
What channel morphology type would you not recommend for LWD restoration and why?
Cascades and step pools because flows are very strong and may shift or move LWD and they don’t naturally occur in those streams
What is lanes equation?
QS = QsD
The 4 H for cause of declining salmon stocks
Habitat, hydropower, over harvest, hatcheries, pollution
Why should we consider restoration of the watershed and what time frame?
River continuum concept, what happens upstream effects downstream. To restore downstream you must look at what is happening above. Short term 20-50 eyars
Two positive outcomes from proper planning for watershed restoration?
Higher likelihood of reaching goals, better use of funs
What does timing refer to in a watershed restoration?
Date, duration, location
The actual time (year, month, week, day, hour) that an activity is proposed
Under WSA, what is defined by as a stream
Natural watercourses, lake, pond, river, creek, glacier
Where are WSA notifications submitted and who reviews them and for how long?
Front Counter BC, Habitat offiers (Biologists), 45 days
(Approvals are to Resource Stweardship Division (Engineers), min of 6 months
What are the three criteria for determining low risk period for fish for instream work?
no eggs, no spawners, no ovr wintering
What does RAPR stand for and what level of government is responsible?
Riparian area protection regulation, provincial
Two examples of changes that require a notification
Habitat enhancement, beaver dam removal
Two examples of changes that require an approval
Culvert installation, redirecting a stream
What is HADD and which government is responsible for it?
Harmful Alteration Disruption and Destruction, DFO
Two activities that you do not need to apply for work in a stream?
Emergency flood control, bridge building
Three zones of a stream bank
Toe, bank, overtop
Three design criteria for bank stabilization
Flood frequency, peak velocities, bank slope, incorportation of habitat features for fish, access areas
Three rock bank stabilization methods and pros and cons of using
-to armour banks or redirect flows
Rock toes keys, groynes, riprap, tie-backs, rock baskets with rock gabions
-expensive, effective, requires regular inspections,
Three vegetative bank stabilization methods and pros and cons of using
- plants or cuttings for bank stabilization
- ground cover, rooted stock, live cuttings, brush mattresses, brush layers
-not good for steep slopes or flashy streams, cost effective, self-maintaining
Things to add to improve habitat when using vegetated methods for bank stabilization
LWD, boulder, root wads
What is the best time of year for planting live cuttings and 1 strategy for successful growth
Plant in fall during dormancy, irrigation, root enhancer, over planting to improve spring planting
Three integrative bank stabilization methods and pros and cons of using
combine rock, timber, soil or plants
-joint planting, vegetated geogrides, live cribwalls, tree revetments, LWD
-best of both worlds
What causes logging roads and hill slopes to fail
Sleep slope above 60%, altered drain patterns, loss of vegetative cover, overloaded side cast fill, increased rain with climate change
Agriculture effects on salmon habitat
Loss of riparian area, increase sedimentation, solar radiation, excessive nutrients, pathogens into stream, increase turbidity, loss of leaf liter input
Streams in their natural condition have…
Dynamic Equilibrium (water and sediment balance), Longitudinal Connectivity (River Continuum Concept), Horizontal connectivity (Flood Pulse Concept)
Sources of Carbon in a stream
Allochthonous (from outside stream, plant and soil materials)
Autochthonous (within stream) algae and particulate organic carbon (POC)
