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Aquatic Midterm > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Two techniques that increased stream habitat damage caused by forestry?

A

Steam, diesel, gas machinery

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2
Q

Three negative consequences from logging on stream habitat?

A

Increase in sedimentation, altered drainage systems, loss of LWD cause habitat loss and stream simplification, hill slope failures, channelization, loss of fish passage, oligotrophication, thermal stress

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3
Q

At what rate of LWD in streams is lost and how long will the deficient last?

A

10%, 75-100 years

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4
Q

Two effects of decreased LWD on stream ecology and habitat

A

loss of refugia in heavy flows for fish, loss of leaf litter recruitment which supplies nutrients in the stream

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5
Q

Two processes that LWD is naturally recruited into steam

A

High winds, erosion

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6
Q

Two changes in urbanized watersheds that allow contaminated rainwater to low into streams rivers and lakes

A

Removal of vegetation, impervious surfaces

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7
Q

What are some modifications in urban watersheds to improve conditions?

A

Galleries, created wetlands, detention ponds, ,swales

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8
Q

What do infiltration galleries, created wetlands, detention ponds, ,swales do to urban watersheds?

A

Intercept overland and storm drain flows to allow water to slowly seep into ground and back into water courses

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9
Q

What year did the Fish-Forestry Clear-Cut Guidelines come into effect in COASTAL bc

A

1998

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10
Q

What year did the Fish-Forestry Clear-Cut Guidelines come into effect in INTERIOR bc

A

1995

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11
Q

What did the Fish-Forestry Clear-Cut Guidelines do?

A

Prohibited riparian logging to streambank

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12
Q

What is the stream order classification called and how does it work?

A

Strahler, when two streams meet they go up in number, two headwater streams becoming 2nd order

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13
Q

Meandering streams have a sinuosity of?

A

Greater than 1.5

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14
Q

What is a stream called when it is no longer degrading or agrading?

A

A graded stream

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15
Q

What is dynamic equilibrium of a stream?

A

The ability for a stream to transport all of its water and most / all of its sediment

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16
Q

What are the 4 parameters that adjust when a channel is trying to establish equilibrium?

A

Slope, depth, width, grain size

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17
Q

Rank following channel types in decreasing order of steepness: riffle pool, cascade pool, step pool

A

Step pool, cascade pool, riffle pool

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18
Q

What channel type will you have highest abundance and diversity of fish and why?

A

Riffle pools since it provides diversity of habitat and diversity of velocities through out the stream which provides refugia

19
Q

Where in the drainage basin are there most often debris flows?

A

Headwaters

20
Q

What channel morphology type would you not recommend for LWD restoration and why?

A

Cascades and step pools because flows are very strong and may shift or move LWD and they don’t naturally occur in those streams

21
Q

What is lanes equation?

A

QS = QsD

22
Q

The 4 H for cause of declining salmon stocks

A

Habitat, hydropower, over harvest, hatcheries, pollution

23
Q

Why should we consider restoration of the watershed and what time frame?

A

River continuum concept, what happens upstream effects downstream. To restore downstream you must look at what is happening above. Short term 20-50 eyars

24
Q

Two positive outcomes from proper planning for watershed restoration?

A

Higher likelihood of reaching goals, better use of funs

25
Q

What does timing refer to in a watershed restoration?

A

Date, duration, location

The actual time (year, month, week, day, hour) that an activity is proposed

26
Q

Under WSA, what is defined by as a stream

A

Natural watercourses, lake, pond, river, creek, glacier

27
Q

Where are WSA notifications submitted and who reviews them and for how long?

A

Front Counter BC, Habitat offiers (Biologists), 45 days

(Approvals are to Resource Stweardship Division (Engineers), min of 6 months

28
Q

What are the three criteria for determining low risk period for fish for instream work?

A

no eggs, no spawners, no ovr wintering

29
Q

What does RAPR stand for and what level of government is responsible?

A

Riparian area protection regulation, provincial

30
Q

Two examples of changes that require a notification

A

Habitat enhancement, beaver dam removal

31
Q

Two examples of changes that require an approval

A

Culvert installation, redirecting a stream

32
Q

What is HADD and which government is responsible for it?

A

Harmful Alteration Disruption and Destruction, DFO

33
Q

Two activities that you do not need to apply for work in a stream?

A

Emergency flood control, bridge building

34
Q

Three zones of a stream bank

A

Toe, bank, overtop

35
Q

Three design criteria for bank stabilization

A

Flood frequency, peak velocities, bank slope, incorportation of habitat features for fish, access areas

36
Q

Three rock bank stabilization methods and pros and cons of using

A

-to armour banks or redirect flows
Rock toes keys, groynes, riprap, tie-backs, rock baskets with rock gabions

-expensive, effective, requires regular inspections,

37
Q

Three vegetative bank stabilization methods and pros and cons of using

A
  • plants or cuttings for bank stabilization
  • ground cover, rooted stock, live cuttings, brush mattresses, brush layers

-not good for steep slopes or flashy streams, cost effective, self-maintaining

38
Q

Things to add to improve habitat when using vegetated methods for bank stabilization

A

LWD, boulder, root wads

39
Q

What is the best time of year for planting live cuttings and 1 strategy for successful growth

A

Plant in fall during dormancy, irrigation, root enhancer, over planting to improve spring planting

40
Q

Three integrative bank stabilization methods and pros and cons of using

A

combine rock, timber, soil or plants
-joint planting, vegetated geogrides, live cribwalls, tree revetments, LWD

-best of both worlds

41
Q

What causes logging roads and hill slopes to fail

A

Sleep slope above 60%, altered drain patterns, loss of vegetative cover, overloaded side cast fill, increased rain with climate change

42
Q

Agriculture effects on salmon habitat

A

Loss of riparian area, increase sedimentation, solar radiation, excessive nutrients, pathogens into stream, increase turbidity, loss of leaf liter input

43
Q

Streams in their natural condition have…

A

Dynamic Equilibrium (water and sediment balance), Longitudinal Connectivity (River Continuum Concept), Horizontal connectivity (Flood Pulse Concept)

44
Q

Sources of Carbon in a stream

A

Allochthonous (from outside stream, plant and soil materials)
Autochthonous (within stream) algae and particulate organic carbon (POC)

Aquatic Midterm (1 decks)

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