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Construction Methods > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Name some basic building materials.

A

steel, concrete, wood, stone, brick

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2
Q

What materials are good in compression?

A

most: concrete, steel, brick, stone

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3
Q

What materials are good in tension?

A

steel

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4
Q

Describe how ancient construction is similar to construction today?

A

used similar materials, engineered, surveyed, similar amounts of labor, had a schedule, selected a suitable site, etc.

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5
Q

Why NYC for high rises?

A

limited land, had electricity, had steam pumps, clean water, elevators safety devices invented

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6
Q

Why building codes?

A

to ensure public safety, protect from unsafe design, protect from unsafe conditions, use of appropriate materials

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7
Q

What’s a building permit?

A

a certification from the city that state you have met conditions of appropriate codes

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8
Q

Types of NYC permits

A

NB (New building), Alteration Type I, Alteration Type II, Alt type III, Public assembly

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9
Q

What are air rights?

A

unused FAR that can be purchased or sold

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10
Q

why do we have to perform tests?

A

prove material is of adequate quality, prove assemblies constructed correctly

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11
Q

Describe differential settlement and uniform settlement

A

differential settlement is when one portion of a building settles more than others (ex. leaning tower of pisa)

uniform settlement is when the whole building settles the same amount

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12
Q

What concerns are associated with uniform settlement?

A

door issues, utility line issues

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13
Q

what concerns are associated with differential settlement?

A

internal stresses, facade cracks, doors and windows in building might be unusable

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14
Q

Name two main building loads and describe them

A

dead load - self weight of materials and permanent loads

live load - temporary loads and forces…people movement, furniture, snow

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15
Q

what is hydrostatic pressure and how does it affect foundations?

A

hydrostatic pressure is the water pressure in soil that presses on foundation and basement walls. it can create uplift or bow basement walls. Can increase dead load to counteract this pressure.

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16
Q

Does foundation affect other structures?

A

yes, loads in foundation impact nearby structures

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17
Q

what is soil bearing capacity?

A

the capacity of a soil to resist a given load

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18
Q

what is a boring and what is it used for?

A

a core sample of soil taken to identify soil types, water location and extract soils for testing

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19
Q

What is a split-spoon?

A

the end of a boring rig that separates to actually extract the soil

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20
Q

Describe a blow count test and state what it indicates.

A

a given weight is dropped a set distance and the number of drops it takes to push a casing into the soil is counted. indicates soil bearing capacity.

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21
Q

what kind of soil tests are performed?

A

sieve analysis, shear, compressive strength, water content, permeability, porosity, etc.

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22
Q

what is the Viele Map?

A

Map developed by Col. Egbert Viele in 1874 showing location of underground springs and poor soil

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23
Q

list basic foundation types

A

spread footing, piles, mat foundation, soil mixing, caisson

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24
Q

what’s a spread footing and why is it used?

A

column that ends at a square or rectangular box at a depth underground. Used because it’s relatively cheap, close to bottom of building, and can have better QC

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25
Q

What’s a pile and why is it used?

A

a steel, wood or concrete pole that is driven into the ground. Resists loads through bearing and friction. needs a pile cap. Used to reach material that may be deep below surface.

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26
Q

why a pile cap?

A

spreads loads over piles

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27
Q

how are piles tested?

A

load test to 2x capacity and settlement monitored

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28
Q

common types of piles

A

timber, h-pile, pipe, concrete, hybrid

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29
Q

mini-piles or micropiles

A

small drilled piles. less vibration, easier to install, can be used in tight spaces

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30
Q

what’s a mat foundation and why is it used?

A

large concrete pad the is the entire building size. loads distributed evenly over mat. can be very thick. Is used where water table is high, seismic loads, many interior columns, or poor soil conditions

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31
Q

whats a caisson?

A

drilled pier in the soil. can be very large. Used if needed to reach very deep materials, can achieve greater bearing area. limited vibrations. top of pile can used to support column

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32
Q

what’s an auger piles?

A

pile that made by drilling with auger then filled with concrete while drill is removed. then reinforcement is dropped in

simple and fast operation, that can reach great depths, but less load capacity

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33
Q

what is underpinning and shoring?

A

method used to protect adjacent structures from failure when constructing a project

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34
Q

what’s a needle beam?

A

a beam that is thread through a building to provide support when under construction

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35
Q

what are soil nails?

A

rods driven into soil to hold back shoring

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36
Q

what is trench support?

A

steel protection dropped into trench to protect working from a cave-in

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37
Q

whats a slurry wall?

A

a continuous retaining wall trench dug with a clam shell digger then filled with slurry, steel and then tied back

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38
Q

What are soldier beams?

A

retaining wall made by driving beams into the ground and filling in the walls with lagging

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39
Q

what are secant piles?

A

Piles drilled or driven close together to form retaining wall

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40
Q

why is waterproofing necessary for foundations?

A

protects structure from water intrusion,

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41
Q

What are some common methods of dewatering?

A

pumps, well point tied to header, coffer dam, slurry wall, soil freezing

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42
Q

what is soil freezing?

A

method to freeze soil so that water does not penetrate excavation

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43
Q

Why are logistics in construction important?

A

Contractor will have limited work zone and staging area, so much though must be given to how a building will be constructed

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44
Q

What’s an external climbing crane?

A

A crane that is attached to the outside of a building

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45
Q

What’s and internal climbing crane?

A

a crane that sits inside the building footprint. must have an opening for this crane

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46
Q

what should be considered when selecting a crane?

A

price, space, design of foundation, location, type of fuel

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47
Q

Describe the process of erecting a crane

A

a foundation is built, then crane pieces are assembled by a portable crane. to increase height, sections are “jumped”

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48
Q

what is a construction elevator called?

A

hoist

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49
Q

what are stand-pipes and where are they typically located?

A

a stand-pipe is a water hookup for firs and typically located close to hoist

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50
Q

List some impacts of a poor safety record

A

can get sued, workers comp and insurance can go up

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51
Q

name parts of steel beam

A

web and flange

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52
Q

what does the “230” is 12WF230 mean?

A

the beam is 230 lbs/ft

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53
Q

list some common steel shapes

A

beam, T, angle, channel

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54
Q

describe a long span joist

A

a small truss made up of smaller steel members

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55
Q

why use a truss?

A

truss can carry higher loads, but has great depth

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56
Q

what’s a tag line (for steel)

A

a rope used to help with orientation of the members

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57
Q

List the four steel erection gangs and their responsibilities.

A
  1. Raising Gang - sets the initial steel
  2. Bolting gang - temporarily connects steel… uses “spud” wrenches
  3. plumbing gang - makes sure steel is aligned and plumb
  4. finishing gang - bolts and tightens steel
58
Q

what’s a turnbuckle and how is it used?

A

a device that tightens steel cables. used for plumbing

59
Q

what is a steel baseplate?

A

a steel plate at the bottom of a column to distribute axial load bearing on concrete below

60
Q

what’s a rivet and describe process

A

a permanent fastener that involves the deformation of a heated head to secure members

61
Q

what is used to connect two pieces of continuous steel

A

a splice

62
Q

what’s a cope?

A

material removed from steel to allow members to fit together

63
Q

what are two main weld types?

A

fillet and groove

64
Q

what are some common field tests for welding?

A

dye penetration, x-ray, ultrasound

65
Q

what’s a camber?

A

a bend put into steel so that it will be level when loaded

66
Q

what’s a shear stud?

A

a stud used to connect steel and concrete to create a composite member

67
Q

is steel good under fire?

A

not really

68
Q

list steel fireproofing methods

A

spray on monocoat
intumescent paint - paint that expands to protect steel when heated
drywall

69
Q

why are columns installed in two story lengths

A

less fabrication, less connections, easier to plumb, larger columns would be more difficult

70
Q

what is concrete composed of?

A

cement, sand, water, aggregate

71
Q

what is well graded soil?

A

good range of soil sized and voids are filled

72
Q

what is poorly graded soil?

A

soil mostly one size and has voids

73
Q

what is gap graded soil?

A

soil sizes are large and small with none in the middle range

74
Q

list some common concrete admixtures

A

air entraining - increases workability and helps with freeze-thaw
vibrating - self vibrates the concrete
corrosion inhibitor - helps reduce corrosion on reinforcing steel
accelerators - speeds curing time
retarders - slows curing times
pigment - adds color

75
Q

how does temperature effect concrete curing?

A

cold temperatures slow curing and and stop it if cold enough. Loses strength with drop in temps

hot temps could cause flash setting and develop cracks

76
Q

list the steps i a concrete pour cycle

A
  1. install shoring
  2. check elevation of formwork
  3. place formwork
  4. place chairs and reinforcement
  5. concrete ready to be placed
  6. start pour
  7. constantly check temps
  8. testing
  9. vibrate concrete to consolidate
  10. finish concrete
  11. cure
77
Q

What’s a tie bar (for concrete)?

A

a bar used to hold formwork together

78
Q

what is shoring?

A

supports used to hold up concrete deck that is under construction

79
Q

what is slip forming and what is it typically used for in buildings?

A

slip forming is a continuous concrete pour in which the form moves as concrete cures. only used for core

80
Q

what’s a tremie?

A

a funnel that allows concrete to be placed deeper in formwork so aggregate doesn’t separate from concrete “matrix”

81
Q

list concrete placement methods

A

buggy, pumping, bucket and crane,

82
Q

why does concrete need to be finished?

A

to make it smooth, increase density, and keep aggregate below surface

83
Q

how is concrete finished?

A

by using floats and trowels

84
Q

why is rebar used?

A

because concrete is bad in tension

85
Q

what do the bar numbers indicate

A

diameter of the bar in eights of inches (ex. #4 bar is 4/8 in diameter)

86
Q

what is a chair and why is it used?

A

small steel wire that lifts rebar off ground. used to create clear cover for rebar

87
Q

what is welded wire mesh?

A

steel mesh used in smaller concrete pours for thermal stresses and cracking

88
Q

what is used in concrete to resist shear loads?

A

stirrups

89
Q

list types of concrete slabs

A

one-way - bends only in one direction
two-way - bends in two directions
flat plate - supported by columns
flat plate waffle

90
Q

describe prestressed concrete

A

concrete is poured around strands in compression. once cured, strands are cut and put a compressive force on concrete

91
Q

list advantages of prestressed

A

made in a lab, can be used for longer spans, can use less material

92
Q

list some concrete tests

A 
cylinders (not a test, but on slides)
slump
air content
temperature
weight
compressive strength
travel time
93
Q

what can happen to concrete if too much air?

A

concrete can “honeycomb”

can reduce strength

94
Q

what’s the max concrete travel time?

A

90 mins

95
Q

what’s used to protect sewer system when washing out?

A

bales of hay

96
Q

whats the primary objective during concrete curing?

A

to keep water in the concrete for as long as possible

97
Q

what are some methods to increase water retention during concrete curing?

A

wetting down, using a curing compound, wet straw, wet burlap, plastic sheets

98
Q

where was largest concrete pour performed?

A

Wilshire grand hotel, had to control heat

99
Q

list some advantages of concrete

A

materials are readily available, fireproof, good blast protection, noise reduction, can create any shape

100
Q

list some disadvantages of concrete

A

heavy dead load, can crack, labor intensive, greater testing requirements, requires steel, impacted by weather, needs time to cure

101
Q

name some disadvantages of steel

A

requires fireproofing, needs components to hide structure

102
Q

what’s a vapor barrier and why is it used?

A

barrier below roof that stops water vapor from getting into insulation and reduces vapor pressure. Used where condensation occurs below (cooking, mechanical room)

103
Q

what considerations do you need to take into account when choosing a roof type?

A

must work with weather conditions, roof must be designed for loads, roof must meet factory standards for uplift

104
Q

Name the 4 low slope roof types

A

built-up, single-ply, sprayed polyurethane foam, fluid applied

105
Q

describe single ply roof

A

a single sheet of elastomer rolled onto roof

106
Q

list some advantages of single ply

A

can be applied over existing roof, easy to handle, material is warranty backed

107
Q

list some disadvantages of single ply

A

sealing of joints is key to success, no backup if punctured, requires ballast, if mechanically fastened stress may occur

108
Q

describe built up roof

A

roof membrane built up from may different layers of material and several plys of asphalt soaked felt.

109
Q

list some advantages of built-up roof

A

used successfully for many years, inexpensive, had many layers of protection

110
Q

list some disadvantages of built-up

A

labor intensive, quality control issues, uv rays impact material, potential fire hazard, ponding can cause damage to plys

111
Q

list advantages of spray on roof

A

can be applied over existing roof, good insulator, easy to flash, very light

112
Q

list disadvantages of spray on roof

A

QC of material is critical, difficult to slope, problems with overspray, surface is rough

113
Q

describe fluid applied roof

A

“painted on”

114
Q

what’s an inverted roof?

A

insulation is above membrane

115
Q

advantages of green roofs

A

reduces rain water, adds mass to the roof to reduce heat/cold transfer, increases life of membrane

116
Q

disadvantage of green roof

A

adds weight to roof, difficult to repair, increased cost for vegetation

117
Q

list common pitched roof types

A

terra-cotta, asphalt, metla

118
Q

what is roof ballast?

A

stones on roof to hold membrane in place

119
Q

what are some problems with roof ballast?

A

can puncture membrane, can blow off of roof

120
Q

what’s an alternative to stone ballast?

A

ballast pavers

121
Q

why is roof drainage required?

A

so water doesn’t pool, water can freeze

122
Q

how to drain from roof?

A

sloped structure, scuppers, sloped insulation, scuppers, drains

123
Q

what is flashing?

A

a cover at seams or penetrations to prevent water intrusion

124
Q

list some things to look for in a roof inspection

A

no ponding, proper slope, flashing, no openings, no vegetation, no allegating, no “fish mouths”, no wet insulation, no overloaded areas

125
Q

what is allegating and what does it indicate?

A

the roof membrane looks scaly, indicates membrane is drying out

126
Q

what’s a cant strip?

A

an 45 degree angle at the comers so water doesn’t pool and less stress on membrane

127
Q

what must an exterior wall be designed for?

A

wind loads, the dead load of it’s own material, joints, anchorage

128
Q

what is local law 11/38?

A

facade must be inspected every 5 years

129
Q

what is aluminum frame for curtain wall called?

A

a mullion

130
Q

what is a setting block?

A

a rubber piece to distributive weight of glass in mullion

131
Q

what’s a spandrel panel of glass?

A

glass that covers the floors, not in occupied space

132
Q

what is a vision panel of glass?

A

glass over the occupied floor, what people actually look out of

133
Q

list some types of glass

A

tempered - very strong glass, breaks into granules
laminated - glass sand sandwiches a plastic sheet
tinted - reduces the amount of transmitted light
insulated - double and triple pane
annealed - standard glass

134
Q

what are two common curtain wall systems?

A

stick and modular;
stick - horizontal and veritical mullions with glass installed in the field
modular - full pre-assembled units installed in sections

135
Q

how is a curtain wall supported?

A

with anchors attached to building floors

136
Q

why are thermal breaks installed in mullions?

A

to reduce thermal bridging

137
Q

list some items that are tested on curtain walls

A

air infiltration, water intrusion, expansion and contraction

structural integrity, impact testing, constructability

138
Q

list types of window cleaning rigs?

A

boom, carriage, portable davit, bosun chair

139
Q

What does BTU stand for and what is it?

A

British Thermal Unit; a measurement used to describe heat gain/loss

140
Q

What is the historical meaning of BTU?

A

amount of heat required to raise one pound of water 1 deg F

Construction Methods (2 decks)

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