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Policy > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

_______ is the process of Synthesis, dissemination, exchange, and ethically sound application of knowledge to improve health.

A

Knowledge Translation

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2
Q

________ is the ideas and beliefs towards a normative vision. Politically, speaking this is ideas and beliefs about how society should work.

A

Ideology

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3
Q

_________ are a set of rules or guidelines and procedures. These can also be structures that help govern behavior.

A

Institutions

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4
Q

People have the right to make their own choices based on views and beliefs is _______

A

Autonomy

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5
Q

Interventions of any good to every single person taking part is ____________

A

Beneficence

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6
Q

_________- is doing no harm, whether intentionally or unintentionally.

A

Nonmaleficence

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7
Q

_________ is treating others equitably and with fairness- no discrimination/ exclusion.

A

Justice

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8
Q

____ _____ are unified by political philosophy and they translate that philosophy into policy ideas.

A

Political parties

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9
Q

________ favors government intervention as necessary promotes equity and considers health care a human right.

A

Liberalism

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10
Q

____________favor minimal government intervention, protecting individual freedoms.

A

Conservatives

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11
Q

Conservatives consider Health Care a _________.

A

commodity

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12
Q

Liberals consider health care a _______.

A

right.

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13
Q

Explain the Public Health Political Divide

A

Public Health is evidenced based while Politics is based on ideology. This is a challenge because political systems are a vehicle for change

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14
Q

what are the political foundations?

A

ideology, institutions, and political economy.

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15
Q

What are the ethical foundations?

A

Autonomy, justice, nonmaleficence, benificence

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16
Q

______ _____ is made up of the Senate and the House of Representatives and they make laws.

A

Legislative branch

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17
Q

_____ _______ is made up of the President, Vice President, and the Cabinet. This branch carries our laws.

A

Executive Branch

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18
Q

_____ _____ is made up of the Supreme Court and lower Federal Courts. This branch interprets laws.

A

Judical Branch

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19
Q

A _____ _____ also called a form of Direct Democracy. These initiatives amend the state constitution (Initiated amendment), it can amend the state statute (initiated statute). Veto Referendum (uphold or repeal a law). Statute affirmation denies amending without voters.

A

Ballot measure

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20
Q

____ _____ includes various factors _____ (ideas and beliefs), ______(partnerships/ Compromise),_____ (Cost and benefit), _____ (health risks), and _____ (customs)

A

Agenda Setting, Ideological, political, economic, social, cultural

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21
Q

_____ _____includes all of the issues that deserve attention by society.

A

Systemic Agenda

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22
Q

____ _____includes all of the policy action items for adoption and implementation.

A

institutional agedna

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23
Q

During the _____ _____, process policy makers will define the issue and discuss the actions that are need. They will also discuss The Political, Institutional, and technical constraints.

A

Policy Formulation

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24
Q

Party loyalty, bargaining, and compromise are all factors that leads up to a _____ _____.

A

Policy Adoption

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25
Q

_______occurs when a higher level of government limits the authority of lower levels of government.

A

Preemption

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26
Q

What are some of the constraints on preemption? ???

A
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27
Q

As it relates to preemption explain the importance of local control. ?????

A
28
Q

The process of legal action or, ______, is used by stakeholders to force or alter policies. This action can also force ______ regulation

A

litigation; indirect

29
Q

Explain the policy cycle

A

Agenda Setting > Policy Formulation > Policy Adoption> Policy Implementation > Evaluation

30
Q

How is an executive order made and what is the purpose? What are a few examples of Executive Agencies and where do they fit in the policy cycle?

A
31
Q

How do Executive branches regulate?

A
32
Q

Example judicial review as it relates to litigation and the development of health policies.

A
33
Q

Whats is the difference between legislation and regulation?

A

Laws and rules are made by the legislative branch/ rules enforced by the executive branch.

34
Q

in public health policy, the government getting involved to establish a law that guides and alters behavior to support the common good is also known as ____ ____

A

Public Good

35
Q

In public health policy, we have to consider when a public policy intervenes on our rights and denies a particular behavior. If a policy does this it could be considered to by policies could be __ ___ _____ ___ _____ ____ ____ _____.

A

be an infringement of Individual Freedom or Liberty.

36
Q

A Good health policy is one that ______ a future vision with goals and targets, it outlines priorities and ______, and informs people and _______.

A

defines a future vision with goals and targets, it outlines priorities and expected roles, and informs people and builds consensus.

37
Q

______ _______ are interventions that are made at the population, these types of policies would increase the population impact of a policy. When we look at these interventions when will look at SDOH, and other socioeconomic factors.

A

Upstream interventions

38
Q

When looking at an “intervention pyramid” the interventions at the top include counseling, education, and clinical intervention that support the individual dealing with a health issue. These are called _____ ______ (the primary focus is at the individual level)

A

Downstream interventions

39
Q

-Executive orders????

A
40
Q

A policy that is taking the _____ _______ is one that affects everyone one no matter who you are. The idea behind this policy is that these “lift all boats”.

A

population approach

41
Q

what are some of the problems with a population approach to health policy?

A

The Policy has the same effect on everyone- but because not everyone starts from the same position , the policy can tend the benefit the people who are already better off. This is why an one size fits all approach doesn’t impact everyone equally.

42
Q

A ____ _____; focusing on a certain group that has worse health outcomes or disparities. Which groups are going to be disproportionally harmed by an sociality issue? If we know the problem is affecting this group then we need to target our intervention to them.

A

Targeted Approach

43
Q

____ _____ _____is a tool that helps to make the determination of the kind of policy to use. This helps to guide decision-making through a systematic approach. .

A

Health Impact Assessment

44
Q

Explain the steps in the Health Impact Assessment Process?

A

Screening- do we even need this intervention?
Scoping- what are the health impacts that this policy should consider? Are we looking at an upstream or downstream intervention? Are we looking to target a specific population?
Assessment- how are we going to assess the the current status of the health issue and how are we going to be able to measure the impacts or affects of the policy?
Recommendation- what are some of the options to deal with the problem?
Reporting – documentation and information sharing about the implementation of the policy, and its impacts.
Monitoring & Evaluation – how we measure impact of the policy.

45
Q

what are some of the things a Health Equity Impact focuses on?

A

focuses on communities at greater risk,
increases access to quality healthcare,
increases workforce to address disparities,
support research to identify effective strategies to eliminate disparities.
How do you standardized things so you can better collect data and identify and address disparities

46
Q

If you are looking at a risk factor that is biologically and behaviorally determined you should use a ______ or _____tream approach.

A

targted, down

47
Q

If you are looking at risk factors that are socially determined, you should take a ______ or ____stream approach.

A

population, up

48
Q

A ____ is a broad statement to improve health/ wellbeing- these have long term benefits. – we measure this looking at the outcome evaluation.

A

goal

49
Q

an ____ is a statement on how a goal will be achieved. These have short or medium-term impacts. and they are measured by impact evaluations

A

objectives

50
Q

______ specificity actions that are taken to reach the objectives. Short term results; measured by the process evaluation

A

Strategies

51
Q

provide an example of a goal, objective and strategy

A

We have the goal of being the healthiest country by 2030. To achieve this we will reduce smoking prevalence to less than 5%. (if we have less people smoking we will be heailther. A strategy meet this objective will be increasing tobacco tax.

52
Q

Explain the SMART technique

A

Specific ; indicates a clear action on a determinant, population group and setting.
Measurable ; it includes features that will help you tell whether it has succeeded.
Attainable ; it can be realistically achieved on time and within the available resources
Relevant: does the intervention or policy address the actual problem.
Time Bound : it indicates a timeframe for action

53
Q

provide an example of a SMART objective

A

the proposed program will reduce self reported elder hunger in the Reno/Sparks community by 5% before 2050

54
Q

explain how health policy is different from other policy areas

A

Poor funding and resource allocation impacts public health, necessary and prerequisite for advocacy work, extent rhetoric is supported by practice. With in these areas we also have the medical profession that provides the science that can help push policy forward, there are free market modifications to the health system, the biggest way health policies is different is the decision are life and death.

55
Q

Explain the 8 fold path

A

Define the problem – what is wrong with the status quo? What needs to change and way?
Assemble evidence – what information do you need to understand the problem better? How do you know what’s “good” evidence? (avoid popular press, sources that have been redacted, beware of the funder, look for systematic reviews)
Construct alternatives – what are the various policy options, what are the alternatives strategies/ courses of action that can mitigate the problem?
Select evaluation criterion – Analytic Criteria (just the facts); Evaluate Criteria (Value Judgments)
Project the outcomes – what are the expected outcomes? What may some of the unintended outcomes be?
Confirm the tradeoff what are the trade offs? What are the trade offs between cost and benefits of goods and services?
Decide on the policy – are there any second thoughts before deciding? What areas are worth reviewing before you decide to proceed?
Tell the story. – what is your approach to tell your outcome? How can you make the most

56
Q

what is a stakeholder

A

people or groups involved or affected by government actions. They have a vested interest in policy being discussed and they can support or oppose the policies.

57
Q

what is a network

A

are communities linked by a common interest or activity.

58
Q

what is a coalition

A

are broad groups that have a shared goal or target. Various networks can form a coalition

59
Q

_____ ______ is the process of systematically determining the interests that are involved in the policy being proposed. This type of analysis occurs in the policy development and implementation stage of policy. This analysis is done with interrogative questions,

A

Stakeholder Analysis

60
Q

what kinds of issues do are “low politics”

A

mainly sectoral

61
Q

what kinds of issues are “High politics”

A

those that have long term objectives ?

62
Q

coining money, regulating interstate commerce, regulating the mail, declaring war and establishing inferior courts are all powers exclusively held by

A

Federal Government

63
Q

Taxation, Lawmaking and enforcemement, chartering banks, establishing courts, borrowing money are all consider what kind of powers?

A

concurrent powers (held by federal and state)

64
Q

Conducting election, providing for public safety, maintaing militias are all powers held by

A

the state

65
Q

Explain why local control in policy is important

A

local democracy is more responsive to people’s needs and generally, communities can protect their own health.

66
Q

which level of government is generally more innovative?

A

local.

67
Q

Provide an example of an executive agency? where do they fit in the policy cycle?

A

EA’s are non political bodies that carry out laws. They are the implementation phase of the policy cycle.

Policy (2 decks)

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