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Anatomy and Physiology of Speech Mechanisms > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

anatomy definition

A

study of the body structures and their relation

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2
Q

physiology definition

A

the study of how the body works and each parts function

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3
Q

11 systems in the body

A

urinary, reproductive, integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, circulatory, endocrine, lymphatic, digestive, respiratory

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4
Q

axial region

A

head, vertebral column, trunk

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5
Q

appendicular region

A

upper limbs and lower limbs

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6
Q

anterior/ventral

A

towards the front/stomach

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7
Q

posterior/dorsal

A

towards the back

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8
Q

superior/cephalic/cranial

A

above, on top of, towards the head

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9
Q

inferior/caudal

A

below, towards the tail

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10
Q

lateral

A

further form the midline

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11
Q

medial

A

nearer to the midline

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12
Q

proximal

A

closer to the point of origin

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13
Q

distal

A

further from the point of origin

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14
Q

3 planes of reference

A

sagittal/median, coronal/frontal, and transverse/axial

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15
Q

sagittal/median

A

left and right

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16
Q

coronal/frontal

A

front and back

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17
Q

transverse/axial

A

top and bottom

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18
Q

dorsal cavity

A

cranial and vertebral

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19
Q

ventral cavity

A

thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic

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20
Q

thoracic

A

heart and lungs

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21
Q

abdominal

A

digestive organs

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22
Q

pelvic

A

urinary, rectum, and reproductive

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23
Q

flexion

A

bending/increasing tension

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24
Q

extension

A

bending/increasing angle

posterior movement

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25
Q

abduction

A

moving away from midline

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26
Q

adduction

A

moving toward midline

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27
Q

protraction

A

moving jaw anteriorly

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28
Q

retraction

A

moving jaw posteriorly

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29
Q

elevation

A

raising movement

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30
Q

depression

A

lowering movement

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31
Q

circumduction

A

circular movement

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32
Q

four basic tissue types

A

epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

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33
Q

epithelial tissue

A

lines the surfaces and cavities of organs

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34
Q

connective tissue

A

supports, connects, or separates different types of tissues and organs of the body

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35
Q

muscular tissue

A

stabilizes body position, produces motion, moves substances within the body

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36
Q

3 types of muscular tissue

A

skeletal, smooth, and cardiac

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37
Q

nervous tissue

A

tissue of the nervous system like brain, spinal cord, and nerves; also processes and transmits information

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38
Q

two main types of nervous tissue

A

neurons use electrical impulses and chemical signals to transmit information and neuroglia provide physical support, remove debris, and provide electrical insulation

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39
Q

upper respiratory tract

A

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx

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40
Q

lower respiratory tract

A

pulmonary airways: trachea, bronchi, lungs (3 right lobes, 2 left lobes)

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41
Q

conducting portions of the respiratory system

A

nasal/oral cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

42
Q

where do the primary bronchi enter

A

the hilum for the lungs

43
Q

bronchial tree and lungs

A

primary bronchi, secondary bronchi (lobar), and tertiary bronchi

44
Q

main site for exchange of O2 and CO2 between inspired air and blood

A

alveoli

45
Q

vertebrae count

A 
7 cervical vertebrae
12 thoracic vertebrae
5 lumbar vertebrae
5 sacral vertebrae
3-4 coccygeal vertebrae
46
Q

anterior rib cage

A

sternum - manubrium, body/corpus, and xiphoid process

47
Q

posterior rib cage

A

vertebral column

48
Q

how many pairs of ribs

A

12 - 1-7 are true ribs, 8-10 are false ribs, and 11 and 12 are floating ribs

49
Q

pelvic girdle

A

(ilium, ischium, and pubis) hip bones, sacrum, coccyx

50
Q

passive process of breathing

A

natural recoil of tissue, surface tension of alveoli, and gravity

51
Q

active process of breathing

A

requires muscle contraction; inhalation is always an active process, but exhalation can be passive

52
Q

primary muscle of inhalation

A

diaphragm

53
Q

four parts of the diaphragm

A

central tendon, sternal part (2 small slips of muscle), costal part (left and right parts of the dome), lumbar part (posterior aspect)

54
Q

diaphragm

A

origin - sternal part, xiphoid process: posterior surface; costal part, left and right parts of the dome; lumbar part, posterior aspect
insertion - central tendon
innervation - phrenic nerve (c3-5)
action nerve - increasing intra-thoracic volume for inspiration and increasing intra-abdominal pressure for evacuation of abdominal contents

55
Q

external intercostal muscles

A

origin - ribs 1-11 inferior borders
insertion - spinal nerves (intercostal nerves)
innervation - spinal nerves (intercostal nerves)
action - elevation of ribs and sternum

56
Q

muscles of the rib cage wall

A

external intercostal, internal intercostal, sternodeidomasoid, scalenus, pectoralis minor, pectoralis major, subclavius, serratus anterior, transversus thoracis, latissimus dorsi, settatus posterior superior, serratus posterior inferior, lateral iliocostalis cervicis, lateral iliocostalis thoracis, lateral iliocostalis lumborum, levatores costarum, quadratus lumbarum, subcostal

57
Q

forced breathing

A

accessory muscles pull down the ribs, abdominal muscles pull down the ribs and push in the abdominal contents and diaphragm

58
Q

internal intercostal muscle

A

origin - ribs and costal cartilages 1-11: inferior borders
insertion - ribs 2-12: superior borders
innervation - spinal nerves (intercostal nerves)
action - pulls down the rib immediately above it; most active during expiration

59
Q

6 types of connective tissue

A

bone, cartilage, fibrous/dense connective tissue, loose connective tissue, adipose/fat tissue, and blood

60
Q

bone

A

supports and protects the body and its organs, produces various blood cells, stores minerals, and provides support for mobility in conjugation with muscles

61
Q

red blood marrow

A

blood stem cells turn into blood cells, white blood cellsm and platelets

62
Q

yellow bone marrow

A

fat

63
Q

long bone

A

a long shaft, cylindrical in cross section; femur

64
Q

short bone

A

equal in length and width; carpal and tarsal bones

65
Q

flat bone

A

smooth and thin; sternum, scapula, parietal bone, occipital bone, temporal bone, and frontal bone

66
Q

sesamoid bone

A

form within the tendons of some muscles; patella and accessory bones in the foot

67
Q

irregular bone

A

elaborate in shape and thus cannot be classified into any other category; sphenoid bone, ethmoid bone, hyoid bone

68
Q

adipose tissue

A

provides structural and mutable support, provides a cushion, stores energy, insulates the body, and fills up space between organs and tissues

69
Q

origin

A

the stationary bone muscle attatchment

70
Q

insertion

A

the moveable bone muscle attachment

71
Q

belly

A

the portion of the muscle between origin and insertion

72
Q

agonist

A

the muscle that causes the desired action aka the prime mover

73
Q

antagonist

A

the muscle that causes opposing action to the agonist

74
Q

synergist

A

stablizes movements

75
Q

fixators

A

stabilize the origin of the agonist

76
Q

deltoid

A

shaped like a triangle

77
Q

orbicularis

A

orbit, circular muscle

78
Q

major

A

large or upper

79
Q

minor

A

lower or small

80
Q

vastus

A

large

81
Q

dorsi/dorsal

A

back

82
Q

intra

A

lower

83
Q

supra

A

upper

84
Q

longis

A

long

85
Q

brevis

A

short

86
Q

medialis

A

medial

87
Q

lateralis

A

lateral

88
Q

five muscle characteristics

A

excitablity - ability to respond to stimulus
conductivity - ability ot propogate an action potential
contractility - ability ot shorten and thicken (contract) in response to action potentials
extensibility - ability to stretch without being damaged
elasticity - ability ot return to its original shape after extension or contraction

89
Q

skeletal muscle

A

attached primarily to bones, skin, other muscles, or deep fascia

90
Q

smooth muscle

A

located in the walls of the hollow internal structures; involuntary non-striated

91
Q

cardiac muscle

A

pacemaker system; involuntary striated

92
Q

efferent

A

motor system

93
Q

afferent

A

sensory system

94
Q

general senses

A

touch, nociception (pain), proprioception, temperature, vibration, and pressure

95
Q

special senses

A

taste, smell, sight, hearing, balance

96
Q

serratus posterior interior muscles

A

origin - T11-L2/L3: spinous processes
insertion - ribs 9-12: inferior borders
innervation: spinal nerve (T9-12)
action - downward pull on hte lower 4 ribs

97
Q

subcostal muscle

A

origin - internal posterior aspects of a rib
insertion - internal aspects of ribs 2 and 3 levels below
innervation - spinal nerves (intercostal nerves)
action - pulls down the ribs into which they are inserted

98
Q

muscles of the abdominal wall

A

rectus abdominus, external oblique, internal oblique, transversus oblique

99
Q

rectus abdominis

A

origin - hip bone (pelvis): pubis and pubic symphysis
insertion - xiphoid process: costal cartilages 5-7
innervation - spinal nerves T6-12
action - assists in pulling down on the ribs during forced expiration, flexes the vertebral column

100
Q

external oblique

A

origin - ribs 5-11: outer surfaces, and hip bone: iliac crest
insertion - hip bone: anterior superior iliac spine and iliac crest, and linea albea
innervation - spinal nerves T6-12
action - pulls the lower ribs downward and pull sin the abdominal wall

101
Q

internal oblique muscles

A

origin - upper surface of the coxal bone and iliac crest, inguinal ligament: lateral 2/3, lumbodorsal fascia
insertion - cartilages of ribs 9-12, xiphoid process, linea alba, hip bone: pubic crest and pectineal line
innervation - spinal nerves T6-L1
action - supports abdominal wall, aids raising intra-abdominal pressure, abducts and rotates trunck with muscles of other side

Anatomy and Physiology of Speech Mechanisms (1 decks)

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