Midterm Flashcards
anatomy definition
study of the body structures and their relation
physiology definition
the study of how the body works and each parts function
11 systems in the body
urinary, reproductive, integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, circulatory, endocrine, lymphatic, digestive, respiratory
axial region
head, vertebral column, trunk
appendicular region
upper limbs and lower limbs
anterior/ventral
towards the front/stomach
posterior/dorsal
towards the back
superior/cephalic/cranial
above, on top of, towards the head
inferior/caudal
below, towards the tail
lateral
further form the midline
medial
nearer to the midline
proximal
closer to the point of origin
distal
further from the point of origin
3 planes of reference
sagittal/median, coronal/frontal, and transverse/axial
sagittal/median
left and right
coronal/frontal
front and back
transverse/axial
top and bottom
dorsal cavity
cranial and vertebral
ventral cavity
thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic
thoracic
heart and lungs
abdominal
digestive organs
pelvic
urinary, rectum, and reproductive
flexion
bending/increasing tension
extension
bending/increasing angle
posterior movement
abduction
moving away from midline
adduction
moving toward midline
protraction
moving jaw anteriorly
retraction
moving jaw posteriorly
elevation
raising movement
depression
lowering movement
circumduction
circular movement
four basic tissue types
epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
epithelial tissue
lines the surfaces and cavities of organs
connective tissue
supports, connects, or separates different types of tissues and organs of the body
muscular tissue
stabilizes body position, produces motion, moves substances within the body
3 types of muscular tissue
skeletal, smooth, and cardiac
nervous tissue
tissue of the nervous system like brain, spinal cord, and nerves; also processes and transmits information
two main types of nervous tissue
neurons use electrical impulses and chemical signals to transmit information and neuroglia provide physical support, remove debris, and provide electrical insulation
upper respiratory tract
nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx
lower respiratory tract
pulmonary airways: trachea, bronchi, lungs (3 right lobes, 2 left lobes)
conducting portions of the respiratory system
nasal/oral cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles
where do the primary bronchi enter
the hilum for the lungs
bronchial tree and lungs
primary bronchi, secondary bronchi (lobar), and tertiary bronchi
main site for exchange of O2 and CO2 between inspired air and blood
alveoli
vertebrae count
7 cervical vertebrae 12 thoracic vertebrae 5 lumbar vertebrae 5 sacral vertebrae 3-4 coccygeal vertebrae
anterior rib cage
sternum - manubrium, body/corpus, and xiphoid process
posterior rib cage
vertebral column
how many pairs of ribs
12 - 1-7 are true ribs, 8-10 are false ribs, and 11 and 12 are floating ribs
pelvic girdle
(ilium, ischium, and pubis) hip bones, sacrum, coccyx
passive process of breathing
natural recoil of tissue, surface tension of alveoli, and gravity
active process of breathing
requires muscle contraction; inhalation is always an active process, but exhalation can be passive
primary muscle of inhalation
diaphragm
four parts of the diaphragm
central tendon, sternal part (2 small slips of muscle), costal part (left and right parts of the dome), lumbar part (posterior aspect)
diaphragm
origin - sternal part, xiphoid process: posterior surface; costal part, left and right parts of the dome; lumbar part, posterior aspect
insertion - central tendon
innervation - phrenic nerve (c3-5)
action nerve - increasing intra-thoracic volume for inspiration and increasing intra-abdominal pressure for evacuation of abdominal contents
external intercostal muscles
origin - ribs 1-11 inferior borders
insertion - spinal nerves (intercostal nerves)
innervation - spinal nerves (intercostal nerves)
action - elevation of ribs and sternum
muscles of the rib cage wall
external intercostal, internal intercostal, sternodeidomasoid, scalenus, pectoralis minor, pectoralis major, subclavius, serratus anterior, transversus thoracis, latissimus dorsi, settatus posterior superior, serratus posterior inferior, lateral iliocostalis cervicis, lateral iliocostalis thoracis, lateral iliocostalis lumborum, levatores costarum, quadratus lumbarum, subcostal
forced breathing
accessory muscles pull down the ribs, abdominal muscles pull down the ribs and push in the abdominal contents and diaphragm
internal intercostal muscle
origin - ribs and costal cartilages 1-11: inferior borders
insertion - ribs 2-12: superior borders
innervation - spinal nerves (intercostal nerves)
action - pulls down the rib immediately above it; most active during expiration
6 types of connective tissue
bone, cartilage, fibrous/dense connective tissue, loose connective tissue, adipose/fat tissue, and blood
bone
supports and protects the body and its organs, produces various blood cells, stores minerals, and provides support for mobility in conjugation with muscles
red blood marrow
blood stem cells turn into blood cells, white blood cellsm and platelets
yellow bone marrow
fat
long bone
a long shaft, cylindrical in cross section; femur
short bone
equal in length and width; carpal and tarsal bones
flat bone
smooth and thin; sternum, scapula, parietal bone, occipital bone, temporal bone, and frontal bone
sesamoid bone
form within the tendons of some muscles; patella and accessory bones in the foot
irregular bone
elaborate in shape and thus cannot be classified into any other category; sphenoid bone, ethmoid bone, hyoid bone
adipose tissue
provides structural and mutable support, provides a cushion, stores energy, insulates the body, and fills up space between organs and tissues
origin
the stationary bone muscle attatchment
insertion
the moveable bone muscle attachment
belly
the portion of the muscle between origin and insertion
agonist
the muscle that causes the desired action aka the prime mover
antagonist
the muscle that causes opposing action to the agonist
synergist
stablizes movements
fixators
stabilize the origin of the agonist
deltoid
shaped like a triangle
orbicularis
orbit, circular muscle
major
large or upper
minor
lower or small
vastus
large
dorsi/dorsal
back
intra
lower
supra
upper
longis
long
brevis
short
medialis
medial
lateralis
lateral
five muscle characteristics
excitablity - ability to respond to stimulus
conductivity - ability ot propogate an action potential
contractility - ability ot shorten and thicken (contract) in response to action potentials
extensibility - ability to stretch without being damaged
elasticity - ability ot return to its original shape after extension or contraction
skeletal muscle
attached primarily to bones, skin, other muscles, or deep fascia
smooth muscle
located in the walls of the hollow internal structures; involuntary non-striated
cardiac muscle
pacemaker system; involuntary striated
efferent
motor system
afferent
sensory system
general senses
touch, nociception (pain), proprioception, temperature, vibration, and pressure
special senses
taste, smell, sight, hearing, balance
serratus posterior interior muscles
origin - T11-L2/L3: spinous processes
insertion - ribs 9-12: inferior borders
innervation: spinal nerve (T9-12)
action - downward pull on hte lower 4 ribs
subcostal muscle
origin - internal posterior aspects of a rib
insertion - internal aspects of ribs 2 and 3 levels below
innervation - spinal nerves (intercostal nerves)
action - pulls down the ribs into which they are inserted
muscles of the abdominal wall
rectus abdominus, external oblique, internal oblique, transversus oblique
rectus abdominis
origin - hip bone (pelvis): pubis and pubic symphysis
insertion - xiphoid process: costal cartilages 5-7
innervation - spinal nerves T6-12
action - assists in pulling down on the ribs during forced expiration, flexes the vertebral column
external oblique
origin - ribs 5-11: outer surfaces, and hip bone: iliac crest
insertion - hip bone: anterior superior iliac spine and iliac crest, and linea albea
innervation - spinal nerves T6-12
action - pulls the lower ribs downward and pull sin the abdominal wall
internal oblique muscles
origin - upper surface of the coxal bone and iliac crest, inguinal ligament: lateral 2/3, lumbodorsal fascia
insertion - cartilages of ribs 9-12, xiphoid process, linea alba, hip bone: pubic crest and pectineal line
innervation - spinal nerves T6-L1
action - supports abdominal wall, aids raising intra-abdominal pressure, abducts and rotates trunck with muscles of other side