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Psychology 208 - Cognition > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the science of Cognition?

A

The science of how the mind is organized to produce intelligent thought and how it is realized in the brain.

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2
Q

When was the theory of Behaviourism binned?

A

1950-1970 by Chomsky

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3
Q

What happened in 1990?

A

Brain imaging! Changed from the “computer” to the “brain” model of mind

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4
Q

What do Glial cells do?

A

May facilitate permanent synaptic changes that underly learning

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5
Q

How many neurons are in the brain?

A

100 billion, each connecting to 1000 others

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6
Q

How fast do spikes travel down axons?

A

From 0.5m/s (non-myelinated) to 130m/s (myelinated)

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7
Q

What is the space between the terminal boutons and dendrites called?

A

A synapse (Synaptic gap)

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8
Q

How do neurons communicate?

A

Using chemicals called neurotransmitters.

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9
Q

How is information represented in the brain?

A

Dont know, possibly just patterns of activation to represent objects and faces.

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10
Q

How would you describe the direction of inside to outside in the brain?

A

Lateral

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11
Q

How would you describe the direction of the outside to the inside in the brain?

A

Medial

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12
Q

How would you describe the direction towards the front of the brain?

A

Anterior

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13
Q

How would you describe the direction towards the back of the brain?

A

Posterior

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14
Q

How would you describe the direction towards the top of the brain?

A

Dorsal

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15
Q

How would you describe the direction towards the bottom of the brain?

A

Ventral

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16
Q

What are the main planes from which the brain is viewed?

A

Sagittal, Coronal, and Horizontal sections

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17
Q

What is the name for the groves and valleys over the surface of the brain?

A

Sulci (Sulcus)

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18
Q

What is the name for the ridges and bumps over the surface of the brain?

A

Gyri (Gyrus)

19
Q

What separates the frontal and temporal lobes?

A

Sylvian or lateral fissure.

20
Q

What is DTI?

A

Diffusion tensor imaging - Tracks movement of molecules revealing brain pathways

21
Q

What did the Auditory Shadowing theory find?

A

Cherry (1953) found subjects noticed changes of voice to tone, volume and gender changes. But not much else.

22
Q

What is Filter Theory?

A

Broadbent found sensory information is processed until a bottleneck is reached (early selection theory).

23
Q

Whos theory states “Messages are attenuated but not filtered on basis of physical characteristics”?

A

Treisman’s Attenuated theory.

24
Q

What is late selection theory?

A

Deutsch and Deutsch (1963) moves the bottleneck to the response system, so all info is processed, even if unconsciously.

25
Q

Who did the unconscious word priming experiment?

A

Marcel

26
Q

Who did the unconscious numerical priming experiment?

A

Dehaene (found perception without awareness)

27
Q

Whos is the most prominent visual search theory?

A

Treisman’s (Feature Integration theory).

28
Q

What are the features of Treisman’s Feature Integration theory?

A

Colour, Orientation, Motion, Curvature, Depth -> Spotlight of attention.

29
Q

What does the Stroop effect demonstrate?

A

Word reading is an automatic process that is hard to inhibit. It interferes with processing other information about the word.

30
Q

What did Mandler and Ritchey find?

A

(1977) Memory for visual information. People are sensitive to meaning significant changes in a picture.

31
Q

What did Gernsbacher find?

A

(1985) Meaning was retained, but perceptual detail (e.g. orientation) declines rapidly.

32
Q

Pros and Cons of fMRI?

A

Very precise location-wise, not time accurate.

33
Q

What is dual coding theory?

A

William Kelley et al. proposed that pictures are associated with two codes (word and visual), which leads to better recognition accuracy.

34
Q

What did Paivio (1971) find?

A

Support for dual coding.

35
Q

What did Wada testing reveal?

A

Different hemispheres for different things (Left=words, Right=faces (right and left for familiar faces) and Both=objects.

36
Q

Why is combining fMRI and Wada techniques helpful?

A

Gain a richer understanding of the neural architecture of memory formation (location and time accurate).

37
Q

What is Hierarchical Network theory?

A

Collins and Quillian (1969) How memory is structured and accessed. Properties are stored only at the highest level they are true.

38
Q

What are some problems with the Hierarchical network theory?

A

Not all links are created equal

39
Q

Describe spreading activation theory.

A

Collins and Loftus (1975) response to HNM. Links vary in length depending on strength of connection, and activation spreads down those links.

40
Q

What is a schema?

A

General knowledge structure to aid comprehension.

41
Q

In an experiment, when do error rates in RT have an effect on results?

A

When the highest error rates are in the faster condition. (Speed accuracy trade-off). Or there are no errors

42
Q

In the experiment by Dehaene et al. (1998) what result would indicate participants picked up information on the prime?

A

If RTs were faster in the same number condition, or congruent condition, priming has occurred.

43
Q

In the Arabic experiment, how do we know semantic priming has occurred?

A

Because the meaning has been extracted from the prime, whether it was a number or a word, priming still occurred.

44
Q

Why is a catch trial necessary?

A

To catch participants who can read the prime, which means they aren’t being unconsciously primed.

Psychology 208 - Cognition (1 decks)

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