Midterm Flashcards
Medical model
views health status on both the individual and biological or diseased organ perspective
i.e: how your genes affect you
Ecological or Public Health Model
Views health as a result of the individual’s interactions with the social and physical environment
Physical health
6DoH
body size and functioning
Social health
6DoH
interpersonal network and successful interaction with others
Emotional health
6DoH
ability to express emotions and maintain a level of self-confidence
Spiritual health
6DoH
a sense of meaning and purpose in one’s life
Environmental health
6DoH
appreciation of one’s external environment
Healthy People 2020
a plan to improve the health-related quality of life and years of life for all Americans
HP 2020 Goals
- attain high quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, & premature death
- achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, & improve health in all groups
- create social & physical environments that promote good health for all
- promote quality of life, healthy development & healthy behaviors across all life stages
Determinates of Health
Modifiable and nonmodifiable
Modifiable determinates
Aspects of one’s health that can be changed: physical fitness, diet, alcohol/drug consumption, mindset, spirituality, emotional outlook, etc.
Nonmodifiable determinates
Aspects of health one cannot change: genes and biology: inherited predispositions like allergy, asthma, or diabetes, etc.
Models of Behavior Change
Health Belief, Social Cognitive & Transtheoretical
Health Belief Model
describes the ways in which beliefs affect [and cause] behavior change.
These several factors support a belief before a change is likely (the four perceptions in order): the seriousness of the health problem, susceptibility to the health problem, benefits and barriers; and the cues to action.
[A person is more likely to stop smoking once they fully understand the seriousness of developing cancer, their susceptibility to cancer, the benefits and barriers of quitting and the action to do so]
Social Cognitive Model
3 factors interact in a reciprocal fashion to promote and motivate change: the social environment we live in, our thoughts or cognition (our values, beliefs & expectations) & our behaviors.
we change our behavior in part by watching others in our environments
i.e: we see a family member lose weight/stop smoking, we believe we can too.
Transtheoretical (stages of change)
Change is greatly enhanced with proper reinforcement of these stages: pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, termination
(stages are flowy)
Basic elements of psychologically healthy people
feel good about themselves, are comfortable with other people, feel respect & compassion for others, are self-compassionate, control tension and anxiety, meet the demands of life, curb hate and guilt, maintain a positive outlook, value diversity, appreciate and respect the world around them
Two forms of social support
- intangible: emotional support (like a listening ear/shoulder to cry on)
- tangible: monetary (a job)
Psychological health influences
family, support system, community, personality, life span and maturity & self-efficacy and self-esteem
learned helplessness vs. learned optimism
under self-efficacy and self-esteem
- LH: one gives up and fails to take action to help themselves
- LO: we can teach ourselves to be optimistic
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
The 5 components are interrelated and dynamic: if one is out of balance, it affects the others.
- Base: Survival needs: food, water, sleep, exercise
- 2nd: security needs: shelter, safety & protection
- 3rd: social needs: belonging, affection, acceptance
4th: esteem needs: accomplishment, self-respect, respect for self
top: self-actualization- creativity, spirituality, fulfillment of potential
Depression in college students
can be a major obstacle to academic success.
13.9 % of students are diagnosed &/or treated
Mood and anxiety disorders
PSTD, phobias, depression, SAD: seasonal affective disorder, panic attacks, OCD, ADD/ADHD, bipolar, dysthymia (mild but chronic depression)
Personality disorders
inflexible patterns of thoughts and beliefs that lead to socially distressing behavior
Ex: Paranoid personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder, borderline personality disorder (impulsiveness), schizophrenia, suicide
schizophrenia
- an altered sense of self; radical changes in emotions, movements, and behaviors; inability to sort incoming stimuli and make appropriate responses
- affects 1% of the US population
suicide
- college students are particularly at risk
- warning signs: recent loss and can’t seem to bear grief, history of depression and exhibits extreme cases of its symptoms, expressions of self-hatred, change in sleep and eating habits, direct statement of such, indirect statements hinting at such, final preparations, marked change in personal appearance
- prevention techniques: monitor warning signs, take threats seriously, express care for them, ask them directly of desire to, do not belittle or invalid their feelings, give alternatives, tell their close friend/relative/partner
treatment models for mental and psychological health
different types of therapies:
- psychodynamic: focuses on the psychological roots of emotional suffering
- interpersonal: focuses on social roles and relationships
- cognitive: focuses on the impact of thoughts and ideas of feelings and behavior
- behavioral: focuses on what we do
Human body response to stress
- low: the body is in homeostasis
- the alarm phase: triggers fight or flight & ANS to respond to perceived danger while PNS slows the body systems to give the former the energy it needs
- the resistance and exhaustion phase: the body tries to return to homeostasis but can’t because the stressor persists, which leads to exhausts the body, and the continual release of cortisol and other hormones can reduce immunocompetence, or the ability of the body to protect you.
physical effects of stress
prolonged stress levels can trigger or aggravate: cardiovascular disease, weight gain, hair loss, diabetes, digestive problems, impaired immunity
psychological effects of stress
increases rates of mental disorders: depression and anxiety associated with environmental stressors
psychosocial stressors
adjustments to change, hassles, toll of relationship, academic and financial pressure, frustrations and conflict, overload, stressful environments, bias and discrimination
internal stressors
appraisal (ID and evaluate stress based on personal history and emotions), self-esteem and self-efficacy and personality types
personality types
- A: hard-driving, competitive, time-driven perfectionists
- B: relaxed, more tolerant of others, noncompetitive
- C: stoic, deny feelings, conforming, lack assertiveness, may feel helpless or hopeless
(ex: any mean girl’s sidekick) - D: express excessive negative worry, irritability, gloom, socially inhibited
(ex: Eeyore)
Epinephrine
energy hormone or adrenaline triggered when in flight or fight
cortisol
- stress hormone that gives energy in the form of glucose also inhibits other bodily functions to react to stressor
- from the adrenal gland in the kidneys
