Midterm

Question 1

Medical model

Answer 1

views health status on both the individual and biological or diseased organ perspective
i.e: how your genes affect you

Question 2

Ecological or Public Health Model

Answer 2

Views health as a result of the individual’s interactions with the social and physical environment

Question 3

Physical health

6DoH

Answer 3

body size and functioning

Question 4

Social health

6DoH

Answer 4

interpersonal network and successful interaction with others

Question 5

Emotional health

6DoH

Answer 5

ability to express emotions and maintain a level of self-confidence

Question 6

Spiritual health

6DoH

Answer 6

a sense of meaning and purpose in one’s life

Question 7

Environmental health

6DoH

Answer 7

appreciation of one’s external environment

Question 8

Healthy People 2020

Answer 8

a plan to improve the health-related quality of life and years of life for all Americans

Question 9

HP 2020 Goals

Answer 9

• attain high quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, & premature death
• achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, & improve health in all groups
• create social & physical environments that promote good health for all
• promote quality of life, healthy development & healthy behaviors across all life stages

Question 10

Determinates of Health

Answer 10

Modifiable and nonmodifiable

Question 11

Modifiable determinates

Answer 11

Aspects of one’s health that can be changed: physical fitness, diet, alcohol/drug consumption, mindset, spirituality, emotional outlook, etc.

Question 12

Nonmodifiable determinates

Answer 12

Aspects of health one cannot change: genes and biology: inherited predispositions like allergy, asthma, or diabetes, etc.

Question 13

Models of Behavior Change

Answer 13

Health Belief, Social Cognitive & Transtheoretical

Question 14

Health Belief Model

Answer 14

describes the ways in which beliefs affect [and cause] behavior change.

These several factors support a belief before a change is likely (the four perceptions in order): the seriousness of the health problem, susceptibility to the health problem, benefits and barriers; and the cues to action.

[A person is more likely to stop smoking once they fully understand the seriousness of developing cancer, their susceptibility to cancer, the benefits and barriers of quitting and the action to do so]

Question 15

Social Cognitive Model

Answer 15

3 factors interact in a reciprocal fashion to promote and motivate change: the social environment we live in, our thoughts or cognition (our values, beliefs & expectations) & our behaviors.

we change our behavior in part by watching others in our environments
i.e: we see a family member lose weight/stop smoking, we believe we can too.

Question 16

Transtheoretical (stages of change)

Answer 16

Change is greatly enhanced with proper reinforcement of these stages: pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, termination
(stages are flowy)

Question 17

Basic elements of psychologically healthy people

Answer 17

feel good about themselves, are comfortable with other people, feel respect & compassion for others, are self-compassionate, control tension and anxiety, meet the demands of life, curb hate and guilt, maintain a positive outlook, value diversity, appreciate and respect the world around them

Question 18

Two forms of social support

Answer 18

• intangible: emotional support (like a listening ear/shoulder to cry on)
• tangible: monetary (a job)

Question 19

Psychological health influences

Answer 19

family, support system, community, personality, life span and maturity & self-efficacy and self-esteem

Question 20

learned helplessness vs. learned optimism

under self-efficacy and self-esteem

Answer 20

• LH: one gives up and fails to take action to help themselves
• LO: we can teach ourselves to be optimistic

Question 21

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Answer 21

The 5 components are interrelated and dynamic: if one is out of balance, it affects the others.

• Base: Survival needs: food, water, sleep, exercise
• 2nd: security needs: shelter, safety & protection
• 3rd: social needs: belonging, affection, acceptance
  4th: esteem needs: accomplishment, self-respect, respect for self
  top: self-actualization- creativity, spirituality, fulfillment of potential

Question 22

Depression in college students

Answer 22

can be a major obstacle to academic success.

13.9 % of students are diagnosed &/or treated

Question 23

Mood and anxiety disorders

Answer 23

PSTD, phobias, depression, SAD: seasonal affective disorder, panic attacks, OCD, ADD/ADHD, bipolar, dysthymia (mild but chronic depression)

Question 24

Personality disorders

Answer 24

inflexible patterns of thoughts and beliefs that lead to socially distressing behavior

Ex: Paranoid personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder, borderline personality disorder (impulsiveness), schizophrenia, suicide

Question 25

schizophrenia

Answer 25

• an altered sense of self; radical changes in emotions, movements, and behaviors; inability to sort incoming stimuli and make appropriate responses
• affects 1% of the US population

Question 26

suicide

Answer 26

• college students are particularly at risk
• warning signs: recent loss and can’t seem to bear grief, history of depression and exhibits extreme cases of its symptoms, expressions of self-hatred, change in sleep and eating habits, direct statement of such, indirect statements hinting at such, final preparations, marked change in personal appearance
• prevention techniques: monitor warning signs, take threats seriously, express care for them, ask them directly of desire to, do not belittle or invalid their feelings, give alternatives, tell their close friend/relative/partner

Question 27

treatment models for mental and psychological health

Answer 27

different types of therapies:

• psychodynamic: focuses on the psychological roots of emotional suffering
• interpersonal: focuses on social roles and relationships
• cognitive: focuses on the impact of thoughts and ideas of feelings and behavior
• behavioral: focuses on what we do

Question 28

Human body response to stress

Answer 28

• low: the body is in homeostasis
• the alarm phase: triggers fight or flight & ANS to respond to perceived danger while PNS slows the body systems to give the former the energy it needs
• the resistance and exhaustion phase: the body tries to return to homeostasis but can’t because the stressor persists, which leads to exhausts the body, and the continual release of cortisol and other hormones can reduce immunocompetence, or the ability of the body to protect you.

Question 29

physical effects of stress

Answer 29

prolonged stress levels can trigger or aggravate: cardiovascular disease, weight gain, hair loss, diabetes, digestive problems, impaired immunity

Question 30

psychological effects of stress

Answer 30

increases rates of mental disorders: depression and anxiety associated with environmental stressors

Question 31

psychosocial stressors

Answer 31

adjustments to change, hassles, toll of relationship, academic and financial pressure, frustrations and conflict, overload, stressful environments, bias and discrimination

Question 32

internal stressors

Answer 32

appraisal (ID and evaluate stress based on personal history and emotions), self-esteem and self-efficacy and personality types

Question 33

personality types

Answer 33

• A: hard-driving, competitive, time-driven perfectionists
• B: relaxed, more tolerant of others, noncompetitive
• C: stoic, deny feelings, conforming, lack assertiveness, may feel helpless or hopeless
  (ex: any mean girl’s sidekick)
• D: express excessive negative worry, irritability, gloom, socially inhibited
  (ex: Eeyore)

Question 34

Epinephrine

Answer 34

energy hormone or adrenaline triggered when in flight or fight

Question 35

cortisol

Answer 35

• stress hormone that gives energy in the form of glucose also inhibits other bodily functions to react to stressor
• from the adrenal gland in the kidneys