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Legislative Process > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Quorum

A

Minimum number of individuals for House and Senate that must be present for business to be done

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2
Q

Disappearing Quorum

A

No longer allowed but in the past they were used by the minority party when a bill was being voted on, members would not answer a quorum call in order to obstruct and delay House business

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3
Q

Quorum Call

A

The clerk calling for attendance of the House or Senate. Any member located within the building is counted as present

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4
Q

Expulsion

A

Removing a member from Congress for issues of misconduct by a 2/3 majority

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5
Q

Censure

A

Formal disapproval of a Member of Congress with a majority vote passing a resolution disapproving a Member’s read in front of the rest of the chamber

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6
Q

Reprimands

A

Resolution disapproving a Member’s action but Member does not have to stand in front of the Chamber

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7
Q

Ethics Committee

A

Express disapproval of certain conduct in informal letters or communication of a Member

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8
Q

Apportionment

A

Process of determining the number of representatives each state is entitled to based on the census

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9
Q

Actual enumeration

A

The census needs to be an actual count of the population, not based off a sample

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10
Q

Public Bill

A

Written bill to deal with general societal matters

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11
Q

Private Bill

A

Written bill to deal with personal matter, this is rare now

ex. Citizenship status

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12
Q

Concurrent Resolutions

A

Adopted by both the Chambers but does not recruiters the signature of the president and does not have the forced law

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13
Q

Resolutions

A

Legislation introduced to either house and may be limited to effect only one chamber and does not require president’s signature or have the force of law

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14
Q

Authorization Bill

A

Creates programs, eligibility requirements, administration of program, and authorizes the amount of money for the program

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15
Q

Appropriations Bills

A

Funds the programs the authorization bill creates and allocates the money

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16
Q

Cosponsorship

A

Allows members to have their name on legislation to show their support so members are not writing the same bills

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17
Q

Dear Colleague Letter

A

Internal correspondents sent by one member to another typically to support a bill

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18
Q

Standing committee

A

Legislative authority and permanent status with legislative jurisdiction specified in Chamber rules and precedents. They write and report legislation on any matter within their jurisdiction

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19
Q

Multiple referral

A

Legislation sent to several committees

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20
Q

Markup

A

Committee debates, amends, no rewrites proposed legislation

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21
Q

Suspend the Rules

A

(House) Requires a 2/3rds vote in which the bill will be immediately considered without amendments and a 40 minute debate

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22
Q

Discharge Petition

A

(House) If a bill has been in standing committee for 30 session days or 7 session days in Rules Committee, members can sign discharge petition with majority vote and it will be taken out of committee and put on the floor

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23
Q

(Senate) Nongermane Amendment

A

Amendment that is not relevant to the original bill

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24
Q

Senate Rule XIV

A

(Senate) allows individual Senators to reject a bill going to committee and immediately put on the floor for debate but does not guarantee it will be voted on

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25
Q

Rule

A

Establishes the order in which bills will be considered but also restrictions and qualifications for bills

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26
Q

Open Rule

A

Allows any and all amendments to bills as long as they follow the Rules

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27
Q

Modified Open Rules

A

Weak restriction on total use of amendments

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28
Q

Closed Rule

A

No amendments can be made on the bill and will be voted as is and brought to the floor

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29
Q

Restrictive Rule

A

Anything that is closed or structured

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30
Q

Queen of the Hill Rule

A

Allows several amendments to be voted on and one with the most votes is adopted

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31
Q

Unanimous Consent Agreements

A

(Senate) limits the amount of amendments, time of debate, etc and all Senators must agree on this

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32
Q

Filibuster

A

Right of unlimited debate

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33
Q

Cloture

A

Signatures needs to stop debate and vote on bill, 60 votes are needed

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34
Q

Holds

A

Individual Senator requests to the party leader that. Bill not be put up for a vote so Senators can study the bill, but now used as a way to defeat legislation

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35
Q

Nuclear option

A

When Senate changed rules that cloture only needs 60 votes for lower court nominees

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36
Q

Nuclear Option Part 2

A

Cloture vote only need 60 votes for Supreme Court nominee

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37
Q

Fast-Track Trade Authority

A

President can negotiate treaties and once they are submitted they are considered for a vote without amendments

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38
Q

The Closing of Military Bases

A

Commission BRAC that identifies bases to close without amendment and requires yes or no vote

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39
Q

Motion to Recommit

A

(House) last chance for the minority to amend the bill with or without instructions

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40
Q

Ping-ponging

A

Sending amendment

S between the House and Senate to resolve difference between the two bills

41
Q

Conference Committee

A

Temporary and have legislative responsibilities to resolve differences between House and Senate versions of legislation

42
Q

Veto

A

President returning a bill back to the chamber that first past it with message indicting objection to the legislation in its present form

43
Q

Folkways

A

Unwritten rules of the Senate

44
Q

Apprenticeship

A

New senators should be seen but not heard

45
Q

Legislative Work

A

Be a work horse not a show horse

46
Q

Specialization

A

Become an expert on a certain policy or topic

47
Q

Courtesy

A

Senators should respect one another

48
Q

Reciprocity

A

Senators should help others out and return favors

49
Q

Institutional Patriotism

A

Senators should respect the Senate and not say bad thing about it

50
Q

Standing Committees

A

Legislative authority and permanent status, legislative jurisdiction is specified in ch,amber rules and precedents, and they write and report legislation on any matter within their jurisdiction

51
Q

Ad Hoc Committee

A

Created and appointed to design and report legislation, but they are temporary and often dissolve either at a specified date or after reporting the legislation for which they were created

52
Q

Conference Committee

A

Temporary and have legislative responsibilities and appointed to resolve differences between the House and Senate versions of legislation

53
Q

Joint Committee

A

Permanent but lack legislative authority and are composed of member form both chambers and only deal with house keeping decisions

54
Q

Select or Special Committee

A

Temporary committees without legislative authority and used to study problems that fall under the jurisdiction of several standing committees, to symbolize Congress’s commitment to major consistency groups, or reward particular legislators

55
Q

Detailees

A

An executive branch employee who works for a federal agency and is borrowed by a congressional committee while the federal agency pays the wage

56
Q

Johnson Rule

A

In the Senate, no Senator should receive a 2nd major committee assignment until all Senators have received 1 major committee assignment

57
Q

Property rights

A

Once a member is appointed to a committee, they can stay there for as long as they want

58
Q

Transfer ratio

A

The number is transfer onto a committee divided by the sums of transfers onto and off the committee, used to study patterns of committee changed to try to understand which committees are more desirable, runs 0-1 with higher number being more desirable

59
Q

Information Model

A

Begins with the insight that all members benefit from more information but issue with how to incentivize members to honestly share information and how to get members to work hard at their responsibilities

60
Q

Distributive Model

A

Argues that committees exists to facilitate gains from trade, members are exchanging information to get re-elected, expectation is that committee members will be preference outliers

61
Q

Partisan Model

A

Begins with the assumption parties are legislative cartels a small group that bands together to benefit themselves, and a tool of the majority party, party loyalty will be a key determinant of who is placed on what committee

62
Q

House Minority Leader

A

Doesn’t have specific powers and doesn’t sit on a committee, reactive position and responsible for developing parliamentary decisions based on majority actions

63
Q

House Majority Leader

A

Works closely with the Speaker of the House on scheduling and getting votes

64
Q

Whips

A

Have the responsibility for counting votes, keep track of member whereabouts, and collect information to inform leadership and members

65
Q

President Pro Tempore

A

Presides in the absence of the VP, chairs an important committee, and senior member of the majority party

66
Q

Right of first recognition

A

Senate practice that when a debate begins, majority leader will be recognized first

67
Q

Fill the amendment tree

A

In the absence of the unanimous consent agreement, majority will propose meaningless amendments to fill up the tree and vote for cloture to shut off minority participation

68
Q

Conditional party government theory

A

When preference homogeneity and preference conflict are met, the majority leader will have more power

69
Q

Preference homogeneity

A

The majority party agrees amongst themselves

70
Q

Preference conflict

A

Majority party has a very different view than the minority party

71
Q

Caucuses

A

Voluntary organizations of members of Congress that have links to, but ultimately exists part from, both committees and parties

72
Q

Party Caucuse

A

Groups within a party or intra-party groups with ideological differences

73
Q

Personal Interest Caucuse

A

People sharing interest in something, non-controversial, bipartisan, and bi-cameral

74
Q

National Constituency Caucuse

A

Demographic group within the US where members are part of that demographic

75
Q

Regional Caucuse

A

Members from a given region United around policies that affect that area

76
Q

State/District Caucuse

A

Unite members whose district shares similar characteristics, doesn’t have to be in the same region

77
Q

Industry Caucuse

A

Where members districts might have a large sector of a workforce, people associate with labor and business, bi-partisan

78
Q

Negative Agenda Control

A

Parties keeping think of the agenda that their membership will not support

79
Q

Roll Rates

A

Percentage of time a majority of the majority party opposes a bill, but it is passes anyway

80
Q

Federal Contested Elections Act

A

After a state certifies results, if a candidate feels they have been wronged, they can appeal. The other candidate must respond within 30 days and the House Administration Committee will have the hearing and issue a report sent to the floor

81
Q

Sophomore Surge

A

Researchers looking at how much better an incumbent does in r-election vs. 1st election

82
Q

Retirement Slump

A

Measures how much worse that party does when that parties candidate is running for an open seat

83
Q

Slurge

A

The combination of sophomore surge and retirement slump

84
Q

Scare off Effect

A

A quality challenger will wait for the best chance to win and run in the most favorable circumstances, thus not running frequently against an incumbent

85
Q

Surge and Decline

A

Idea that in presidential elections both core and peripheral voters go to the polls and peripheral voters vote down the ballot as the same party of the president and during midterm elections only core voters go to the polls who are partisan

86
Q

Referendums

A

Midterm election is expression of approval or disapproval of the president

87
Q

Balancing

A

Midterm election is used to balance out the president

88
Q

Baker v Carr

A

Determined the over representation of rural area violates the 14th amendment’s guarantee of equal protection of the law

89
Q

Wesberry v Sanders

A

States are required to make all Congressional districts roughly equal in population

90
Q

Gerrymandering

A

Drawing districts in unusual ways to help a particular party

91
Q

Partisan Assymetry

A

Similar shares of votes should equal similar shares of seats for both parties

92
Q

Lopsided Wins T-test

A

A state the is gerrymandered will be marked by the majority party winning a lot of seats by comfortable margins and minority party winning few seats by large margins showing packing

93
Q

Simulated elections

A

Take the goal vote across states and randomly sample districts to record the break down by party and get an average congressional delegation compared to actual

94
Q

Rucho v Common Cause

A

Supreme Court rules that disputes of gerrymandering should be resolved by elected officials and not the courts, SC found they were gerrymandered but said the the constitution was written after gerrymandering was in practice and gives the power to the state legislature to agree upon what an acceptable map is

95
Q

Voting Rights Act 1965

A

Outlawed series of discriminatory practices to dilute minority votes, issue was intention had to be proven

96
Q

Voting Rights Act 1982

A

Same as the 1965 law, but now only had to show the the redistricting had the effect of diluting votes not the intention

97
Q

Shaw v Reno

A

The case involving a district drawn to link together Black communities and court decided that drawing district can’t be on the basis for having a majority of a race

98
Q

Responsible Party Governemnt

A

Where a party proses an agenda before an election and goes through with the agenda for public to use elections to determine if the party was successful or not

Legislative Process (2 decks)

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