Midterm Flashcards
biological theories
occur randomly and accumulate over time (predetermined)
aging phenotype
external expression of one’s individual genetic makeup
chronological aging
recognized between 50-65 years old
7 petals- wellness model
environment biological psychological social intellectual SES spiritual
centenarian
someone who has lived 100-109 years old; majority are 100-104
3 levels of prevention
primary- vaccines
secondary- screenings
tertiary- once someone already has a disease
cognitive changes
decline in working memory
decline in episodic memory
heart changes
decrease in cardiac reserve- takes longer to meet demands and return back to normal
mild systolic murmur
endocrine changes
decrease in thymus size = harder to fight off infection
musculoskeletal changes
decline posture- kyphosis
bones are brittle
sarcopenia- gradual loss of muscle bulk / strength
vision
dec. in vision
increased astigmatism
floaters
glaucoma
hearing loss
presbycusis- sensorineural hearing loss
loss of high frequency sounds
skin changes
lightening of skin tone slower wound healing more fragile dec skin temp loss of elasticity dry and cracking
hair
diminished melanocyes- gray hair
terminal hair in face and chin in women after menopause
nails
thicken / change shape
brittle
striations
hydration
thirst sense diminshes
total body water decreases
elimination changes
kidney size decrease
loss of bladder holding capacity because of loss of elasticity
sleep changes
more time spent laying awake total sleep time decreased sleep efficiency reduced wake up frequently daytime napping REM sleep is short / less intense
ageism
negative attitudes towards aging adults
NICHE
Nurses Improving Care in Healthsystem for elderly
Goal of NICHE
improve elderly patients in hospitals
- catheter
- pressure ulcers
- iatrogenic conditions (got them from the hospital)
reasons for readmittance to hospitals
- health literacy
- SES
- language barriers
telomeres
protect the tips of chromosomes
- stressors / unhealthy living shorten them and speed up aging
- prevention- healthy living
psychosocial theory
behavioral / developmental
wear and tear theory
theory of biological aging that proposes aging stems from a build up of trauma to tissues, organs and cells in side the body
free radical theory
mutations of the mitochondrial DNA will accumulate and lead to a loss of cell function causing aging
inflame-aging theory
dysregulation and dysfunction of the immune system which makes a older person more susceptible to infections
-education and immunizations
integrity v. despair
did I live a meaningful life?
generativity v stagnation
how can I contribute to the world?
-parenthood / work
identity v confusion
who am I?
social relationships
industry v inferiority
how can I be good?
-school
initiative v guilt
am I good or bad?
-exploration and play
autonomy v shame / doubt
can I do things by myself?
- potty training
trust v mistrust
can I trust the people around me?
- feeding
gerotranscendence theory
increased feeling of together with past generations;
decreased an interest in social interactions;
universal awareness;
less self-occupied;
dec in personal interest for material things;
solitude is more attractive
activity theory
successful aging = staying active
continuity theory
individuals tend to develop and maintain a consistent pattern of behavior as they age
age stratification
considers individuals as members of cohorts with similarities to others in the same group; importance of similarities is more important than differences
neuroplasticity
ability of the brain to form synaptic connections in response to learning, experiences, or following injury
3 stages of memory
sensory- aware of info through senses
short term- sequential info that needs to be rehearsed
long term- info that is no longer conscious thought is stored for potential recollection
elderspeak
what not to say
- using a singing voice
- using pet names
- using We pronouns
- ignoring the elderly patient and only talking to family
- talking to them like a child
Katz adl
- Bathing
- grooming
- toileting
- continence
- feeding / drinking
- transferring (wheelchair to chair)
Mini Cog
3 word test- short term memory
clock drawing
IADL (Lawton’s)
independent living skills cooking cleaning shopping yard work money management using a phone laundry taking meds accessing transportation
geriatric depression scale
13 items
5 = major depressive disorder
SPICES
identifies geriatric syndromes S- Sleep disorders P- problems eating I- incontinence C- confusion E- evidence of falls S- skin breakdown
changes in the eyes
eyelids are droopy, eyes are dry, eyelids may not close completely, eyelids may be turned outward
presbycusis
sensorineural hearing loss
slow / progressive
difficult to filter background noise
neurosensory changes
diminish one’s awareness of temperature changes
one will wear a sweater in the summer without the AC on
disengagement theory
the need for adults to gradually withdraw from society so there is a transfer of power to the younger generation
selective optimization
individuals cope with aging losses through activity / role selection, optimizations, and compensations
role theory
as one role is completed it is replaced by another one of comparative value to the individual / society
pharmokinetics
how drugs are processed and concentrated in the body
pharmodynamics
related changes occur due to the decrease in the number of receptors, receptor binding, or altered cellular response to drug reception interaction
polypharmacy
5+ medications, more medications than are medically necessary, or the use of multiple medications for the same problem
brown bag approach
patient is asked to show the nurse the bottles of all the meds they are taking; over the counter, dietary, and herbals
malnutrition risk factors
loss of dentition, dysphagia, cognitive impairment, neurological or musculoskeletal problems, low SES, taste alterations,
stage 1 pressure ulcer
skin is red, warm and either softer or harder than surrounding
stage 2 pressure ulcer
skin breaks open
lesion superficial and resembles an abrasion or popped blister
stage 3 pressure ulcer
lesion begins to enter subcutaneous; forms a small crater, fat may begin too show in the open sore
stage 4 pressure ulcer
subcutaneous layer and underlying fascia are breached, exposing muscle and bone
5 types of incontinence
stress urge overflow functional mixed
stress incontinence
small amount from couching sneezing or exercise
urge incontinence
loss of moderate to a large amount before getting to the toilet
overflow incontinence
constant loss (dribbling) feeling incomplete bladder emptying;
functional
unable to reach toilet due to environmental barriers
mixed incontinence
combo of more than one; usually stress / urge
delirium
acute onset of symptoms;
acute illness-UTI
can be reversed if root of problem is solved
risk factors for sleep apnea
increased age, increase neck circumference, male, smoking, hypertension, increase weight
extrinsic v intrinsic fall risks
I- conditions (meds, pain, alcohol, previous falls)
E- situations (urinary incontinence, new environment, pets, cords, etc.)
hypoactive delirium
quiet or pleasantly confused reduced activity lack of facial expression lethargy inactivity
hyperactive delirium
excessive alertness distracted increased psychomotor activity hallucinations / delusions aggressive / agitation
causes of delirium
D- dementia E- electrolytes L- (lungs, liver, heart, kidney, brain) I- infection R- (Rx) polypharmacy I- injury, pain, stress U- unfamiliar environement M- metabolic
senesence
process of growing old
